文献翻译—现代汽车制动器发展浅析

附录1

现代汽车制动器发展浅析

国内汽车盘式制动器应用情况

随着我国汽车工业技术的发展,特别是轿车工业的发展,合资企业的引进，国外先进技术的进入，汽车上采应用盘式制动器配置才逐步在我国形成规模。特别是在提高整车性能、保障安全、提高乘车者的舒适性，满足人们不断提高的生活物质需求、改善生活环境等方面都发挥了很大的作用。

1. 在轿车、微型车、轻卡、SUV及皮卡方面：在从经济与实用的角度出发，一般采用了混合的制动形式，即前车轮盘式制动，后车轮鼓式制动。因轿车在制动过程中，由于惯性的作用，前轮的负荷通常占汽车全部负荷的70%－80%，所以前轮制动力要比后轮大。生产厂家为了节省成本，就采用了前轮盘式制动，后轮鼓式制动的混合匹配方式。采用前盘后鼓式混合制动器，这主要是出于成本上的考虑，同时也是因为汽车在紧急制动时，轴荷前移，对前轮制动性能的要求比较高，这类前制动器主要以液压盘式制动器为主流，采用液压油作传输介质，以液压总泵为动力源，后制动器以液压式双泵双作用缸制动蹄匹配。目前大部分轿车(中档类如夏利、吉利、神龙富康、上海华普、捷达)、微型车（长安之星、昌河、丰田海狮、天津华利、江铃全顺）、高端轻卡（东风小霸王、江铃、瑞风、南京依维柯）、SUV及皮卡（湖南长丰、江铃皮卡）等采用前盘后鼓式混合制动器。2004年我国共产此类车计110万辆以上。但随着高速公路等级的提高，乘车档次的上升，特别上国家安全法规的强制实施，前后轮都用盘式制动器是趋势。

2. 在大型客车方面：气压盘式制动器产品技术先进性明显，可靠性总体良好，具有创新性和技术标准的集成性。欧美国家自上世纪90年代初开始将盘式制动器用于大型公交车。至2000年，盘式制动器（前后制动均为盘式）已经成为欧美国家城市公交车的标准配置。我国从1997年开始在大客车和载重车上推广盘式制动器及 A BS防抱死系统，因进口产品价格太高，主要用于高端产品。2004年7月1日交通部强制在7---12米高Ⅱ型客车上“必须”配备后，国产盘式制动器得以大行其道。北京公交电车公司、上海公交、武汉公交、长沙公交、深圳公交、广州公交等公司，都在使用为大客车匹配的气压盘式制动器。生产厂家主要有：宇通公司2004年产20000多辆客车，其中使用盘式制动器的客车已占一半多；宇通公司自制底盘部份是由二汽在EQ153

前后桥基础升级更改的，每年有10000多套。二汽东风车桥用EQ153前后桥改型匹配气压盘式制动器的前后桥总成约占6000套以上，是宇通公司最大的气压盘式制动器桥供应商。宇通公司每年需在一汽采客车底盘3000多台，一汽客底2004年供了2000多台，其中带盘式制动器占一半以上。如一汽客底采用4E前转向系统配置气压盘式制动器前桥、11吨420后桥装在6100（10米）豪华客车上；7吨盘式前桥与13吨435后桥配装在6120（12米）豪华客车上等，都是宇通公司市场前景较好，利润附加值很高的车型。江苏金龙客车的7-9米高Ⅱ型客车客车采用湖桥供带盘式制动器的车桥2004年在5500台左右。厦门金龙客车10-12米高Ⅱ型客车以上客车、丹东黄海客车10-12米高Ⅱ型客车、安徽凯斯鲍尔等等国内知名的大型厂家均已在批量生产带盘式制动器的高档客车。

3. 重型汽车方面：作为重型汽车行业应用型新技术，气压盘式制动器的已经属成熟产品，目前具有广泛应用的前景。2004年3月红岩公司率先在国内重卡行业中完成了对气压盘式制动器总成的开发。2005年元月份中国重汽卡车事业部在提升和改进卡车底盘的过程中，在桥箱事业部配合下，将22.5英寸气压盘式制动器成功“嫁接”到了重汽斯太尔重卡车前桥上。气压盘式制动器在重汽斯太尔卡车前桥上的成功“嫁接”，解决了令整车厂及用户困扰已久的传统鼓式制动器制动啸叫、频繁制动时制动蹄片易磨损、雨天制动效能降低等一系列问题。气压盘式制动器首次在斯太尔卡车前桥上的应用，也为今后开发重汽高速卡车提供了经验和技术储备。与此同时陕西重汽、北汽福田、一汽解放、东风公司、江淮汽车等国内大型汽车厂均完成了盘式制动器在重型汽车方面的前期型试试验及技术贮备工作，盘式制动器在某些方面可以说成为未来重卡制动系统匹配发展的新趋势。

附录2

The development of modern automobile brake bai The application of the domestic auto disc brake

As China's automobile industry and technology, especially the car industry, the introduction of the joint venture, the entry of foreign advanced technology, applications automobile disc brake configuration was adopted to gradually scale in China. Particularly in improving vehicle performance, safety, enhance the car's comfort, meet the increasing material needs of life, improve the living environment played a significant role.

1. In car, micro car, light truck, SUV and pickup areas: the economic and practical point of view, the general form of the mixed braking, the former wheel disc brakes, drum brake rear wheels. By car during braking, due to the role of inertia, the load front load typically accounts for 70% of all vehicles -80%, so a large front-wheel braking force than the rear wheels. Manufacturers to save costs, on the use of front wheel disc brakes, rear drum brakes of the mix and match approach. By Qianpanhougu hybrid brake, mainly because of cost considerations, but also because the car in an emergency braking, axle load forward on the front brake performance requirements are relatively high, these front brakes major hydraulic disc brake to the mainstream, the use of hydraulic oil for the transmission medium to the hydraulic master cylinder as the power source, after the brake in order to double-pump double acting hydraulic cylinder brake shoes match. Currently, most cars (mid-range category, such as Xiali, Geely, Citroen, Shanghai Maple, Jetta), mini trucks (Changan Star, Changhe, Toyota Hiace, Tianjin, Beverly, JMC Transit), high light Card (DF Sundance Kid, JMC, Refine, Nanjing Iveco), SUV and pickup (Hunan Changfeng, JMC pickup), and other uses Qianpanhougu hybrid brake. Communist China in 2004 more than 1.1 million dollars of such vehicles. But with the improvement of highway grade, the rise in car quality, especially on national security, enforcement of regulations, front and rear disc brakes are used is the trend.

2. the Bus: the air disc brake products significantly advanced technology,

reliability is generally good, innovative and technical standards of integration. Europe and the United States since the early 90s of last century to disc brakes for large bus. To 2000, disc brakes (both front and rear disc brake) Europe and the United States has become the standard city bus. China since 1997 to promote the bus and load the car anti-lock disc brakes, and A BS system, due to high prices of imported goods, mainly for high-end products. 1 July 2004 to force the Ministry of Communications 7 --- 12-meter bus with type Ⅱ"must" with, the disc brake can be made popular. Beijing Public Transport Tramways Company, Shanghai Bus, Bus, Wuhan, Changsha bus, bus in Shenzhen, Guangzhou, public transportation and other companies are using the bus match the air disc brake. Manufacturers are: Yutong buses in 2004 with an annual output of more than 20,000, which accounted for using the disc brake of the bus more than half; Yutong made chassis are made by the steam front and rear axles based on the EQ153 upgrade changes, and each year more than 10,000 sets. Dongfeng Axle steam modified front and rear axles with EQ153 match the front and rear air disc brake assembly of about 6,000 over the bridge, is Yutong's largest supplier of air disc brake bridge. FAW Yutong collected in each year more than 3,000 bus chassis, FAW-off for the end of 2004, more than 2,000, of which more than half with disc brakes. Such as FAW-off before the end of steering system configuration using 4E air disc brake front axle, rear axle loading 11 tons of 420 in 6100 (10 m) luxury passenger cars; 7 tons and 13 tons of disc front axle rear axle equipped with 435 in 6120 ( 12 m) luxury bus fine, Yutong market prospects are good, high added value and profit models. 7-9 meters in Jiangsu Golden Dragon Bus Bus Bus type ⅡLake bridge for the use of the axle with disc brakes at the 5,500 or so in 2004. Xiamen Golden Dragon Bus Type Ⅱ10-12 meters above the passenger bus, Dandong Yellow Bus Bus type Ⅱ10-12 meters high, Anhui, Keith Powell, etc. are well-known large-scale manufacturers with a disc brake in the mass production of high-grade bus.

3. heavy-duty motor vehicles: heavy-duty automotive industry as a new type of technology, have air disc brakes are mature products, currently has a wide application prospect. March 2004 Red Rock took the lead in the domestic heavy truck industry, completed the development of air disc brake assembly. January 2005 Division of China National Heavy Duty Truck Truck truck chassis in upgrading and improving the process of division in cooperation with the bridge

case, the 22.5 inches air disc brake successfully "grafted" to the heavy truck steyr truck before the bridge re- . Air disc brakes in the heavy truck Steyr truck on the bridge before the successful "grafting" to solve the problems so that OEMs and users of long-standing tradition of drum brake whistle, frequent brake brake shoe wear , rain brake performance degradation and other issues. Steyr air disc brakes for the first time in the application of the truck before the bridge, but also for the future development of high-speed trucks, heavy truck experience and technology to provide a reserve. At the same time, Shaanxi Heavy Duty Truck, Foton, FAW, Dongfeng, JAC and other major domestic auto plants were completed disc brake in the early stage of heavy-duty automotive-type reserve pilot test and technical work in a disc brake These aspects can be said that the future development of heavy truck braking system to match the new trend.

01-文献综述范文-翻译-当前零翻译研究问题与对策

外国语学院2018届毕业论文文献综述（示范） 一、研究背景 近来多篇论文中出现零翻译的提法（杜争鸣，2000；邱懋如，2001；刘明东，2002；袁斌业，2002a，2002b，2002c，2002d；石琳，2003；余清萍，2003；余清萍，秦傲松，2004；肖耀田，2004），但国内学者所编三本译学词典（林煌天，1997；孙迎春，1999；方梦之，2004）均未出现零翻译这一词条，国外三本词典/术语著作（Shuttleworth & Cowie，1997；Baker，1998；Delisle，2004）亦未收入这一条目，只有国内孙迎春（2001）编著的《汉英双向翻译学语林》收进了“零翻译（音译、形译之一种）zero translation”（58页）及“zero translation零翻译（音译、形译之一种）”（268页）两个条目，同时又有贾影（2002）反对零翻译提法，并认为承认不可译有“积极作用”。但零翻译现象确实存在，如DIY（自己动手），IQ（智商），EQ（情商），这些零翻译词汇经常在汉语中出现。英语中也有类似情况，如美国《时代》周刊中报道中国特色事物时经常使用拼音，如aizi(矮子)，pizi（痞子），shiganjia（实干家），yuan（缘）（王祥兵，2002），shuangying(双赢)，guanxi(关系)（顾静，2005）。 这些研究成果揭示了零翻译现象的存在，引进了零翻译的概念，促进了翻译理论概念的扩大，但是从发表的论文及孙迎春（2001）的这两个条目来看，各自运用的名称虽同（也有不同，如杜争鸣称为不译），但概念的内涵及外延均有出入，因此有必要探讨当前零翻译研究的问题并提出相应研究对策。 二、研究现状及不足 1. 定义不统一、模糊不清 传统翻译理论多把零翻译归结为“音译法”、“移译法”，只看到技巧层面的意义，如秦建栋（1999）讨论“英汉词汇空缺现象刍议”列举“音译法”、“移译法”，袁斌业（2001）论及“英语本族人音译汉语词汇的语用分析”，虽然看到“音译在我国只能用来翻译名词，而在国外则可以用来翻译包括名词在内的各种词语”，但未能从中提炼出零翻译的概念，实际上这里已包含有零翻译与音译的某些区别。 国内最早使用zero translation这一术语的是杜争鸣（2000），但他称之为“不译”，并分析了直译、意译与不译三种翻译策略。他不停留于策略本身，从跨文化交际的视角分析了三种策略的社会语言学与跨文化交际涵义，并看到了不译的三层文化含义。不译背后体现译者对于翻译目的的认识，“而翻译的目的必然直接或间接地反映反映译者本人对翻译的文化含义的意识与潜意识，反映他翻译时所采取的文化姿态与立场。”即翻译观的问题。但从术语的精确性来说

汽车后市场 外文文献翻译

The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: Branded Products and Private Label Products THE BUSINESS CASE Throughout the automotive aftermarket industry,senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖ ―control brands‖ or ―own brands,‖ their risin g prominence has led top executives to ask: ? What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands? ? How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve? ? How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape? ? What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start? ?What are the similarities and differences between the private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector? ? What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors? Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products sold by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store

汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译

On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28

摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参

1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总

华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日

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文献综述 英文

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汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

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文献翻译 原文 Combining JSP and Servlets The technology of JSP and Servlet is the most important technology which use Java technology to exploit request of server, and it is also the standard which exploit business application .Java developers prefer to use it for a variety of reasons, one of which is already familiar with the Java language for the development of this technology are easy to learn Java to the other is "a preparation, run everywhere" to bring the concept of Web applications, To achieve a "one-prepared everywhere realized." And more importantly, if followed some of the principles of good design, it can be said of separating and content to create high-quality, reusable, easy to maintain and modify the application. For example, if the document in HTML embedded Java code too much (script), will lead the developed application is extremely complex, difficult to read, it is not easy reuse, but also for future maintenance and modification will also cause difficulties. In fact, CSDN the JSP / Servlet forum, can often see some questions, the code is very long, can logic is not very clear, a large number of HTML and Java code mixed together. This is the random development of the defects. Early dynamic pages mainly CGI (Common Gateway Interface, public Gateway Interface) technology, you can use different languages of the CGI programs, such as VB, C / C + + or Delphi, and so on. Though the technology of CGI is developed and powerful, because of difficulties in programming, and low efficiency, modify complex shortcomings, it is gradually being replaced by the trend. Of all the new technology, JSP / Servlet with more efficient and easy to program, more powerful, more secure and has a good portability, they have been many people believe that the future is the most dynamic site of the future development of technology. Similar to CGI, Servlet support request / response model. When a customer submit a request to the server, the server presented the request Servlet, Servlet responsible for handling requests and generate a response, and then gave the server, and then from the server sent to