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阅读理解3篇

Passage 1

Although numbers of animals in a given region may fluctuate from year to year，the fluctuations are often temporary and，over long periods，trivial. Scientists have advanced three theories of population control toaccount for this relative constancy.

The first theory attributes a relatively constant population to periodic climatic catastrophes that decimate populations with such frequency as to prevent them from exceeding some particular limit. In the case of small organisms with short life cycles，climatic changes need not be catastrophic：normal seasonal changes in photoperiod (daily amount of sunlight)，for example，can govern population growth. This theory——the

density-independent view——asserts that climatic factorsexert the same regulatory effect on population regardless of the number of individuals in a region.

A second theory argues that population growth is primarily density-dependent——that is，the rate of

growth of a population in a region decreases as thenumber of animals increases. The mechanisms that manage regulation may vary. For example，as numbers increase，the food supply would probably diminish，which would increase mortality. In addition，as Lotka and Volterra have shown，predators can find prey moreeasily in high-density populations. Other regulators include physiological control mechanisms：for example. Christian and Davis have demonstrated how the crowding that results from a rise in numbers may bring about hormonal changes in the pituitary and adrenalglands that in turn may regulate population by lowering sexual activity and inhibiting sexual maturation. There is evidence that these effects may persist for three generations in the absence of the original provocation. One challenge for

density-dependent theorists is todevelop models that would allow the precise prediction of the effects of crowding.

A third theory，proposed by Wynne-Edwards and termed "epideictic，"argues that organisms have evolved a "code “in the form of social or epideictic behaviordisplays，

such as winter-roosting aggregations or group vocalizing;such codes provide organisms with information on population size in a region so that they can，if necessary，exercise reproductive restraint. However，Wynne-Edwards' theory，linking animal social behaviorand population control，has been challenged，with some justification，by several studies.

1、Which of the following may be a

density-independent factor that affects animal

population?

A、Famine

B、T ornadoes

C、T he number of predators

D、The variety of food supply

2、According to the Wynne-Edwards’ theory,

epideictic behavior displays serve the function

of________.

A、determining roosting aggregation

B、l ocating food

C、a ttracting predators

D、regulating sexual activity

3、The challenge posed to the Wynne-Edwards’

theory by several studies is regarded by the

author with _______.

A、complete indifference

B、q ualified acceptance

C、s keptical amusement

D、perplexed astonishment

Passage 2

Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder.

I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavator’s grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities.

You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong.

I refer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard, Even precious royal seal impressions have been found in abundance—more than 4,000 examples so far.

The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the

finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes.

It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to propose

(A) an alternative to museum display of artifacts

(B) a way to curb illegal digging while benefiting the archaeological profession

(D) the governmental regulation of archaeological sites

2、“The clandestine product“most probably means _______.

A、the artifacts which are illegally excavated

B、the artifacts which are stored in the museum

C、the priceless artifacts

D、the valueless artifacts

Passage 3

The number of women directors appointed to corporate boards in the United States has increased dramatically, but the ratio of female to male directors remains low. Although pressure to recruit women directors, unlike that to employ women in the general work force, does not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless real.Although small companies were the first to have women directors, large corporations currently have a higher percentage of women on their boards. When the chairs of these large corporations began recruiting women to serve on boards, they initially sought women who were chief executive officers (CEOs) of large corporations. However, such women CEOs are still rare. In addition, the ideal of six CEOs (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six boards. This raises the specter of director over commitment and the resultant dilution of contribution. Consequently, the chairs next sought women in business- who had the equivalent of CEO experience. However, since it is only recently that large numbers of women have begun to rise in

management, the chairs began to recruit women of high achievement outside the business world. Many such women are well known for their contributions in government, education, and the nonprofit sector. The fact that the women from these sectors who were appointed were often acquaintances of the boards' chairs seems quite reasonable: chairs have always considered it important for directors to interact comfortably in the boardroom.

Although many successful women from outside the business world are unknown to corporate leaders, these women are particularly qualified to serve on boards because of the changing nature of corporations. Today a company's ability to be responsive to the concerns of the community and the environment can influence that company's growth and survival. Women are uniquely positioned to be responsive to some of these concerns.Although conditions have changed, it should be remembered that most directors of both sexes are over fifty years old. Women of that generation were often encouraged to direct their attention toward efforts to improve the community. This fact is reflected in the career

development of most of the outstandingly successful women of the generation now in their fifties, who currently serve on corporate boards: 25 percent are in education and 22 percent are in government, law, and the nonprofit sector.

One organization of women directors is helping business become more responsive to the changing needs of society by raising the level of corporate awareness about social issues, such as problems with the economy, government regulation, the aging population and the environment. This organization also serves as a resource center of information on accomplished women who are potential candidates for corporate boards.

1、The organization of women directors would be likely to advise corporations on such issues EXCEPT______.

A health and safety regulations

B retirement and pension programs

C the energy shortage

D how to develop new markets

2、Compared with modern corporations，the corporations of the past were less concerned about _____.

A. the world outside their business

B.women’s liberation movements

C. the qualifications of the management

D. the needs of community and environment

3、Which of the following is NOT the concern of the author?

A．The comparison between the abilities of men and women directors

B、The difficulty of recruiting women directors in the business

C．The solutions to increasing the number of women directors

D. The advantages of recruiting women directors from outside the business world.

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