专业英语试题库

一、选择题A（关键专业词汇5题以上）

1.Bacterial cell walls are composed principally of peptidoglycans,and

reproduction is by binary fission. [A. abruption;B. binary fission; C. break up ;

D. divide]

2.The photosynthetic bacteria contain a range of bacteriochlorophylls and do not

liberate free O2 during photosynthesis. [A. photosynthesis; B. photosynthate;

C. breath;

D. Reverse]

3.Conjugation involves the transfer of large portions of genetic material between

donor and recipient cells in mating pairs. [A. donor; B. donate; C. donation; D.

endow]

4.The cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes containing chlorophyll, and

also phycobiliprotein pigments such as phycocyanin.[A.peptidoglycan;B.

crystal violet;C. chlorophyll; D. algae]

5.Those using light as their energy source are termed phototrophic.[A.

chemotrophic; B. lithotrophic; C. organotrophic ;D. phototrophic]

6.Excessive extraction of water can lower water-tables,which, in some inlands

（内陆）,may lead to____. A.subsidence B.salt-water instrusion

C.earthquake

D.flooding

7.But because of losses through ______ and plant transpiration.A.evaporation

B.environment

C.evaporate

D.evaporative

8.Irrigation has allowed the expansion of agriculture into semi-arid and even

____ environments. A.dry B.arid C.drought d. water

9.The steady flows that dams cause alter the seasonal cycles of _____ and

riparian plants and animals. A. aquatic B. aquatics C.aquaculture

D.aquation

10.New landfills have complex bottom layers to trap contaminant-laden water,

called leachate ,leaking through the buried trash [A.wall B.leachate C.leader

D.little]

11.A modern municipal solid waste landfill is typically constructed above an

impermeable clay.[A.impress B.impermeable C.improve D.impolite]

12.However,many incinerators were eliminated because of aesthetic concerns,

such as foul odors, noxious gases, and gritty smoke.[A.grave B.gritty C.grove

D.glass]

13.The buring waste heats water and the steam drive a turbine to generate

electricity, which is sold to a utility.[A.tool B.turbine C.troop D.type]

14.Selection of landfill sites is based on an understanding of local geology

conditions.[A.geoblo B.geology C.condition D.location]

15.The paradox is that in its gaseous state____,abundant thought it is,is

unavailable to most life. A.nitrogen B.oxygen C.hydrgen D.

alcohol

16.To be used, free molecular nitrogen has to be fixed. This ____comes about in

two ways. A.energy B.fixation C.paradox D.radiation

17.This fixation is accomplished by____bacteria living in association with

leguminous and root-noduled monleguminous plants,by free-living aerobic

bacteria, and by cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). A.together B. biological

C.symbiotic

D. none of above

18.According to the author,the energy needed for high energy fixations comes

from______. A.cosmic B. meteorite C.lightning D. all above

i._____is a biological process in which ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and

nitrate,yielding energy. A.ammonification B.denitrification C.

bacterfiation D. nitrification

19.1 How volatile nitrogen is turned into ______ for plants?

20.A.nutrient B.nitrate C.nitrite D.nitric

21.2_____gases emitted during the first phase of waste treatment are harvested

for use as fuel .

22.A green B warm C greenhouse D ignite

23.3______is the process in which soil bacteria oxidize ammonia(NH3)

sequentially into nitrite(NO2-) and then nitrate (NO3-).

24.A respiration B denitrification

25.C photosynthesis D nitrification

26.4 But too much untreated wastes dumped directly into fishpond can rob the fish

of ______ ,and end up killing the fish .

27.A nitrogen oxide B nitrogen

28.C oxygen D carbon dioxide

29.5 The _____ farm typically consists of crops,livestock and fishponds.

30.A dream B intergrating C interva D integrated

31.

32.Ethanol is a good_______ for gasoline in spark-ignition engines.

A. reserve

B. substitute

C. replace

D. shift

33.As a summary, the long story was______into a few sentences.

A. condensed

B. condemned

C. concealed

D. concentrated

34.The problem with the country is how to lift its economy out of ____.

A. reservation

B. recreation

C. recession

D. reversion

35.Ethanol does_____ less carbon monoxide and sulfur oxides than gasoline.

A. release

B. output

C. set

D. affranchise

36.Alcohol can be obtained from _____

A. sugar crops

B. starchy crops

C. cellulose

D. all of above

37.The air which we breathe consists, by volume, of about 78 percent______.

A. Oxygen

B. Nitrogen

C. carbon dioxide

D. Argon

38.Gaseous hydrogen,produced by the______of water,is another______to

petroleum.

A. electrolysis, choice

B. hydrolysis, choice

C. electrolysis, alternative

D. alternative, alternative

选择题B（关键短语5题以上）

1.Bacterial cell walls are composed principally of peptidoglycans,and

reproduction is by binary fission.[A.make up of; B.build up; C.are composed; D. constitute]

2.A species adapted to living under conditions of a bountiful energy source is

designated as K selected.[A. living under; B. living in; C. living ; D. lived]

3.It would be exposed to selection pressures different from those affecting an

r-selected organism living in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive environments.[A. different from;B. different with; C. other than; D. differ with]

4.Some estimate place their number as high as40%of the total plate-count

population. [A. as high as;B. is high as; C. high as; D. as high to]

5.The r-selected organisms exposed to flushes of substrate in an otherwise

uncrowded environment would place a premium on high growth increase per unit of food rather than on competitiveness. [A. place a premium on; B. place

a premium to; C. place a premium into ; D. place a premium with]

6.Nowadays, governments in most OECD countries are ____large programmers

to develop irrigation. A. scale back B. scaled back C. scaling back D.

scales back

7.In drier parts of the area, such as California, and the Murray–Darlingbasin in

Australia, agriculture accounts for well over 90% of consumptive use. A.

accounts B. accounts up to C. accounts for D. accounts from

8.We all want to know how OECD governments are responding to the increased

demand for water in agricultural production. A. are responsible for B. are

responding to C. are responsibility to D. response to

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,nd degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in

its productivity andenvironmental regulatory capacity.(A.ability

B.able

C.capacity

D.capacitly)

10.Soil compaction is a worldwide problem.(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,pact https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,paction

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,pactness

D.degradate)

11.Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation

process.Similar to compaction.(A.erosion B.erosional

C.degradation

D.degradate)

12.Nutrient depletion is another principal process of land degradation

with severe economic impact on a global scale.(A.depletion

B.deplete

C.expand

D.expanding)

13.Despite the voluminous literature,land degradation remains a

debatable issue.(A.degradation B.degradate C.gradate

D.gradation)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,nd degradation,declines inland quality due to natural processes

and anthropic activities,is a major global issue for the20th century

and will remain high on the international agenda even for the 21

st

century. (A.because of B.due to C.although D.as if)

15.2. Land degradationcan also be considered in termsof the loss of

actual or potentialproductivity or utility as a result of natural or anthropic factors.(A.in terms of;B.refer to;C.evolved from;

D. simply stated)

16.3.High population density is not necessarily related to land

degradation.(A.as though B.resulted in C.related to D.as well as) https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,nds,depending on their inherent characteristics and climatic

conditions,range from highly resistant or stable to extremely sensitive and fragile.(A.relating to B.depending on C.so as to

D.therefore)

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,nd degradation is a biophysical process driven by socioeconomic

and political causes.(A.driven by B.resulted in C.because of D.as well)

19.As better waste-disposal technologies were developed and as values changed,

more emphasis was placed on the environment and quality of life.[A.are placed on B.was placed on C.locate in D.was located in]

20.The heat derived from the buring is converted into steam and electricity.

[A.converted to B.converted into C.transform to D.being]

21.However, the landfill of today is far different from a simple hole in the ground

into which garbage is dumped.[A.different B.different from C.abstrict on

D.refer to]

22.They currently cost up to $1 million per hectare to prepare. [A.right B.up to

C.below

D.about]

23.Until recently,the disposal of municipal solid waste did not attract much

public attention. [A.attemp B.attract C.absort D.eyes on]

24.Cosmic radiation,meteorite trails,and lightning provide the high energy

______combine nitrogen with the oxygen and hydrogen of water. A.

needed to B. gotten to C. came to D. needing to

25.Fixation ___molecular nitrogen(N2)___two atoms of ftee N. A. go…into B.

get….into C. splits….into D. jump…..into

26.In nonagricultural systems some12,000species,from cyanobacteria to

nodule-bacteria plants,_____nitrogen fixation. A.be reponsible for B.

being reponsible for C. is reponsible for D.are reponsible for

27.In terrestrial ecosystem nitrogen,largely in the form of ammonia or nitrates,

_______by plants,which convert it to amino acids. A.is taken up B.

are taken up C.is broke down D.are broke down

28.In aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen cycles in a similar manner, except that the large

reservoir in the soil ______. A. is lacking B. lacked C. are lacked D.is lacked

29.The integrated farm typically______crops,livestock and fishponds. A.

make up B.made up of C.is consisted of D.

consists of

30.Both of winter wheat and summer corn has still great potential to increase ____.

A.yell

B.yields

C.yield

D.yells

31.The small amount of residual nutrients left after tremendous losses that _____

the environment have taken place.A destroy B damage C ruin D violate

32.Officials also say a woman may _____ a second attack in the northern part of

the country. A.are respective for B.is possible for C.are responsible for D. are looking for

33.Nearly all organs for transplant______executed prisoners. A.are

produced from B.are harvest of C.are harvested from D.

are gotten from

34.Liquid fuels______ the US economy.

A. is indispensable to

B. are indispensable to

C. is projected to

D. are projected to

35.The production and use of ethanol fuel______the increase in atmospheric

carbon dioxide and to global warming.

A. result in

B. bring out

C. as result

D. contribute to

36.Changing her job like that______ giving her the sack.

A. is equivalent to

B. is equablet on

C. is different from

D. is disparate to

37.Hydrogen has the potential to serve______a renewable gaseous fuel for

transportion vehicles.

A.on

B.for

C.up

D.as

38.______gasoline,both methanol and ethanol reduce the amount of carbon

dioxide,which is good for our environment.

A. compared to

B. with regard to

C. considering

D. in view of

39.Mankind must take care not to______ the earth______ its natural resources.

A. expend，of

B. spend，on

C. deplete，of

D. defray，to

二、配对题（核心专业词汇8题以上）

1.Ethanol乙醇，酒精

2.Cellulose纤维素

3.Sugarcane甘蔗

4.Hydrolysis水解（作用）

5.Electrolysis电解

6.Photovoltaics太阳能电池

7.Carbon monoxide一氧化碳

8.Distillation蒸馏

9.Livestock家畜，牲畜

10.Hydrogen peroxide过氧化氢

11.fungi真菌

12.eukaryote真核生物

13.peptidoglycan肽聚糖

14.binary fission二分裂

15.autotrophic自养的

16.heterotrophic异样的

17.cyanobacteria蓝细菌

18.aerobic好氧的、需氧的

19.chlorophyll叶绿素

20.bacteriochlorophyll细菌叶绿素

21.transpiration植物蒸腾

22.semi-arid半干旱

23.aquifers含水层

24.erosion腐蚀，侵蚀

25.replenish补充，填满

26.Degradation退化

27.Anthropology人类学

28.Eutrophication富养化

29.Contamination污染

30.Regulatory调整的

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,paction板结

32.Unsustainable不可持续的

33.Acidification酸化

34.Impermeable不透性的

35.impermeable membrane 非渗透性膜

36.geologic

37.scavenge

38.hectare 公顷

39.turbine 涡轮

40.mercury 水银地质的清除

41.gritty 有沙的

42.Fixation

固定43.Symbiotic

共生44.Ammonification

氨化作用45.Nitrification

硝化作用46.Glucose

葡萄糖47.Nitrogen

氮48.Nitric acid

硝酸49.Photosynthesis

光合作用50.aerobically 需氧地，好氧性的

51.nitrogen peroxide 过氧化氮

52.zero input and zero emission 零输入和零排放

53.plankton 浮游植物

54.decompose

分解55.non-arid 不干旱的

56.potable water 饮用水

57.manure粪肥

58.by-product副产品

三、是非题（重点专业知识句子3题以上）（F表示错误，T表示正确）

1.Carbon monoxide is harmful to mankind's health. [ T ]

2.Ethanol can be obtained from oil crops. [ F ]

3.The oxygen can be combined with hydrogen in a fuel cell. [ T ]

4.Alcohol produced from corn is a renewable energy source. [ F ]

5. A solar cell works mainly based on the optoelectronics effec. [ T ]

6.Bacteria are termed prokaryotic because they lack nuclear membranes. [ T ]

7.Chemoorganotrophs are referred to as autotrophs. [ F ]

8.A species surviving in uncrowded but possibly physically restrictive

environments is designated as K-selected. [ F ]

9.The numerically predominant bacteria in soil are Streptomycetes. [ F ]

10.Throughout most of the world, industry is the leading consumptive user of

water. [ F ]

11.Withdrawals for agricultural purposes currently account for over two thirds

total abstraction in all OECD countries. [ F ]

12.The practice of exploiting underground water for agriculture is essential for the

protection of natural resources. [ F ]

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,nd degradation, is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity

and environmental regulatory capacity. [ T ]

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,nd degradation is a physical process driven by socioeconomic and political

causes. [ F ]

15.Accelerated soil erosion is another principal land degradation process[ T ]

16.In ancient times, the disposal of municipal solid waste attracted much public

attention[ F ]

17.Nowadays, none of countries of areas dumps solid wastes outside of the city or

village [ F ]

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,ndfills had been the primary method of waste disposal because of the lowest

cost and the simplest technology until the threat of groundwater contamination was recognized. [ T ]

19.High energy fixation is the main way of nitrogen fixation.[ F ]

20.According to the text the second step of biological fixation is that the free N

atoms combine with oxygen to form two molecules of nitrate. [ F ]

21.Nitrogen is directly absorbed by plant roots and incorporated into amino

acids,which pass through the food chain. [ T ]

22.Nitrosomonas bacteria and nitrobacter are two groups of microorganisms that

involved in the process of nitrification. [ T ]

23.According to the text, nitrogen cycles in aquatic systems in a similar manner

with terrestrial ecosystem. [ F ]

24.Forests are important to the environment because they take in carbon dioxide

and release another gas– oxygen. [ T ]

25.Livestock manure contains large amounts of ammonia gas that must be turned

back into stable nitrate before it can be absorbed as nutrient by plant.[ T ]

26.Abundantly productive farms with zero input and zero emission are powered

by waste-gobbling bugs and human ingenuity. [ T ]

四、句子翻译题（重点难、长句子3题以上）

1.V arious raw materials can be used for methanol production, including natural

gas, coal, wood, and municipal solid wastes.[许多种原料可用于甲醇生产，包括天然气、煤炭、木材和城市固体废物。]

2.Methanol can be obtained from wood or woody crops by means of a wood

gasification process followed by compression and methanol synthesis.[甲醇可以由木材或木本作物经过气化、压缩、合成三个阶段制得。]

3.Part of the reason for this difference is that the volume of hydrogen fuel is

about four times greater than that for the same energy content of gasoline.

[这种差异的原因之一是：在能量相同的情况下，氢燃料的体积约为汽油的四倍。]

4.The major limitation in using biomass for methanol production is the enormous

quantities needed for a plant with suitable economies of scale.[利用生物质生产甲醇主要的局限性就在于一个具有相当经济规模的工厂对于生物质

的巨大需求量。]

5.Essentially the same differentiation given in the terms lithotrophic and

organotrophic is provided by the terms autotrophic and heterotrophic, respectively.[实际上，“无机营养型”和“有机营养型”这两个词间的区别可以分别用“自养型”和“异养型”这两个词来表达。]

6.The obligate chemolithotrophs use the same basic physiological pathway (the

Calvin Cycle)found in most other organisms in metabolizing their own cell constituents..[专性化能无机营养菌采用与其他大多数相同的基本的生理途径（即Calvin循环），这些生物都利用这种途径代谢自身细胞成分。] 7.A designation G+is given to cells that retain crystal violet following

subsequent exposures to KI solution, alcohol, and counterstain, and G- for cells from which the crystal violet readily destains.[那些浸泡在碘溶液、酒精和革兰氏试剂后细胞内含有结晶紫的细菌为革兰氏阳性菌，反之，细胞内结晶紫消褪的为革兰氏阴性菌。]

8.The r-selected organisms exposed to flushes of substrate in an otherwise

uncrowded environment would place a premium on high growth increase per unit of food rather than on competitiveness,as would be the case of a K-selected organism. [当r选择性微生物处于营养丰富而且其他竞争性微生物不多的环境时，它们会更加倾向于利用好现在的食物来快速繁殖，而不是像K选择性微生物那样倾向于增强其竞争力。]

9.Water-use in agriculture has marked effects on the environment, not all of them

adverse.农业用水对环境有显著的影响，但这些影响并不全是负面的。10.How are OECD governments responding to the increased demand for water in

agricultural production and the growing public awareness of the impact of agriculture on the environment?经合组织各国如何应对增长中的农业生产用水需求和农业对环境影响的公共意识。

11.But the exploitation of groundwater aquifers for farming continues to grow

apace-not only in arid and semi-arid regions but in many humid areas as well.

但是无论干旱、半干旱地区还是在一些潮湿的地区，为农业进行的地下水蓄水层的开发持续增长。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,nd degradation can also be considered in terms of the loss of actual or

potential productivity or utility as a result of natural or anthropic factors.土地退化也可依自然或人为因素造成的实际或潜在的生产力或效用损失考虑。

13.Nutrient depletion is another principal process of land degradation with severe

economic impact on a global scale.养分消耗是在全球范围内另一个对有严重的经济影响的土地退化主要过程。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,nd degradation is the decline in land quality or reduction in its productivity

and environmental regulatory capacity.土地退化指土地质量下降或者生产率、环境自身调节能力降低。

15.A modern municipal solid waste landfill is typically constructed above an

impermeable clay layer that is lined with an impermeable membrane and includes mechanisms for dealing with liquid and gas materials generated by the contents of the landfill.[一个现代化的城市固体废物填埋场建造在非渗透性的粘土层之上，这粘土层再衬上一层非渗透模型的膜，并包括能够处理填埋物产生的气和液体的装置。

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7f11931349.html,ndfills have historically been the primary method of waste disposal because

this method is the cheapest and most convenient,and because the threat of groundwater contamination was not initially recognized.垃圾填埋历来是垃圾处理基本方法，因为这种方法最便宜、最方便，并且开始它产生的地下水

污染也未被意识到。

17.However,many incinerators were eliminated because of aesthetic concerns,

such as foul odors, noxious gases, and gritty smoke, rather than for reasons of public health.然而，许多焚烧厂审美方面的考虑而非公共健康原因被淘汰了，比如恶心的气味，有害气体和含有沙石的烟。

18.Nitrogen is an essential constituent of protein, which is a building block of all

living tissue.氮是蛋白质的基本的组成部分，它是所有活体组织的基石。

19.All of these nitrogen compounds are involved in another phase of the nitrogen

cycle:the processes of ammonification,nitrification,and denitrification.所有这些氮化物进入氮循环的另一个阶段：氨化作用，硝化作用和反硝化作用。

20.Estimates suggest that less than8.9kg N/ha comes to Earth annually in this

manner. About two-thirds of this amount comes as ammonia and one-third as nitric acid.估计表明，每年地球上每公顷有不足8.9千克的氮元素以这种方式被固定下来。其中约三分之二以氨的形态，三分之一以硝酸的形态。21.Life in the water contributes organic matter and dead organisms that undergo

decomposition,releasing ammonia and nitrates.水中的生物提供有机物质和死亡的有机体经分解释放出氨和硝酸盐。

22.In aquatic ecosystems, nitrogen cycles in a similar manner, except that the large

reservoir in the soil is lacking.除了大型水库土壤中（进行的氮循环）外，水生生态系统缺乏与（与陆生生态系统）相似的方式进行的氮循环。23.Animal manure could be responsible for nearly half of the N

O emission in

2

agriculture in Europe, according to some estimates; the remainder coming from inorganic nitrate fertilizer.

据某些估计，在欧洲农业上几乎一半的氧化亚氮排放来自于动物粪便；其余来自无机硝酸盐肥料。

24.The important addition of a second production cycle of nutrients from fish

wastes has enhanced the integration process, and improved the livelihoods of

many small farmers considerably.

这个来自鱼类废物的营养物的第二生产周期作为重要补充增强了一体化

进程，并明显地改善了许多小农户的生活。

25.However,most of the manure,when exposed to the atmosphere,loses up to

half its nitrogen as ammonia and nitrogen oxides,before they can be turned

into stable nitrate that plants use as fertilizer.

然而，大多数粪便暴露在空气中时，在转变成能被植物利用的稳定的硝酸盐之前，有近一半的氮素以氨气和氧化氮的形式损失掉。

五、段落翻译题（专业相关摘要，1题15分老师出）

专业英语复习题库.doc

个人根据机器翻译，仅供 参考 专业应试题库 一，专业词汇翻译 A spherical system of coordinates 球面坐标系统Absolute scale 绝对温标 Absolute temperature 绝对温度 Absolute zero绝对零度 Acute angle 锐角 Adiabatic process 绝热过程 Adjacent临近的 Amount of heat 热量 Amplitude 振幅 Analytical expression 解析式 Angular momentum 角动量 Angular velocity 角速度 Annihilate 消灭 Appreciable可感知的 Approximate solution 近似解 Arbitrarily任意的变换莫测的 Assume that 假设 At constant pressure 定压比热 At rest静止的， Axial symmetry 轴对称 Axis of rotation 旋转轴 Be independent of 独立的， Be proportional to 与.... 成比例 Bend使弯曲的 Capacitor电容器 Center of mass 质心 Centripetal force 向心力 Cgs 匝米-克-秒(Centimeter-Gram-Second) Change in jumps跳跃的变化 Chaotic无序的 Charge by conduct负责的行为 Charge by induction 感应电荷 Circulation motion 圆周运动 Classical mechanics 经典力学 Coefficient 系数 Coherent连贯的 Combustion engine 内燃机

会计专业英语期末试题 )

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