微观经济学原理(第七版)-曼昆-名词解释(带英文)

微观经济学原理曼昆名词解释

1.需求价格弹性(price elasticity of demand)：

2.蛛网模型（）：

对于生产周期较长的商品

供给的时滞性，需求的不是

动态模型分类，画图

3.边际效用递减（diminishing marginal utility）——基数效用论

不违反边际效用递减规律。因为边际效用是指物品的消费量每增加(或减少)一个单位所增加(或减少)的总效用的量。这里的“单位”是指一完整的商品单位，这种完整的商品单位，是边际效用递减规律有效性的前提。比如，这个定律适用于一双的鞋子，但不适用于单只的鞋子。对于四轮车而言，必须是有四个轮子的车才成为一单位。三个轮子不能构成一辆四轮车，因而每个轮子都不是一个有效用的物品，增加一个轮子，才能使车子有用。因此，不能说第四个轮子的边际效用超过第三个轮子

4.无差异曲线(indifference curve)：一条表示给消费者相同满足程度的消费组合的曲线。

（2）特征：凸向原点越远越大不相交

5.边际替代率(marginal rate of substitution.MRS)：——序数效用论

6.预算线（Budget line/ budget constraint）

7.吉芬物品(Giffen good)：价格上升引起需求量增加的物品。

8.柯布道格拉

斯生产函数

稀缺性（scarcity）：社会资源的有限性。

经济学(economics)：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。

效率(efficiency)：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。

平等(equality)：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。

机会成本(opportunity cost)：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。

理性人(rational people)：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。

边际变动(marginal change)：对行动计划微小的增量调整。

激励(incentive)：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。

市场经济(market economy)：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。

产权（property rights）：个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力。

市场失灵(market failure)：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。

外部性(externality)：

市场势力(market power)：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。

生产率(productivity)：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。

通货膨胀(inflation)：经济中物价总水平的上升。

经济周期(business cycle)：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。）

循环流向图(circular-flow diagram)：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。

生产可能性边界(production possibilities frontier)：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的图形。

微观经济学(microeconomics)：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。

宏观经济学(macroeconomics)：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。

实证表述(positive statements)：企图描述世界是什么的观点。

规范描述(normative statements)：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。

绝对优势(absolute advantage)：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。

比较优势(comparative advantage )：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。

进口品(imports)：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。

出口品(exports)：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。

市场(market)：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。

竞争市场(competitive market )：有许多买者与卖者，以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。

需求量(quantity demanded)：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。

需求定理(law of demand)：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品需求量减少的观点。

需求表(demand schedule)：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。

需求曲线(demand curve)：一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。

正常物品(normal good)：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。

低档物品(inferior good)：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。

替代品(substitutes)：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品。

互补品(complements)：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品。

供给量(quantity supplied)：卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量。

供给定理(law of supply)：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品供给量增加的观点。

供给表(supply schedule)：表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格。

供给曲线(supply curve)：一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。

均衡(equilibrium)：供给与需求达到了平衡的状态。

均衡价格(equilibrium price)：使供给与需求平衡的价格。

均衡数量(equilibrium quantity)：当价格调整到使供给与需求平衡时的供给量与需求量。

过剩(surplus)：供给量大于需求量时的状态。

短缺(shortage)：需求量大于供给量时的状态。

供求定理(law of supply and demand)：认为任何一种物品的调整都会使该物品供求平衡的观点。

弹性(elasticity)：需求量或供给量对其决定因素中某一种的反应程度的衡量。

总收益(total revenue)：一种物品买者支付的量和卖者得到的量，用该物品的价格乘以销售量来计算。

需求收入弹性(income Elasticity of demand)：一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动反应程度的衡量，用需求量变动百分比除以收入变动百分比来计算。

需求的交叉价格弹性(cross-price elasticity of demand)：衡量一种物品需求量对另一种物品价格变动的反应程度，用第一种物品需求量变动百分比除以第二种物品价格变动百分比来计算。

供给价格弹性(price elasticity of supply)：一种物品供给量对其价格变动反应程度的衡量，用供给量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算。

价格上限(price ceiling)：可以出售一种物品的法定最高价格。

价格下限(price floor)：可以出售一种物品的法定最低价格。

税收归宿(tax incidence)：关于由谁来承担税收负担的研究。

福利经济学(welfare economists)：研究资源配置如何影响经济福利。

支付意愿(willingness to pay)：买者愿意为某种物品支付的最高量。

消费者剩余(consumer surplus)：买者的支付意愿减买者的实际支付量。

成本(cost)：卖者为了生产一种物品必须放弃的每种东西的价值。

生产者剩余(producer Surplus)：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减卖者的成本。

效率(efficiency)：资源配置使社会所有成员得到的总剩余最大化的性质。

平等(equality)：福利在社会成员中分配的公平性。

无谓损失(deadweight loss)：税收引起的总剩余减少。

世界价格(world price)：一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格。

关税(tariff)：对在国外生产而在国内销售的物品征收的税。

外部性(externality)：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

外部性的内在化(internalizing the externality )：改变激励，以使人们考虑到自己行为的外部效应。

科斯定理(coase theorem)：一种观点，认为如果私人各方可以无成本地就资源配置进行协商，那么，他们就可以解决外部性问题。

交易成本(transaction cost)：各方在协议与遵守协议过程中所发生的成本。

庇古税(pigovian taxes)：用于纠正负外部性影响的税收。

排他性(excludability)：可以阻止一个人使用一种物品时该物品的特性。

竞争性(rivalry)：一个人使用一种物品减少其他人使用时该物品的特性。

私人物品(private goods)：既有排他性又有竞争性的物品。

公共物品(public goods)：既无排他性又无竞争性的物品。

公有资源(common resources)：有竞争性但无排他性的物品。

搭便车者(free rider)：得到一种物品的利益但避开为此支付的人。

成本—收益分析(coast-benefits analysis)：比较提供一种公共物品的社会成本与利益的研究。

公地悲剧(tragedy of the commons)：一个寓言，说明从整个社会的角度看为什么公有资源的使用大于合意的水平。预算盈余(budget surplus)：政府收入大于政府支出。

预算赤字(budget deficit)：政府支出大于政府收入。

平均税率(average tax rate)：总收入除以支付的总税收。

边际税率(marginal tax rate)：增加1美元收入支出的额外税收。

定额税(lump-sum tax)：每个人等量的税收。

受益原则(benefits principle)：认为应该根据人们从政府服务中得到的利益来纳税的思想。

支付能力原则原则(ability-to-pay principle)：认为应该根据一个人可以承受的负担来对这个人征税的思想。

纵向平等(vertical equity)：主张支付能力高的纳税人应该交纳更多税的思想。

横向平等(horizontal equality)：主张有相似支付能力的纳税人应该交纳等量税收的思想。

比例税(proportional tax)：高收入纳税人和低收入纳税人交纳收入中相同比例的税收。

累退税(regressive tax)：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例低于低收入纳税人的税收。

累进税(progressive tax)：高收入纳税人交纳的税收在收入中的比例高于低收入纳税人的税收。

总收益(total revenue)：企业出售其产量所得到的量。

总成本(total cost)：企业购买生产投入所支付的量。

利润(profit)：总收益减总成本。

显性成本(explicit costs)：要求企业支出货币的投入成本。

隐性成本(implicit costs)：不要求企业支出货币的投入成本。

经济利润(economic profit)：总收益减总成本，包括与隐性成本。

会计利润(accounting profit)：总收入减显性成本。

生产函数(production function)：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。

边际产量(marginal product)：增加的一单位投入所引起的产量增加。

边际产量递减(diminishing marginal product)：

固定成本(fixed costs)：不随着产量变动而变动的成本。

可变成本(variable costs)：随着产量变动而变动的成本。

平均总成本(average total cost)：总成本除以产量。

平均固定成本(average fixed costs)：固定成本除以产量。

平均可变成本(average variable costs)：可变成本除以产量。

边际成本(efficient scale)：额外一单位产量所引起的总成本的增加。

有效规模(efficient scale)：使平均总成本最小的产量。

规模经济(economics of scale)：长期平均总成本随产量增加而减少的特性。

规模不经济(diseconomies of scale)：长期平均总成本随产量增加而增加的特性。

规模收益不变(constant returns to Scale)：长期平均总成本随产量增加而保持不变的特性。

竞争市场(competitive market)：有许多交易相同产品的买者与卖者，以至于每一个买者和卖者都是价格接受者的市场。

平均收益(average revenue)：总收益除以销售量。

边际收益(marginal revenue)：增加一单位销售量引起的总收益变动。

沉没成本(sunk cost)：已经发生而且无法收回的成本。

垄断企业(monopoly)：一种没有相近替代品的产品的惟一卖者的企业。

自然垄断(natural monopoly)：由于一个企业能以低于两个或更多企业的成本向整个市场供给一种物品或劳务而产生的垄断。

价格歧视(price discrimination)：以不同价格向不同顾客出售同一种物品的经营做法。

寡头(oligopoly)：只有少数几个卖者提供相似或相同产品的的市场结构。

垄断竞争(monopolistic competition)：许多出售相似而不相同的产品的企业的市场结构。

勾结(collusion)：一个市场上的企业之间就生产的产量或收取的价格达成的协议。

卡特尔(Cartel)：一致行动的企业集团。

纳什均衡(Nash equilibrium)：相互作用的经济主体在假定所有其他主体所选战略为既定的情况下选择自己最优战略的状态。

博弈论(game theory)：研究人们在各种策略情况下如何行事。

囚徒困境(prisoners' dilemma)：两个被捕获的囚徒之间的一种特殊“博弈”，说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时，保持合作也是困难的。

占优（优势）策略(dominant strategy)：无论其他参与者选择什么策略，对一个参与者都为最优的策略。125生产要素：用于生产物品和劳务的投入。

生产函数(production function)：用于生产一种物品的投入量与该物品产量之间的关系。

劳动的边际产量(marginal product of labor)：增加的一单位劳动所引起的产量增加量。

边际产量递减(diminishing marginal product)：一单位投入的边际产量随着投入量增加而减少的性质。

边际产量值(value of the marginal product)：一种投入的边际产量乘以该产品的价格。

资本(capital)：用于生产物品与劳务的设备和建筑物。

补偿性工资差别(compensating differential)：为抵消不同工作的非货币特性而产生的工资差别。

人力资本(human capital)：对人的投资的积累，如教育和在职培训。

工会(union)：与雇主谈判工资和工作条件的工人协会。

罢工(strike)：工会有组织地从企业撤出劳动。

效率工资(efficiency wages)：企业为了提高工人的生产率而支付的高于均衡工资的工资。

歧视(discrimination)：对仅仅由于种族、宗教、性别、年龄或其他个人特征不同的相似个人提供不同的机会。

贫困率(poverty rate)：家庭收入低于一个称为贫困线的绝对水平的人口百分比。

贫困线(poverty line)：由联邦政府根据每个家庭规模确定的一种收入绝对水平，低于这一水平的家庭被认为处于贫困状态。

实物转移支付(in-kind transfers)：以物品和劳务而不是以现金形式给予穷人的转移支付。

生命周期(life cycle)：在人的一生中有规律的收入变动形式。

持久收入(permanent income)：一个人的正常收入。

功利主义(utilitarianism)：一种政治哲学，根据这种政治哲学，政府应该选择使社会上所有人总效用最大化的政策。

效用(utility)：衡量幸福或满足程度的指标。

自由主义(liberalism)：一种政治哲学，根据这种政治哲学，政府应该选择必要的公正的政策。这种公正要由yield

在“无知面纱”的背后的无偏见观察者来评价。

最大最小准则(maximin criterion)：一种主张，认为政府的目标应该是使社会上状况最差的人的福利最大化。

社会保险(social insurance)：旨在保护人们规避负面事件风险的政府政策。

自由至上主义(libertarianism)：一种政治哲学，根据这种政治哲学，政府应该惩罚犯罪并进行自愿的协议，但不应该进行收入再分配。

福利(welfare)：补贴需要者收入的政府计划。

负所得税(negative income tax)：向高收入家庭征税并给低收入家庭补贴的税制。

预算约束线(budget constraint)：对消费者可以支付得起的消费组合的限制。

完全替代品(perfect substitutes)：无差异曲线为直线的两种物品。

完全互补品(perfect complements)：无差异曲线为直角形的两种物品。

收入效应(income Effect)：当一种价格变动使消费者移动到更高或更低无差异曲线时所引起的消费变动。

替代效应(substitution effect)：当一种价格变动使消费者沿着一条既定的无差异曲线变动到有新边际替代率的一点时所引起的消费变动。

寻租理论（Rent-seeking theory）：

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案8章

144 WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new In the News box on ―The Tax Debate ‖ has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus. the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. In the previous section on supply and demand, Chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. Chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. Chapter 7 developed welfare economics —the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in Chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. Chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. The purpose of Chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in Chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in Chapter 6. Students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. Students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government. 8 APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案22章

WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new Case Study on Left-Digit Bias has been added and a new In the News feature on "Can Brain Science Improve Economics" has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to examine problems caused by asymmetric information. the market solutions to asymmetric information. why democratic voting systems may not represent the preferences of society. why people may not always behave as rational maximizers. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 22 is the last chapter in the microeconomics portion of the text. It is the second of two unrelated chapters that introduce students to advanced topics in microeconomics. These two chapters are intended to whet their appetites for further study in economics. The purpose of Chapter 22 is to give students a taste of three topics on the frontier of microeconomic research. The first topic addressed is asymmetric information , a situation when one person in an economic relationship has more relevant knowledge than the other person does. The second topic is political economy , the application of economic tools to the understanding of the functioning of government. The third topic addressed is behavioral economics , the introduction of psychology into the study of economic issues. 22 FRONTIERS OF MICROECONOMICS

最新版微观经济学精品习题英文版 (with answer) (9)

Chapter 9 Application: International Trade 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. _ __ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. _ __ 1. Nations would gain from trade if a(n) ________ exists. ( c ) a.absolute advantage b.specialization https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7d872588.html,parative advantage d.infant industry 2. If Canada has a comparative advantage over Denmark in the production of wood, this implies that ( b ) a.it requires fewer resources in Canada than in Denmark to produce wood. b.the opportunity cost of producing wood in Canada is lower than in Denmark. c.Denmark does not benefit by trading with Canada. d.Canada should buy wood from Denmark. 3. Domestic producers gain from the opportunity to export goods to foreign countries because ( a ) a.the free-trade price of the good is higher than the domestic price in the absence of trade. b.producers are able to reach a wider market. c.although the free-trade price is lower than in the absence of trade, producers are able to sell a greater quantity. d.production rises, although there is no change in the price of the good compared to the no-trade situation. 4. If at the world equilibrium price the U.S. quantity demanded is greater than the U.S. quantity supplied, then ( a ) a.the United States will import the good. b.the United States will export the good. c.the world price will fall. d.the world price will ris e.

经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.

曼昆经济学原理英文版第11章

Examine why people tend to use common r esour ces too much Consider some of the impor tant common r esour ces in our economy Consider some of the impor tant public goods in our economy Lear n t he def ini ng characteristics of public goods and common r esour ces Examine why private markets fail to pr ovide public goods See why the cost-benefit analysis of public goods is both necessar y and dif ficult An old song lyric maintains that “the best things in life are free.” A moment’s thought reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind. Na-ture provides some of them, such as rivers, mountains, beaches, lakes, and oceans.The government provides others, such as playgrounds, parks, and parades. In each case, people do not pay a fee when they choose to enjoy the benefit of the good.Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis. Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets, where buyers pay for what they receive and sellers are paid for what they provide. For these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers. When goods are available free of charge,however, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. In this chapter we examine the problems that arise for goods without market prices. Our analysis will shed light on one of the Ten Principles of Economics P U B L I C G O O D S A N D C O M M O N R E S O U R C E S 225

曼昆-十大经济学原理,中英文对照

十大经济学原理。 曼昆在《经济学原理》一书中提出了十大经济学原理，他们分别是： 十大经济学原理一 ：人们面临权衡取舍。人们为了获得一件东西，必须放弃另一件东西。决策需要对目标进行比较。 People Face Trade offs. To get one thing, you have to give up something else. Making decisions requires trading off one goal against another. 例子：这样的例子很多，典型的是在“大炮与黄油”之间的选择，军事上所占的资源越多，可供民用消费和投资的资源就会越少。同样，政府用于生产公共品的资源越多，剩下的用于生产私人品的资源就越少；我们用来消费的食品越多，则用来消费的衣服就越少；学生用于学习的时间越多，那么用于休息的时间就越少。 十大经济学原理二 ：某种东西的成本是为了得到它所放弃的东西。决策者必须要考虑其行为的显性成本和隐性成本。 The Cost of Something is what You Give Up to Get It. Decision-makers have to consider both the obvious and implicit costs of their actions. 例子：某公司决定在一个公园附近开采金矿的成本。开采者称由于公园的门票收入几乎不受影响，因此金矿开采的成本很低。但可以发现伴随着金矿开采带来的噪声、水和空气的污染、环境的恶化等，是否真的不会影响公园的风景价值？尽管货币价值成本可能会很小，但是考虑到环境和自然生态价值会丧失，因此机会成本事实上可能很大。 十大经济学原理三 ：理性人考虑边际量。理性的决策者当且仅当行动的边际收益超过边际成本时才采取行动。 Rational People Think at Margin. A rational decision-maker takes action if and only if the marginal benefit of the action exceeds the marginal cost. 例子：“边际量”是指某个经济变量在一定的影响因素下发生的变动量。例如，人在饥饿时吃一个包子的边际量（此时又叫边际效用）比在温饱时吃一个包子的边际量要大。 十大经济学原理四 ：人们会对激励作出反应。当成本或收益变动时，人们的行为也会发生变动。 People Respond to Incentives. Behavior changes when costs or benefits change. 例子：比如一个学生，如果老师在课堂上表扬了他，他会感到很高兴，然后会更加努力，也可能因受表扬而骄傲退步。 十大经济学原理五 ：交易能使每个人状况更好。交易使每个人专攻于他或她最擅长的领域。通过和他人的交易，人们可以购买更多样的产品和服务。

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

曼昆微观经济学英文版课后练习题第一章

————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期： 1

1 Chapter 1 Ten Principles of Economics Multiple Choice 1. The word that comes from the Greek word for "one who manages a household" is a. market. b. consumer. c. producer. d. economy. ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 2. The word “economy” comes from the Greek word oikonomos , which means a. “environment.” b. “production.” c. “one who manages a househol d.” d. “one who makes decisions.” ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economy MSC: Definitional 3. Resources are a. scarce for households but plentiful for economies. b. plentiful for households but scarce for economies. c. scarce for households and scarce for economies. d. plentiful for households and plentiful for economies. ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Resources, Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 4. Economics deals primarily with the concept of a. scarcity. b. poverty. c. change. d. power. ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Definitional 5. Which of the following questions is not answered by the decisions that every society must make? a. What determines consumer preferences? b. What goods will be produced? c. Who will produce the goods? d. Who will consume the goods? ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Economies MSC: Interpretive 6. The overriding reason as to why households and societies face many decisions is that a. resources are scarce. b. goods and services are not scarce. c. incomes fluctuate with business cycles. d. people, by nature, tend to disagre e. ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive 7. The phenomenon of scarcity stems from the fact that a. most economies’ production methods are not very good. b. in most economies, wealthy people consume disproportionate quantities of goods and services. c. governments restricts production of too many goods and services. d. resources are limited. ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 1-0 TOP: Scarcity MSC: Interpretive

英文版微观经济学复习提纲Chapter 5. Economic efficiency, government price setting and taxes

5 Economic Efficiency, Government Price Setting, and Taxes Chapter Summary Although rent controls no longer in Australia, many governments around the world, such as Malaysia and the U.S., have placed ceilings on the maximum rent some landlords can charge for some apartments and houses. Governments also impose taxes in some markets. To understand the economic impact of government in markets it is necessary to understand consumer surplus and producer surplus. Consumer surplus is the dollar benefit consumers receive from buying goods and services at market prices less than the maximum prices they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus is the dollar benefit producers receive from selling goods and services at prices greater than the minimum prices they would be willing to accept. In a competitive market with no externalities the equilibrium price for a good or service occurs where the marginal cost of the last unit produced and sold is equal to the marginal benefit consumers receive from the last unit bought. At this same level of output, economic surplus, the sum of consumer and producer surplus, is maximized. Although price controls on rent no longer exist in Australia, there are many other examples of the government setting prices, such as the minimum wage in labour markets (a “floor price”). Compared to the competitive equilibrium, price ceilings and price floors reduce economic efficiency. A tax on the sale of a good or service also reduces economic efficiency. The burden of a tax (or tax incidence) is the degree to which consumers or producers actually pay the tax. The incidence of a tax depends on how responsive producers and consumers are to the price change caused by the tax. Learning Objectives When you finish this chapter you should be able to: 1Understand the concepts of consumer surplus and producer surplus. Consumer surplus is the benefit consumers receive from paying a price lower than the maximum price they would be willing to pay. Producer surplus is the benefit a firm receives from selling a good or a service at a price higher than the minimum the firm would be willing to accept. Economic surplus is the sum of consumer surplus plus producer surplus. 2Understand the concept of economic efficiency, and use a graph to illustrate how economic efficiency is reduced when a market is not in competitive equilibrium. An economically efficient outcome occurs when a competitive market equilibrium is reached. Maximum economic efficiency results when the marginal benefit received by consumers from the last unit bought equals the marginal

曼昆经济学原理第五版答案英文ch30

曼昆经济学原理第五版答案英文ch30

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. WHAT’S NEW: The section on capital flight has been updated to include Asia and Russia. The topic of “The Twin Deficits in the United States” is now briefly discussed in the main text. There is a new In the News box on “How the Chinese Help American Home Buyers.” LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to build a model to explain an open economy’s trade balance and exchange rate. how to use the model to analyze the effects of government budget deficits. how to use the model to analyze the macroeconomic effects of trade policies. how to use the model to analyze political instability and capital flight. KEY POINTS: 1. To analyze the macroeconomics of open economies, two markets are central―the market for loanable funds and the market for foreign-currency exchange. In the market for loanable funds, the interest rate adjusts to balance the supply of loanable funds (from national saving) and the demand for loanable funds (from domestic investment and net foreign investment). In the market for foreign-currency exchange, the real exchange rate adjusts to balance the supply of dollars (for net foreign investment) and the demand for dollars (for net exports). Because net foreign investment is part of the demand for loanable funds and provides the supply of dollars for foreign-currency exchange, it is the variable that connects these two markets. 2. A policy that reduces national saving, such as a government budget deficit, reduces the supply of loanable funds and drives up the interest rate. The higher interest rate reduces net foreign investment, which reduces the supply of dollars in the market for foreign-currency exchange. The dollar appreciates, and net exports fall. 30 A MACROECONOMIC THEORY OF THE OPEN ECONOMY

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学名词解释 11

22 Chapter 1 business cycle 经 济周期 fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production economic s 经济学; 经济，国家 的经济状况 the study of how society manages its scarce 缺乏的，罕见 的 resources efficien cy n.功效; 效率，效 能; 实力， 能力; [物] 性能; the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources equality n .同等，平 等; [数] 相等，等式; the property of distributing economic prosperity uniformly among the members of society external ity[,eks t ?? the uncompensated impact of one person’s ac tions on the

Chapter 2 circular-flo w diagram a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households 家庭; 家庭，户and firms macroeconomi cs [,m?kr??i?k?'n?m?ks; -ek-]the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth microeconomi cs [,ma?kr ??i?k?'n ?m?ks the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets normative['n ??m?t?v]标准的statements claims that attempt to prescribe定，规定; 指定，规定;美[pr??skra?b] how the world should be positive statements claims that attempt to describe the world as it is production possibilitie s frontier a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production 33

微观经济学试题英文版

Managerial Economics

Part 1: 1.The price of good A goes up. As a result the demand for good B shifts to the left. From this we can infer that: a. good A is a normal good. b. good B is an inferior good. c. goods A and B are substitutes. d. goods A and B are plements. e. none of the above. Choose: d) the definition os plements 2.Joe's budget line is 15F + 45C = 900. When Joe chooses his most preferredmarket basket, he buys 10 units of C. therefore, he also buys : a.10 units of F b.30 units of F c. 50 units of F d.60 units of F e. None of the above Choose: b) We assume that Joe will spend all his ine. If C = 10, then 15F =900 – 45(10) =450, so F = 450/15 =30. 3.Kim only buys coffee and pact discs. Coffee costs $0.60 per cup, and CDs cost $12.00 each. She has $18 per week to spend on these two goods. If Kim is maximizing her utility, her marginal rate of substitution of coffee for CDs is: a.0.05 b.20 c.18 d.1.50 e. None of the above Choose: a) At Kim's most preferred market basket, her MRS equals the price ratio (Pcoffee/PCD), which equals 0.6/12 or 0.05.

微观经济学英文版名词解释超详细

微观经济学名词解释 1 经济周 期 , 经济学; 经济，国家 的经济状 况 缺乏的，罕见的 .功效; 效 率，效能; 实力，能 力; [物] 性能; .同等，平 等; [数] 相等，等 式; [??'n?l?t?] 外部性 ’s a 旁观者; 局外人; 看热闹的人 a [?n'??(?)n] 增加的 a 权力分散; 人口疏散; 密度分散 a a 分配，分派; 把…拨给;英[??l??t] a ( ) a ’s 2 a 家庭; 家庭，户[???i?k?'n? m?; ] , , ,

[???i?k?'n?m? ['n??m?t?v]标 定，规定; 指定，规定;美[???b] 准的 ['???） a 3 a a a 美[d?'??】合乎国内的Array 4 完全竞 a ['?] 同一的，完全相同的美[a??d??k?l] a 争市场 互补品 a ['kɑ?m?] 需求曲 a a 线 需求表 a a [?'l???m] a 均衡 均衡价 格 a , , a 劣质品[? n'f??r??] , , a 需求原理 , , a 供给原理 a a a , , 普通商品

需求量 a a a a a a a ['s ??s] a 5 需求交叉弹性 是需求交叉价格弹性 a a , [?'?s ?] n . 弹性; 弹力; 灵活 性; 伸缩性; a 需求 的收入弹性 a a a ’ , 需求 价格弹性 a a a , 供给 的价格弹性 a a a , ( a )总收入; 总收益 a , 6 ['?l ??] a ['m??m ?m] a a a ['??d(?)] a a

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案15章

stic Competition WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: There are no major changes to this chapter. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: what market structures lie between monopoly and competition. competition among firms that sell differentiated products. how the outcomes under monopolistic competition and under perfect competition compare. the desirability of outcomes in monopolistically competitive markets. the debate over the effects of advertising. the debate over the role of brand names. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 16 is the fourth chapter in a five-chapter sequence dealing with firm behavior and the organization of industry. The previous two chapters developed the two extreme forms of market structure —competition and monopoly. The market structure that lies between MONOPOLISTIC COMPETITION 16