纺织服装外文翻译文献
纺织服装外文翻译文献
纺织服装外文翻译文献
(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
译文：
织物/服装湿传递性能不同测定方法的对比
摘要
现有几种测定织物/服装汽态水渗透或湿阻的方法，这些方法相互之间的区别与联系并没有得到明确提出，这引出了一个新的命题，即通过对比不同测定方法的结果，找出它们之间的区别与联系。本课题致力于调查4种典型测定方法，包括“湿传递测试法（模型CS-141）”、“ASTM（美国材料与试验协会，英文全称American Society for Testing and Materials）E96正立水杯法”、“新式热阻湿阻仪器测试法”和“出汗暖体人体模型（Walter）测试法”，所得到的结果相互之间的联系。实验结果表明，鉴于测试所用的针织物的透气性的差异范围，尽管这4种方法的结果由于在不同的环境下进行测试而存在些许差异，但它们仍然存在着密切联系。因此，不同测试方法的结果经过适当调整可以相互转换。
关键词：织物，汽态水传递比率，织物舒适性，湿阻
2.测试方法
2.1测试样品
此项实验的样品为8块功能性T恤面料商品，其中4块的织物组织为双罗纹，另外4块为平纹。这些样品代表了市场中典型的T恤面料。在模拟试穿者试穿效果的实验中，这些面料被缝制成了长袖T恤，穿在出汗暖体人体模型（Walter）身上。表1列出了实验所用面料的主要规格参数。
表1 T恤面料样品的主要规格参数
样品编号成分结构厚度（mm）平方米克重（gm-2）1
55% 40S/2 涤纶
45% 40S/2精梳棉
平纹（单面）0.696 199.3 2
63% 50S 极品特长绒棉
37% 涤纶
双罗纹抽条0.772 148.0
3 62% 40S 精梳棉
31% 尼龙
7% 莱卡
平纹（单面）0.832 284.2
4
59% 40S 精梳棉
41% 尼龙
双罗纹抽条0.955 184.3
5 100% 涤纶平纹（单面）0.644 193.4
6 100% 涤纶双罗纹0.555 121.8
7
44% 40S 精梳棉
45% 40S 涤纶短纤
11% 莱卡
平纹（单面）0.704 200.9
8 50% 40S 精梳棉双罗纹 1.071 225.6
纺织服装外文翻译文献
50% 30S 涤纶短纤
2.2 实验测量
2.2.1 水分传递测试法（模型CS-141）
此项测试所用的仪器水分传递测试仪由Ludlow公司开发。该公司声称这台仪器能够快速简便地测定织物水传递比率。此项测试是基于“气体渗透规律”进行的。这条规律是指质量传递比率与面料阻隔水分渗透的能力、面料上下两侧的压强差以及该面料的厚度相关。图1展示了水分传递测试仪的结构。小密闭水箱两侧的夹子将面料样品夹在其垂直方向的正中间。面料下方是高度低于水槽一半的蒸馏水，上方是在测试开始时经过干燥剂干燥过的空气。水箱内水的表面至面料下表面的空气间隙的高度为10mm。这个水箱被放置在一个温度为20℃，相对湿度为65%的密室中。实验过程中，水汽从潮湿的一侧（面料下方）经面料样品传递至干燥的一侧（面料上方），湿度传感器保持着对水箱上半部分湿度变化的监测。在湿度从50%上升至60%这个时间段内，相对湿度的上升值每隔3分钟被记录一次。以g重计的每h每m2汽态水传递比率可通过将数据带入下列等式中计算得到。
T = (269 × 10?7)(Δ%RH × 60/t)(H)/(100 × 0.02252) (1)
式中：Δ%RH—上半层与下半层之间的相对湿度差值的平均值；t—两次成功读取数据的时间间隔（t=3min）；H—水箱单位体积的水含量（H=45.74gm-3）。
图1 水传递性能测试仪结构
2.2.2. 美国材料与试验协会E96正立水杯法
此种方法是一种非常常用的测试织物水分传递性能的方法。在环境恒温恒湿
和织物面积已知的条件下，这种方法可用于测定织物垂直方向汽态水传递的比率。图2展示了这种测试方法的原理。一个被织物样品覆盖住的装有蒸馏水的杯子被放置在温度20℃，相对湿度65%的可调节环境中。实验开始时，往杯子内倒入80g的水，这将面料下表面至水面的距离确定为19mm。这项测试长达5天，期间每个杯子质量变化都会每天记录一次。每小时每平方米的汽态水传递比率（WVTR）可以通过将数据带入以下等式中得到。
WVTR =G/tA(2)
式中：G—有织物覆盖住的杯子的重量变化值；t—杯子质量变化的时长，以h计；A—测试的织物样品的面积，以m2计。
图2 ATSM E96汽态水传递测试的原理
2.2.
3. 新式热阻湿阻仪器测试法
新式热阻湿阻仪器由Fan等人开发。这台仪器符合ISO（国际标准组织，英文全称International Organization for Standardization）11092中明确规定的测试要求。与传统的热阻湿阻仪器相比，它使对水分蒸发散热损失和水分蒸发损失这两者的模拟测试的同时进行成为可能。此外，这台仪器可以零下在温度的条件下运行。图3展示了该仪器的构造和工作原理。
纺织服装外文翻译文献
图3 新式热阻湿阻仪器
通过对蒸发散热损失的测定可得知，放在多孔板、夹在人造皮肤和空气层之间的织物样品的总湿阻可通过将数据带入下列公式中得到。
e a
sa
ss
et H
) H
-P
A(P
=
R（3）
式中：R et—总湿阻；A—织物样品的覆盖面积（A=0.0444 m2）；P ss—人体皮肤温度（被控制在35℃）条件下浸透水汽压强；P sa—环境温度条件下浸透水汽压强；
H a是环境相对湿度（%）。
实验中，首先在仪器上平铺5层同一品种的面料样品，等待稳定后第一次读取Ret值。然后取下一层面料，此时仪器上剩下4层面料，读取Ret值。依此推类，直到所有5层面料都被拿掉。接下来，将获得的Ret值参照读取时织物的层数绘制成统计图，再利用线性回归原理调整后绘制出近似原曲线的直线，这条直线的斜率就是每层织物样品的湿阻的大小。
2.2.4.出汗暖体人体模型（Walter）测试法
Walter是由Fan和他的同事研发的世界上第一种出汗暖体人体模型。图4展示了一个在测试中穿着T恤的出汗暖体人体模型。这项测试是在室温20.0±5℃，相对湿度65.0±2%，风速0.5±0.3ms-1的恒温恒湿实验室中进行的。
图4 出汗暖体人体模型（Walter ）
八块面料样品被缝制成尺寸一样的服装。测试过程中，人体模特下半身穿着的裤子始终保持一致。总湿阻经过推算后可用以下方程式计算得到。
es e
a sa ss et -R H )H -P A(P =R （4） 式中：A —人体模型的表面积；P ss —人体皮肤温度条件下浸透水汽压强；P sa —环境温度条件下浸透水汽压强；H a —环境相对湿度（%），Res 代表事先矫正过的织物湿阻（R es =8.6m 2PaW -1）；H e —水分蒸发热能损失（He 是通过将水分蒸发热量损失带入公式H e = λQ 得到的）；λ—人体皮肤温度（34℃）条件下水分蒸发所吸收的热量（λ=0.67Whg -1）；Q —每小时水分蒸发所损失的热量比率。
4.结论
在这项研究中，4台仪器被用于测定功能型透气T 恤运动面料/服装的汽态水传递比率或湿阻。通过这项研究可以得知，对于典型的功能型T 恤面料，从4种测试方法，即 “湿传递测试法（模型CS-141）”、“ASTME96正立水杯法”、“新式热阻湿阻仪器测试法”和“出汗暖体人体模型（Walter ）测试法”存在着密切联系。这项研究中的任何一种测试方法得到的结果可以通过使用关联趋势曲线与另一种方法得到的结果进行对比。关联度曲线中存在的一些误差可以解释为由面
纺织服装外文翻译文献料种类和测试条件的不同所造成的。
作者：F Kar, J Fan and W Yu
国籍：香港（香港理工大学纺织与成衣制作系）出处：《测量科技》杂志2007年第18卷
原文：
Comparison of different test methods for the measurement of fabric or
garment moisture transfer properties
Abstract
Several test methods exist for determining the water vapour permeability or resistance of textile fabrics or garments. The differences and interrelationships between these methods are not always clear, which presents a problem in comparing results from different test methods. This study is aimed at investigating the relationships between the test results from four typical test methods, including the moisture transmission test (Model CS-141), ASTM E96 cup method, sweating guarded hot plate method (ISO11092) and the sweating fabric manikin (Walter). For the range of air permeable knitted fabrics tested, it was found that good interrelationships exist between the results from the four types of test methods, although some discrepancies exist between different tests due to differences in testing conditions. Test results from different moisture transfer test methods can therefore be convertible with due consideration.
Keywords: fabric, water vapour transmission rate, clothing comfort, water vapour resistance
2. Methods
2.1. Samples
Four interlock and four single jersey functional T-shirt fabrics were chosen from commercial sources for the experiment. The samples represent typical T-shirt fabrics in the market. The fabrics were sewn into long-sleeved T-shirts for the tests on the sweating fabric manikin (Walter) and the wearer trial experiments. Table 1 lists the characteristics of the fabrics used in this study.
纺织服装外文翻译文献
Table1 Characteristics of T-shirt fabric samples
2.2. Objective physical measurements
2.2.1. Moisture transmission test (Model CS-141).
The moisture transmission tester was developed by Ludlow Corp., which was claimed to be a fast and simple method to measure the moisture transmission rate of the fabric materials. It is based on the application of the gas permeability law which proposes that the mass transfer rate is proportional to the permeability of the barrier, the pressure differential across the barrier and the reciprocal of the barrier thickness. The construction of the moisture transmission tester is shown in figure 1. Samples were clamped between two halves of a cell with the lower half of the cell containing distilled water and the upper half dried by a drying agent at the beginning of the test. The air gap between the water surface in the lower half of the cell and the lower fabric surface was 10 mm. The cell was placed in a controlled temperature and humidity chamber (20 ?C, 65% RH). Water vapour from the wet side transfers through the sample to the dry side. The humidity sensor detects the humidity changes in the upper half of the cell. The humidity rise was recorded every 3 min, when the humidity was from 50% to 60%. The moisture vapour transmission rate in grams per hour and per square metre was calculated by
T = (269 × 10?7)(Δ%RH × 60/t)(H)/(100 × 0.02252) (1)
where %RH is the average of the differences of relative humidity values between the lower and upper halves of the cell, t is the time between successive readings (t = 3 min) and H is the water content in the air at the cell temperature (H=45.74gm-3).
Figure1 Construction of the moisture transmission tester.
2.2.2. ASTM E96 water vapour transmission test
The ASTM E96 cup method is a very common method for testing the moisture transfer ability of fabrics. It is used to measure the rate of water vapour transmission perpendicularly through a known area of a fabric to a controlled atmosphere. In this method, as shown in figure 2, a sample covers a cup containing distilled water and placed in a controlled environment of 20℃,65% relative humidity. By adjusting the initial weight of water in the cup to 80 g, the air gap was set to 19 mm. The tests lasted for 5 days and the weight of each cup was recorded daily. The water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) in grams per hour and per square metre was calculated by the following equation:
WVTR =G/tA(2)
where G is weight change of the cup with fabric sample in grams, t is the time during which G occurred in hours and A is the testing area in square metres.
Figure2 The principle of the ASTM E96 water vapour transmission test.
2.2.
3. Sweating guarded hot plate
This instrument was developed by Fan et al. It meets the requirements specified in the testing
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人工智能专业外文翻译-机器人
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加工中心数控技术 出处：数控加工中心的分类以及各自特点 出版社:化学工业出版社; 第1版 (2009年3月16日) 作者：徐衡、段晓旭 加工中心是典型的集高技术于一体的机械加工设备，它的发展代表了一个国家设计制造的水平也大大提高了劳动生产率，降低了劳动成本，改善了工人的工作环境，降低了工人的劳动强度。本文经过对不同运动方案和各部件的设计方案的定性分析比较确定该教立式加工中心的进给传动方案为：采用固定床身，电主轴通过安装座安装在床身导轨的滑座上，床身导轨采用滚动导轨，可以实现Y 方向的进给运动。由X-Y双向精密数控工作台带动工件完成X，Y两个方向的进给运动;X，Y，Z三个方向的进给运动均滚珠丝杠，并由交流伺服电机驱动。导轨、滚珠丝杠有相应的润滑、防护等装置。 加工中心（英文缩写为CNC 全称为Computerized Numerical Control）：是带有刀库和自动换刀装置的一种高度自动化的多功能数控机床。在中国香港，台湾及广东一代也有很多人叫它电脑锣。 工件在加工中心上经一次装夹后，数字控制系统能控制机床按不同工序，自动选择和更换刀具，自动改变机床主轴转速、进给量和刀具相对工件的运动轨迹及其他辅助机能，依次完成工件几个面上多工序的加工。并且有多种换刀或选刀功能，从而使生产效率大大提高。 加工中心数控机床是一种装有计算机数字控制系统的机床，数控系统能够处理加工程序，控制机床完成各种动作。与普通机床相比，数控机床能够完成平面曲线和空间曲面的加工，加工精度和生产效率都比较高，因而应用日益广泛。 数控机床的组成 一般来说，数控机床由机械部分、数字控制计算机、伺服系统、PC控制部分、液压气压传动系统、冷却润滑和排泄装置组成。数控机床是由程序控制的，零件的编程工作是数控机床加工的重要组成部分。伺服系统是数控机床的驱动部分，计算机输出的控制命令是通过伺服系统产生坐标移动的。普通的立式加工中心有三个伺服电机，分别驱动纵向工作台、横向工作台、主轴箱沿X向、Y向、Z向运动。X、Y、Z是互相垂直的坐标轴，因而当机床三坐标联动时可以加工空
服装设计与高科技外文翻译文献
文献信息： 文献标题：Evolution of Fashion Design in the Era of High-Tech Culture （高科技文化时代服装设计的演变） 国外作者：Galina Mihaleva，C.Koh 文献出处：《International Scholarly and Scientific Research and Innovation》,2016,10(7):2447-2451 字数统计：英文2079单词，11462字符；中文3549汉字 外文文献： Evolution of Fashion Design in the Era of High-Tech Culture Abstract Fashion, like many other design fields, undergoes numerous evolutions throughout the ages. This paper aims to recognize and evaluate the significance of advance technology in fashion design and examine how it changes the role of modern fashion designers by modifying the creation process. It also touches on how modern culture is involved in such developments and how it affects fashion design in terms of conceptualizing and fabrication. By comparing case studies, existing fashion design examples and crafting method experimentations; we then spot patterns in which to predict the direction of future developments in the field. A breakdown on the elements of technology in fashion design helps us understand the driving force behind such a trend. The results from explorations in the paper have shown that there is an observed pattern of a distinct increase in interest and progress in the field of fashion technology, which leads to the birth of hybrid crafting methods. In conclusion, it is shown that as fashion technology continues to evolve, their role in clothing crafting becomes more prominent and grows far beyond the humble sewing machine. Keywords: Fashion design, functional aesthetics, smart textiles, 3D printing. INTRODUCTION It is common knowledge that the environment we live in greatly influences the
乡村旅游与可持续发展【外文翻译】
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外文翻译--生态旅游对环境的影响
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文献综述_人工智能
人工智能的形成及其发展现状分析 冯海东 （长江大学管理学院荆州434023） 摘要：人工智能的历史并不久远，故将从人工智能的出现、形成、发展现 状及前景几个方面对其进行分析，总结其发展过程中所出现的问题，以及发展现状中的不足之处，分析其今后的发展方向。 关键词：人工智能，发展过程，现状分析，前景。 一．引言 人工智能最早是在1936年被英国的科学家图灵提出，并不为多数人所认知。 当时，他编写了一个下象棋的程序，这就是最早期的人工智能的应用。也有著名的“图灵测试”，这也是最初判断是否是人工智能的方案,因此，图灵被尊称为“人工智能之父”。人工智能从产生到发展经历了一个起伏跌宕的过程，直到目前为止，人工智能的应用技术也不是很成熟，而且存在相当的缺陷。 通过搜集的资料，将详细的介绍人工智能这个领域的具体情况，剖析其面临的挑战和未来的前景。 二．人工智能的发展历程 1. 1956年前的孕育期 (1) 从公元前伟大的哲学家亚里斯多德(Aristotle)到16世纪英国哲学家培根(F. Bacon)，他们提出的形式逻辑的三段论、归纳法以及“知识就是力量”的警句，都对人类思维过程的研究产生了重要影响。 （2）17世纪德国数学家莱布尼兹(G..Leibniz)提出了万能符号和推理计算思想，为数理逻辑的产生和发展奠定了基础，播下了现代机器思维设计思想的种子。而19世纪的英国逻辑学家布尔（G. Boole）创立的布尔代数，实现了用符号语言描述人类思维活动的基本推理法则。 （3） 20世纪30年代迅速发展的数学逻辑和关于计算的新思想，使人们在计算机出现之前，就建立了计算与智能关系的概念。被誉为人工智能之父的英国天才的数学家图灵（A. Tur-ing）在1936年提出了一种理想计算机的数学模型，即图灵机之后,1946年就由美国数学家莫克利（J. Mauchly）和埃柯特（J. Echert）研制出了世界上第一台数字计算机，它为人工智能的研究奠定了不可缺少的物质基础。1950年图灵又发表了“计算机与智能”的论文，提出了著名的“图灵测试”，形象地指出什么是人工智能以及机器具有智能的标准，对人工智能的发展产生了极其深远的影响。 （4） 1934年美国神经生理学家麦克洛奇(W. McCulloch) 和匹兹(W. Pitts )建立了第一个神经网络模型，为以后的人工神经网络研究奠定了基础。 2. 1956年至1969年的诞生发育期 (1)1956年夏季，麻省理工学院（MIT)的麦卡锡（J．McCarthy）、明斯基（M. Minshy）、塞尔夫里奇（O. Selfridge)与索罗门夫(R. Solomonff)、 IBM的洛
机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献车床.doc
Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning, facing and boring, Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools, and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming, their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece. Consequently, more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. The essential components of a lathe are the bed, headstock assembly, tailstock assembly, and the leads crew and feed rod. The bed is the backbone of a lathe. It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy, rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel, longitudinal ways, inner and outer, are contained on the bed, usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways, whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets, They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment. On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion, but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways, usually at the left end of the bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds . Essentially, it consists of a hollow spindle, mounted in accurate bearings, and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds, usually in a geometric ratio, and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle, it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings, usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. The spindle has a hole extending through its length, through which long bar stock can be fed. The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle. The tailsticd assembly consists, essentially, of three parts. A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon, with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location, An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it, on some type of keyed ways, to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill. This is a hollow steel cylinder, usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter, that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw. The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions. The first is known as the swing. This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe. It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways, The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers. The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe, while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers. Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing. They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest. They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances, but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up
【参考文献翻译】服装设计中独特性的表达.doc
英文翻译： The unique expression in fashion design Abstract: With the social progress and people's aesthetic awareness, clothing design requirements are constantly changing, not only beautiful, comfortable, personalized for different purposes, and more and more people started to pay attention the unique design of the clothing. unique expression of the clothing design has something in common, in common, there are three factors most typical one of the means of the use of the plastic arts; is to follow the basic rules of the plastic arts; the pursuit of art content and beauty of form harmony and unity. The face of increasingly fierce competition in society, from clothing unique starting to play to their strengths, so that the costume design perfected. Key words: aesthetic sense; costume design; uniqueness; expression Introduction With the rich substance of social development, improved quality of life, the pursuit of unique clothing is also more than plus strong, the face of the popularity and unity to the mass production of clothing has become a problem to be solved in order to fashion designers. An important design point, then become a unique expression of the costume design costume design costume design unique refers to the characteristics of the presentation of the representative from the clothing on the whole, it is unique content and form unity. China fashion design unique expression as a complete system of disciplines to study the ancient times to now there, but the uniqueness of expression in fashion design is not perfect, therefore, the uniqueness of this study fashion design to express Modern fashion design is of great significance. 1. The unique overview of clothing In short, The unique nature of the clothing is the clothing unique. In a broad sense refers to the presentation of the representative characteristics from the whole of the clothing works, it is one of the unique form and the objectivity of the unity of the unity of content, costume designer on the subjective aspect of creative and clothing subject matter difficult to find words to express, but it is not difficult to make us feel unique style. The unique nature of the clothing, but also refers to the values, artistic characteristics and inherent character of a nation, an era, a genre or a person's clothing in the content and format of the show out. The unique nature of the appearance of the mind, the pursuit of the realm of fashion design in the final analysis is unique in design and positioning, the unique expression of the costume design also reflects the designer's unique creative thinking and the pursuit of art also reflects the distinctive character.