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中小企业财务管理 外文文献翻译

文献出处:Kilonzo JM, Ouma D. Financial Management Practices on growth of Small and Medium Enterprises: A case of Manufacturing Enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya[J]. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2015, 17(8): 65-71

第一部分为译文,第二部分为原文。

默认格式:中文五号宋体,英文五号Times New Roma,行间距1.5倍。

中小企业财务管理实践:肯尼亚内罗毕县

制造业企业案例

摘要:中小企业对国内经济社会发展做出了重要贡献。本研究的目的是确定中小企业采用的财务管理做法及其对增长的影响程度。本研究的具体目标是确定营运资金管理实践,投资实践,财务计划实践,会计信息系统,财务报告和分析实践对中小企业增长的影响。内罗毕县记录显示,该县有五万多家小微企业。肯尼亚制造业协会1999年的基线研究报告(KAM 2009)在肯尼亚记录了745家活跃的制造业中小企业,在内罗毕县有410人。使用向中小型企业的业主/经理管理的问卷调查,从41家中小企业收集了主要数据。使用简单的随机抽样技术来选择中小企业。使用描述性和推论统计分析数据。研究确定,75%的中小企业出售其产品现金,82%保持现金限额,92%有手动库存登记,35%的企业投资长期资产,45%的企业用内部资金进行商业融资。55%没有正式的会计制度,74%的会计师没有合格的会计师准备财务报表。在财务管理实践中,工业化部应引入中小企业能力建设方案。

关键词:中小企业(SME),财务管理实务,内罗毕县

中小企业为任何国家的经济和社会发展做出重要贡献。据国际劳工组织(2008年),日本约有80%的劳动力和德国的50%的工人在中小企业工作。对于发展中国家,中小企业对乌干达(20%),肯尼亚(19.5%)和尼日利亚(24.5%)的国内生产总值做出了重大贡献。与大多数发展中国家一样,中小企业是经济增长的重要组成部分。然而,他们面临一些问题,包括从正式渠道获得融资,这往往被认为是最重要的问题(MFPED,2008)。因此,中小企业的发展直接影响到国家的表现。在所有经济体中,它们占绝大多数商业机构,通常对创造的大部分就业机会负责,占私营部门营业额的三分之一到三分之二(Ntsika,2002年)。据估计,中小型企业占全球私营部门就业的56%,占国内生产总值的36%(Arianoff,2010年)。在许多国家,中小企业几十年来一直是就业和产出增长的主要动力。在发展中

国家,由于易于进出,被认为是消除贫困的主要“自助”手段。

中小型企业(SME)对所有国家的经济做出了巨大贡献,不论其发展水平如何。中小企业这个术语涵盖了广泛的看法和措施,不同国家和不同来源的中小企业统计数据。一些常用的标准是员工人数,总资产净值,销售额和投资水平。然而,所使用的最常见的定义是基于就业,但是在定义中小企业的上限和下限限制方面存在差异(Ayyagari,Beck&Demirguc-Kunt,2006)。据Hatten(2008)的统计,2008年,欧盟和其他国际组织使用“中小企业”这一术语来指定具有有限指定人数的公司,而美国通常使用“SMB”(中小企业)。作为中小企业的分类是根据员工人数,一般在10到100之间,这取决于业务所在的国家(Norlaphoompipat,2008)。

在肯尼亚,微型企业被定义为不超过10名员工; 拥有员工11-50人的小企业; 以及国家微型和小型企业基线调查(1999年)的50多名员工中型企业。根据国际货币基金组织(2001)关于肯尼亚扶贫战略的报告,许多肯尼亚家庭创造就业和创造就业机会的小型中等企业的潜力是减贫战略的关键要素。小企业在肯尼亚经济中发挥重要作用。根据经济调查报告(2006年),该部门贡献了2005年创造的新职位的50%以上。最近的证据显示,中小型企业是肯尼亚私营部门的大部分。如果肯尼亚要通过私营部门的增长来取得竞争力,就必须更多地重视解决中小企业增长和竞争力的关键瓶颈(KNBS,2007)。良好的财务管理做法被认为是发展中国家中小企业成功的关键要素。虽然中小企业对肯尼亚的经济增长和发展做出了积极的贡献,但失败率却很高。根据KNBS(2007)的统计,2006 - 2007年度中小企业创造就业岗位46.9万个,比上年增长5.7%。尽管如此,过去的统计数字显示,五月份三分之三的企业在经营的头几个月内(肯尼亚国家统计局,2007年)失败。由于它们对肯尼亚经济的重要性,有必要进行研究调查中小企业的财务管理做法,以及这些措施如何影响到业务增长。

财务管理是几个功能性管理领域之一,是任何小型企业成功的关键(Meredith,2006)。财务管理是为了实现业务的财务目标而对企业的财务进行管理。麦克马洪等人(2008)确定了资金筹集和使用资金来源的财务管理:财务管理涉及融资企业资产和活动所需的资金,竞争使用之间的资金分配以及资金的确定有效,高效地实现了企业的发展目标。

本研究使用的财务管理由五(5)个结构组成,其中包括; 流动资金管理也被细分为现金管理,应收账款管理和库存管理。财务管理的其他结构包括:投资,融资,会计信息系统和财务报告与分析。罗斯等人(2009)指出企业财务经理必须做出的三种决策:这些包括融资决策以及涉及短期融资的决策,涉及净营运资金,投资和财务报告。同样,Ang(2002)指出了三项主要财务决策,包括投资决策,融资决策和股利决策。Meredith(2006)声称,财务管理涉及到所有管理领域,不仅涉及资金来源,财务在企业中的使用,还涉及投资,生产,营销或人事决策的财务影响,以及总体绩效企业。但是,肯尼亚的这些地区目前还没有受到中小企业的好评,需要紧急关注。中小企业早期阶段缺乏有效的管理也是小企业经营失败的主要原因。业主倾向于将这些业务本身作为降低运营成本的措施。

财务管理效率低下可能会损害企业效益,这将不断影响中小企业的发展。然而,有效的财务管理可能有助于中小企业提高业务效率,从而部分解决这些困难。Kazooba(2006)认为,虽然肯尼亚是中小企业启动率最高的国家之一,但也是中小企业数量最多的中小企业数量最多,中小企业关闭数量也是如此。然而,进行的研究并没有显示财务管理的组成部分如何影响中小企业的整体业务效率。许多业务失败归因于财务经理无力对其各自公司的流动资产和流动负债进行计划和管理(Mbaguta,2002年)。

研究设计

本研究采用描述性研究设计。描述性研究设计试图描述或定义一个主题,通常通过创建一组问题,人物或事件的概况,通过收集数据和列出研究变量或其相互作用的频率(Cooper&Schindler,2006)。它涉及描述特定个人或团体的特征。在这种情况下,研究问题是调查财务管理实践对肯尼亚内罗毕县服务企业重点中小企业增长的影响。描述性研究定义了问题,被调查者和开始收集数据之前的分析方法。因此,这种方法适用于这项研究,因为研究人员打算通过描述收集详细的信息,并且有助于识别变量和假设结构。

目标人群

据KAM(2009)的报告,肯尼亚有745家活跃的制造型中小企业。Mugenda和Mugenda(2003)指出,目标人群应该具有一些可观察的特征,研究者打算将研究结果概括一下。

样本

样本人口

该研究使用简单的随机抽样技术来提出研究样本。使用简单随机抽样技术,因为目标群体中的每个元素被赋予相等(无偏)的被选择概率,因此最小化采样误差。使用每个群体成员的概率抽样有一个已知的机会被包含在样品中。统计上,为了进行泛化,必须存在至少30个的样本(Cooper和Schindler,2003)。此外,较大的样本最小化错误。Kotler(2001)认为,如果选择良好,约10%的人口样本往往可以提供良好的可靠性。其他文献显示,在很大程度上取样大小的选择是判断性决定的。该研究选择了内罗毕县10家制造型中小企业样本,为41家中小企业做出了贡献。

数据采集

研究收集了初步数据,以调查财务管理实践对中小企业增长的影响。使用问卷收集主要数据。调查问卷既有开放式的问题,也有闭门会议的问题。结论性问题提供了更多结构化的回应,以促进有形的建议。封闭式问题用于测试各种属性的评级,这有助于减少相关响应的数量,以获得更多变化的响应。开放式问题提供了在封闭式问题中可能未被捕获的其他信息。

表1:受访者的特征

变量值频率百分比性别女16 38

男25 62 被投诉人的年龄18 - 28年8 20

29-38岁15 36

39-48岁12 30

50年以上 6 14 受访者的教育程度中学 3 6

文凭16 40

毕业14 34

硕士及以上8 20 工作经验12年7 17

3 - 4年16 38

5年以上18 45

多数(62%)的受访者是男性,女性占38%。由于样本是随机绘制的,可以得出结论,与女性中小企业主相比,男性中小企业拥有者更多。36%的受访者年龄在29?38岁之间,其次是30岁以上39和48岁。20%的受访者年龄在18至28岁之间,14%的受访者年龄在50岁以上。这意味着大多数中

小企业主都是年轻人。文凭教育最为常见,达40%,其次是大学教育程度34%,研究生水平达到20%。至少是中等教育的6%。我们可以得出一般结论,大部分受访者受过良好教育,因此大多数受访者将能够从事财务管理实践。

45%以上的受访者多数为5年以上工作经验。其次是38%的工作经历3至4年,17%的受访者具有1至2年的工作经验。这意味着大多数受访者对中小企业的财务管理做法有很好的经验。

表2:业务简介

变量价值观频率百分

操作时间1-3年8 20

3 - 5年13 32

5年以上20 48 企业所有权独资企业15 37

合伙 6 14

家族企业 5 12

有限责任公司15 37 顾客个人23 57

机构 6 14

组织机构12 29 分支机构1到2 24 58

3到4 13 32

5及以上 4 10

表2中的研究结果显示,大部分业务为独资(38%),而有限责任公司为36%,合伙企业为14%,家族企业为12%。这表明大多数中小企业是独资企业。受访者被要求提供业务运作年数的信息。多数(48%)的业务已经运行5年以上,32%的受访者已经运行了3?5年,1?3年的时间为20%。这表明大多数中小企业经营五年以上,因此具有财务管理实务经验。

58%的中小企业大多数有1到2家分行,32%有3到4家分行,10%有5家及以上分行。57%的中小企业客户是个人,29%是组织机构,14%是机构。

该研究确定了内罗毕中小企业的增长率,即每年平均销售额和2011 - 2013年三年每年的雇员人数。表3显示了研究结果。

表3:2011-2013年度的销售人员和员工人数

平均销售额年销售额(百万Ksh。)

2011年30

2012年37

2013年43

平均员工人数年数

2011年21

2012年25

2013年32

表5中的研究结果显示,中小企业的销售额在三年内都在上升:KSh。2011年3000万元。2012年为3700万,KSh。同样,三年期间员工人数增加:2011年为21人,2012年为25人,2013年为32人。这意味着中小企业从事良好的财务管理实践,因此销售额和数量增加雇员。

研究目标结果与讨论现金管理

多数(94%)的受访者有银行账户。许多(75%)的受访者在商业银行持有账户,而微型金融机构,SACCO和手机则分别占12%,9%和4%。账目主要是经常账户(68%),集团账户(45%)和储蓄账户(36%)。

表4:现金管理

是(%)不(%)

业务是否通过现金出售服务/货物?75 25

企业是否向客户提供现金收据?62 38

企业是否做出现金流预测?66 44

业务是否进行每日现金调节?74 36

业务是否维持现金操作限制?82 18

业务有全职收银员吗?60 40

研究表明,75%的企业以现金出售服务/货物,62%向客户提供现金收入,66%作出现金流量预测(表3)。该研究进一步确定,74%的企业进行每日现金调节,82%维持现金经营限额,60%的企业有全职收银员,如表4所示。

应收账款管理

该研究确定,大多数(85%)的企业不会以信贷方式出售商品/服务。销售商品/服务信贷的企业的15%主要是在30天的时间内完成。该研究确定,大多数企业(58%)不准备老化时间表。只有15%的企业有信贷政策,72%的企业使用计算机辅助软件管理应收账款,如表5所示。

表5:应收账款管理

是(%)不(%)企业是否通过信贷销售服务/货物?85 15

企业是否准备老化时间表?42 58

企业是否有信贷政策?15 85

企业是否使用计算机辅助软件管理应收账款?72 38

库存管理

研究表明,大多数(95%)的企业都有库存盘点,准备库存量的定期摘要,并定期进行库存盘点。然而,只有35%的企业对物理保护库存进行盗窃,25%使用计算机辅助软件来管理库存,如表6所示。

表6:库存管理

是否准备了库存量的期间摘要?95 5

业务是否进行期间库存盘点?

企业是否有物理保障库存以防盗窃?95

35

5

65

业务是否使用计算机辅助软件来管理库存?25

75研究结果表明,内罗毕并非所有中小企业都采用现金管理做法。Wanjohi(2009)表示,未能采用现金管理做法阻碍了业务增长,最终导致其失败。美国的类似研究报告指出,与现金流量管理和资本不足有关的内部问题(Dodge等,1994)导致中小企业失败率上升。

肯尼亚中小企业增长投资做法。

研究确定,大多数(65%)的企业没有投资长期资产,而35%的企业投资了长期资产。18%的企业对建筑物进行长期投资,其次是土地(10%)和机械(7%)。

研究发现,65%的企业也投资短期资产。短期投资的主要类型是现金存款(35%),其次是存货(15%),债券(10%)和国库券(5%)。

被访者被问及投资前是否寻求专业意见。多数(78%)的受访者表示在进行任何商业投资前并未寻求专业意见。受访者表示,只有44%的企业在一段时间后评估投资。多数(65%)的业务进行年度评估,25%进行半年度评估,10%进行季度评估。

表7:投资

是(%)不(%)企业是否投资长期资产?35 65

企业是否投资于短期资产?65 35

投资前商家是否寻求专业意见?22 78

业务经过一段时间的投资评估?44 56

研究结果显示,许多中小企业不投资于长期资产。调查结果表明,内罗毕的中小企业没有有效地管理非流动资产的使用。这对企业的整体盈利能力有很大的影响。虽然一些中小企业可能有投资现金,但大多数中小企业在不评估投资的情况下进行投资。这使投资的初始投资占有一些业务可能不可行。Louma(1967)对美国的中小型制造业进行了调查,发现超过22%的中小企业采用正式的资本投资评估方法,但都没有使用NPV。这意味着如果投资走向糟糕,那么无法知道如何将其重新投入正轨,从而失去初始投资。同样,很少有中小企业投资房地产和证券交易所。这清楚地表明,像Nkungi(2008)这样的早期研究表明,几乎可转换投资并不是中小企业投资的优先事项,大多数中小企业未能确定投资机会,从而导致财务业绩不佳。

财务规划实践影响肯尼亚中小企业的增长。

研究确定,45%的企业只使用内部产生的资金,25%只使用借款资金,30%使用内部产生的资金和借款资金。企业的其他资金来源是非正规贷款人(55%),信贷供应商(30%)和家庭基金(15%)。

表8:融资

是(%)不(%)内部产生的现金来源45 55

借款资金25 75

内部产生现金和借款30 70

研究显示,大多数中小企业使用内部产生的资金。中小企业获得银行贷款由于缺乏抵押担保,与利率相关的高昂成本,担心银行必须遵守银行贷款和记录不良的官僚主义倾向等原因而较低。Kazooba (2006)的类似研究还发现,大多数中小企业使用内部产生的资金,并在获得财务方面遇到挑战,这对业务失败做出了巨大贡献。Currie(2009)发现,由于缺乏信贷或过度监管,埃塞俄比亚等国家的大多数中小企业的能力不足。商业银行对抵押品的需求是批准贷款申请的先决条件,这一问题更加严重。Aguirrega biria(2007)和Buldyrev(2007)认为,抵押品主要是由于潜在贷款人和借款人之间存在重大的信息差距。Wanjohi(2009)指出,明确的财务计划为中小企业发展提供了空间,尽管只有少数中小企业实行这种做法,导致财务业绩不佳。研究结果还支持Myers(1984)提出的“啄食秩序理论”,其中指出,管理层倾向于在外部之前选择内部融资。

关于肯尼亚中小企业增长的会计信息系统

表9:会计信息系统

是(%)不(%)企业是否有正式的会计制度?45 55

会计师是否负责记录所有交易?38 62

是否有经营会计部门?45 55

业务是否使用计算机辅助软件进行记录交易?28 72

研究确定,大多数(55%)的企业没有正式的会计制度,缺乏经营会计部门。62%的企业没有会计负责记录所有交易。许多业务(72%)不使用计算机辅助软件进行记录交易。

研究显示,大多数企业没有正式的会计制度,缺乏经营会计部门,没有会计负责记录所有交易,也不使用计算机辅助软件进行记录交易。这可能是因为大多数中小企业是由完全自己做所有工作的唯一贸易商拥有的。调查结果进一步显示,大部分中小企业会计制度是非正式的。一些中小企业可能担心维持正式的系统,因为它们具有维护成本。

调查结果显示,帐目部门功能不力,无法有效运作,妨碍财务报告。少数中小企业雇用会计师,并由于资源有限,负责记录交易,使得中小企业能够为专业会计师提供服务。未能在中小企业中使用计算机和计算机辅助软件,使得及时的财务报告和决策非常困难。研究结果与以前的研究结果一致,孔雀(1988)透露,南非的中小企业很少充分利用会计信息系统,并为失败做出了贡献。KAM(2009)认为,采用技术进步的商业财务管理可以提高组织绩效。

关于肯尼亚中小企业增长的财务报告和分析做法

该研究确定,74%的业务准备财务报表,但只有46%的业务从事合格会计师事务,24%的业务从事外部审计师的服务编制财务报表。在85%的业务中,业主/经理参与编制财务报表。研究发现,66%的企业每季度编制财务报表,而25%和9%分别以半年度和年度编制财务报表。

表10:财务报告和分析

是(%)不(%)业务是否准备财务报表?74 26

企业是否聘请合格会计师的服务?46 54

业主是否参与编制财务报表?85 15

企业是否从事外部审计师的服务24 76

结论和建议

研究的结论是,肯尼亚的财务管理实践(周转资金管理做法,投资做法,财务计划做法,会计信息系统和财务报告和分析做法)是中小企业增长的主要决定因素。小企业(SME)在肯尼亚经济中发挥重要作用。财务管理效率低下导致财务业绩不佳,最终导致中小企业失败。中小企业失败率很高,对经济有不利影响,因此肯尼亚中小企业需要健全的财务管理做法。财务管理实践的采用为企业在经营环境中应对各种挑战提供了机会。因此,中小企业应该拥有强大的财务管理体系。

创新是中小企业发展的关键,应努力确保中小企业通过信息和通信技术加强财务管理实践,为创新提供先进的创新能力。客户一旦遇到的不断变化的需求将增强客户保留率和可持续增长率。还应鼓励中小企业由于高度参与技术而合作,以获得技术的全部利益。应鼓励中小企业征聘具备所需资格的员工,以配合中小企业的发展。商业银行应具有灵活易用的量身定做的贷款产品。还应鼓励企业多元化产品,从不冒险的传统做法转向其他产品

此外,建议中小企业加强和制定有关债务人如何收取应收款的政策,能够知道何时清除坏账,以尽量减少由于无付款而产生的损失。同样,中小企业主也应该努力确保库存管理得到改善,通过设定最低和最高的重新排序水平,使业务不会缺货,并且结合太多的库存资本,影响工作首都。

财政和工业化部门应为中小企业融资提供一个有利的平台,使其能够以合理的融资成本经营业务。这是必要的,因为中小企业获得银行贷款是困难的,最终只能使用内部资金。利率应有利; 同样,获得这些资金的要求也应该是合理的,以免推动中小企业发展。ICPAK和财务专业知识应使中小企业主了解簿记,财务报告和分析的相关性,并保持适当的分析书。应该为中小企业业主组织能力建设,帮助他们了解为什么要保留更新的书籍,以了解他们是否赚取利润或损失的绩效水平。

Financial Management Practices on growth of Small and Medium

Enterprises: A case of Manufacturing Enterprises in Nairobi

County, Kenya

Abstract: Small and Medium enterprises (SMEs) make important contributions to economic and social development of any country. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of financial management practices employed by the SME’s and their effect on growth. The specific objectives of this study were to determine effect of working capital management practices, investment practices, financial planning practices, accounting information systems, financial reporting and analysis practices on the growth of SME. Nairobi County records indicate there are over 50,000 small and micro enterprises in the County. Kenya Association of Manufacturing through the basel ine study of 1999, (KAM 2009) recorded 745 active manufacturing SME’s in Kenya with a population of 410 in Nairobi County. Primary data was collected from 41 SMEs using a questionnaire administered to the business owner/manager of the SMEs. A simple random sampling technique was used to select the SMEs. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The study established that 75% of the SMEs sold their products cash while 82% maintained a cash limit, 92% have a manual inventory register, 35% have invested in long term assets while 45% used internally generated funds for business financing. 55% do not have a formal accounting system and 74% prepared financial statements without a qualified accountant. The Ministry of Industrialization should introduce capacity building programs for SMEs in the issues of financialmanagement practices. Keywords: Small and medium enterprises (SME’s), Financial Management Practices, Nairobi County Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) make important contributions to economic and social development of any country. According to ILO (2008) about 80% of the labour force in Japan and 50% of workers in Germany are employed in the SME sector. With respect to developing countries, the SMEs made a significant contribution to the gross domestic product of Uganda (20%), Kenya (19.5%) and Nigeria (24.5%). As in most developing countries, small and medium-scale enterprises form a significant part of the economic growth. Nevertheless, they face a number of problems, including access to finance from formal sources, which is often considered to be the most important problem (MFPED, 2008). Consequently, the growth of the SME sector directly affects the performance of the nation. In all economies they constitute the vast majority of business establishments and they are usually responsible for the majority of employment opportunities created which account for one third to two thirds of the private sector turnover (Ntsika, 2002). It is estimated that SMEs contribute 56% of private sector employment and 36% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) worldwide (Arianoff, 2010). In many countries, SMEs have been a major engine of growth in employment and output over decad es. In developing countries they are seen as a major …self-help? instrument for poverty eradication due to the ease of entry andexit.

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) contribute greatly to the economies of all countries, regardless of their level of development. The term SMEs covers a wide range of perceptions and measures, varying from country to country and between the sources reporting SME statistics. Some of the commonly used criterions are the number of employees, total net assets, sales and investment level. However, the most common definition used is based on employment, but, there is a variation in defining the upper and lower size limit of an SME (Ayyagari, Beck & Demirguc-Kunt, 2006). According to Hatten (2008) the term SME (Small and Medium Enterprises) is used in the European Union and other international organizations to designate companies that have a limited, specified number of employees, while the United States typically uses the term "SMB" (Small to Medium Business) instead. Classification as an SME is based on the number of employees, generally between 10and100,dependingonthecountryinwhichthebusinessissetup(Norlaphoompipat,2008).

In Kenya, a micro-enterprise is defined as having no more than 10 employees; a small enterprise with 11-50 employees; and a medium/large enterprise with more than 50 employees, as indicated by National Micro and Small Enterprise Baseline Survey (1999). According to the IMF (2001) report on Poverty Reduction Strategy in Kenya, the potential of small medium enterprises in both employment creation and generation of incomes for many Kenyan families makes them a key element in the poverty reduction strategy. The small

business enterprises play an important role in the Kenyan economy. According to the Economic survey report, (2006) the sector contributed over 50 per cent of new jobs created in the year 2005. Recent evidence shows that Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) form the bulk of Kenya private sector. If Kenya is to become competitive through growth of the private sector, it is inevitable that more attention must be paid to addressing the key bottlenecks to SME growth and competitiveness (KNBS, 2007). Good financial management practices have been viewed as critical elements in the success of SMEs in developing countries. Though SMEs are making positive contributions to economic growth and development in Kenya, the rate of failure is high. According to KNBS (2007), the SME sector generated 469,000 new jobs in 2006-2007 financial years, which was an increase of 5.7% from the previous year. Despite their significance, past statistics indicate that three out of five businesses fail within the first few months of operation (Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, 2007). Owing to their importance to the Kenyan economy, there was need to conduct a study to investigate financial management practices by the SME?s and how these affect the businessgrowth.

Financial management is one of several functional areas of management which is central to the success of any small business (Meredith, 2006). Financial management is the management of finances of a business in order to achieve the financial objectives of the business. McMahon et al. (2008) defines financial management based on mobilizing and using sources of funds: Financial management is concerned with raising the funds needed to finance the enterprise?s assets and activities, the allocation of theses scare funds between competing uses,andwithensuringthatthefundsareusedeffectivelyandefficientlyinachievingtheenterprise?sgoal.

Financial management as used in this study is composed of five (5) constructs and these include; working capital management which is also subdivided into cash management, receivables management and inventory management. Other constructs under financial management include; investment, financing, accounting information systems and financial reporting and analysis. Ross et al (2009) indicated three kinds of decisions the financial manager of a firm must make in business; these include the financing decision, and decisions involving short-term finance and concerned with the net working capital, investment and financial reporting. Similarly, Ang (2002) indicated three main financial decisions including the investment decisions, financing decisions and dividend decisions. Meredith (2006) asserts that financial management is concerned with all areas of management, which involve finance not only the sources, and uses of finance in the enterprises but also the financial implications of investment, production, marketing or personnel decisions and the total performance of the enterprise. However, such areas are not currently well embraced by SMEs in Kenya and urgent attention needs to be paid to. Lack of effective management during SMEs early stages is also a major cause of business failure for smallbusinesses.Ownerstendtomanagethesebusinessesthemselvesasameasureofreducingoperationalcosts.

Inefficient financial management may damage business efficiency and this will continuously affect the growth of the Small and Medium enterprises. However, efficient financial management is likely to help SMEs to strengthen their business efficiency and, as a result, these difficulties can partly be overcome. Kazooba (2006) argues that though Kenya is among the countries with high start up of SMEs, it also has the highest numbers of non performing SMEs as well high number of closure of SMEs. However, the studies conducted did not show how the components of financial management affect the overall business efficiency of SMEs. A large number of business failures have been attributed to inability of financial managers to plan and control properly the current assetsandcurrentliabilitiesoftheirrespectivefirms(Mbaguta,2002).

Research Design

This study used a descriptive research design. A descriptive research design attempts to describe or define a subject, often by creating a profile of a group of problems, people, or events, through the collection of data and tabulation of the frequencies on research variables or their interaction, (Cooper & Schindler, 2006). It is concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or of a group. In this case, the research problem was to investigate effect of financial management practices on growth of small and medium enterprise with focus to service enterprises in Nairobi County, Kenya. A descriptive research defines questions, people surveyed, and the method of analysis prior to beginning data collection. Thus, this approach is appropriate for this study, since the researcher intended to collect detailed information through descriptions and is useful for identifying variables and hypothetical constructs.

Population

According to KAM (2009), there were 745 active manufacturing SMEs in Kenya. Mugenda and Mugenda (2003) state that the target population should have some observable characteristics, to which the researcher intends to generalize the results of the study.

Sample Population

The study used simple random sampling technique in coming up with the sample of the study. Simple random sampling technique is used as it minimizes sampling error as each element in the target population is accorded equal (unbiased) probability of being selected. Using probabilistic sampling each population member

has a known chance of being included in the sample. Statistically, in order for generalization to take place, a sample of at least 30 must exist (Cooper and Schindler, 2003). Moreover, larger sample minimize errors. Kotler (2001) argues that if well chosen, samples of about 10% of a population can often give good reliability. Other literatures have shown that sample size selection to a great extent is judgmentally decided. The study selected a sample of 10% manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi County contributing to 41 SMEs.

Data Collection

The study collected primary data for the purpose of investigating to effect of financial management practices on growth of small and medium enterprise. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire. The questionnaire had both open and close-ended questions. The close-ended questions provided more structured responses to facilitate tangible recommendations. The closed ended questions were used to test the rating of various attributes and this helped in reducing the number of related responses in order to obtain more varied responses. The open-ended questions provided additional information that might not have been captured in the close-ended questions.

Table 1: Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents

Variable values frequency percentage Gender Female 16 38

Male 25 62 Age of Respondent 18- 28 years 8 20

29-38 years 15 36

39-48 years 12 30

50 and above years 6 14

Education level of respondent Secondary 3 6

Diploma 16 40

Graduate 14 34

Masters and above 8 20 Working experience 1 – 2 years 7 17

3 –

4 years 16 38

5 and above years 18 45

Majority (62%) of the respondents were males while females constituted 38%. Since the sample was drawn at random, it can be concluded that there were more male SMEs owners compared to female SMEs owners.

Majority of the respondents at 36 % were aged between 29 and 38 years followed by 30 % aged between 39 and 48 years. Then 20% of the respondents were within the age of 18 to 28 years and 14% of the respondents were above 50 years. This implies that majority of SMEs owners are youthful.

Diploma education was the most common at 40%, followed by university level education at 34%, then postgraduate level at 20%. The least was secondary education at 6%. We can make the general conclusion that a large percentage of the respondents were well educated and as a result, the majority of the respondents would be able to engage in financial management practices.

Majority of the respondents at 45% had a working experience of above 5 years. Followed by 38% who had a working experience of 3 to 4 years and 17% of the respondents had a working experience of 1 to 2 years. This implies that majority of the respondents have a good experience on financial management practices in SMEs.

Table 2: Business Profile

Duration of operation 1-3 years 8 20

3-5 years 13 32

5 and above years 20 48

Business ownership Sole proprietorship 15 37

Partnership 6 14

Family business 5 12

Limited liability Company 15 37 Customers Individuals 23 57

Institutions 6 14

Organizations 12 29 Branches 1 to 2 24 58

3 to

4 13 32

5 and above 4 10

The study finding in Table 2 shows that majority of the businesses were Sole proprietorship (38%) while 36% were limited liability companies, 14% partnerships and 12% family businesses. This indicates that majority of SMEs were sole proprietorships.

The respondents were requested to give information on the number of years the business has been in operation .Majority (48%) of the businesses had been in operation for 5 years and above, 32% of the respondents

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