自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳复习专供
《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷构造
Chapter 5 Word Meaning(词的意义)
Reference(所指关系) is the relationship between language and the world.
Concept(概念)，which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition n. 相识；学问；相识实力, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
Sense(语义)denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)
Motivation(词义理据)account for the connection between the linguistic(word) symbol and its meaning.
Onomatopoeic motivation(拟声理据) words were created by imitating the nature sounds or noises.
Morphological motivation(形态理据)compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meanings of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.许多合成词和派生词都是这类，
Semantic motivation(语义理据)refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)
Etymological motivation(词源理据) the meaning of many words often relate directly to their origins. In other words the history of the word explain the meaning of the word.
Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships.
Conceptual meaning also known as denotative meaning(外延意义), is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.
Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.
Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally know as connotations.
Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.
Affective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.(appreciative or pejorative).
Collocative meaning is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.
Stylistic meaning and affective meaning are revealed by means of collocations.
Chapter 6 Sense Relations and Semantic Field(语义关系和语义场)
6.1 Polysemy（多义关系）
1．多义关系的形成：Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all nature language that a word has more than one sense.
An overwhelming majority of words are polysemous. When a word is first
coined, it is always monosemic. But in the course of development, the same symbol must be used to express more meanings. The result is polysemy.
2.Two approaches to polysemy(多义关系的两种探讨方法):
diachronic approach(历时角度)and synchronic approach(共时角度).
3.Two process of development(词义开展的两种形式)
1）Radiation (辐射型) is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays. The meanings are independent of one another. But can all be traced back to the centre meaning .
2)Concatenation(连锁型), meaning ‘linking together’, is the semanti
c process in which the meaning of a wor
d moves gradually away from it s first sens
e by successive adj. 连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的shifts.
6.2 Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）
6.2.1Types of homonyms
1.Perfect homonyms(完全同形同音异义词)are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.
2.Homographs(同形词) are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning .
3.Homophones(同音词)are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning. Homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.
6.2.2 Origins of Homonyms
1. Change in sound and spelling.
2. Borrowing.
3. Shortening.
6.2.3 Differentiation of homonyms and polysemants(同形同异义词及多义词的区分)
They are fully identical with regard to spelling and pronunciation.
6.2.4 Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)
6.3 Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分
1.Definition of synonyms(同义词的定义):words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.
2.同义词的2个分类
1)absolute synonyms(完全同义词) also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.
2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the same in denotation, embrace different shades of meanings or different degree of a given quality.
3.同义词的4个来源
1) Borrowing. (外来词)
2) Dialects and regional English.（方言和区域性的英语）
3) Figurative and euphemistic use of words. (词的引申义和委婉语用法)
4) Coincidence with idiomatic expressions. (及习惯表达巧合一样)
4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）
1)difference in denotation.(外延意义)
2)difference in connotation.(the stylistic and emotive colouring of words) (内涵意义)
3)difference in application.应用上（difference in usage. different collocations）
6.4 Antonymy反义关系—semantic opposition（语义相反关系）
1.反义词的分类：冲突反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词
1) Contradictory terms (exclusive and non-gradable)--oppositeness
2) Contrary terms. (a scale between two poles or extremes, gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.)—semantic relativity
3) Relative terms.(interdependent互相依存)—relational opposites
2.三类反义词的特点和区分
Some of the characteristics of antonyms
1)Antonyms are classified on the basic of semantic opposition.(adj. v. n.)there are more synonyms than antonyms.
2) A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym.
3)Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion. Pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively.
4)Contrary terms are gradable antonyms, differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite. Some words can have two different types of antonyms at the same time, one being the negative and the other opposite.
3.运用：说明词义。构成习惯表达。被作家喜爱。
6.5 Hyponymy上下义关系semantic inclusion(语义包含关系)
The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. (specific words—subordinate/hyponyms; general words—superordinate /hypernym )
Subordinates下义词,are concrete and precise, presenting a vivid verbal picture;
hyponyms上义词only convey a general and vague idea.的概念和互相关系.
评论，那个句子更好。
6.6 Semantic filed语义场:语义上相关的词构成的群体。
语义场的概念:the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets or fileds.
语义场的作用
Chapter 7 Changes In Word Meaning (词义的演化)
7.1 Types of changes
Word-meaning changes by modes of extension, narrowing, elevation, degradation, transfer.
7.1.1 Extension
Extension of meaning, also known as generalization, is a process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.
7.1.2 Narrowing
Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening meaning.
It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.
7.1.3 Elevation
Elevation or amelioration refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.
7.1.4 Degradation
Degradation or pejoration of meaning is the opposite of semantic elevation. It is the process by which words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.
Transfer/Semantic transfer
Transfer is a process by which words used to designate one thing but later changed to mean something else.
(a)Associated transfer,
(b)Transfer between abstract and concrete meaning.
(c)Transfer between subjective and objective meaning.
(d) Transfer of sensations.
7.2 Cause of changes改变的缘由
There are generally two major factors that cause changes in meaning
extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors.
Extra-linguistic factors: 1) Historical reason: referent changed.
2) Class reason: elevation or degradation
3) Psychological reason: the associated transfer, euphemistic use of words;
Psychological motives;
Religious influence.
Linguistic factors: 1) Shortening.
2) The influx of borrowings.
3)Analogy 类比
Chapter 8 Meaning and Context（词义及语境）
8.1 Types of Context
Context is used in different senses.
In a broad sense, it includes the physical situation which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole culture background. This is called extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context.(非语言语境)
In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences, a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book in which a word appears, this is known as linguistic context.（语言语境）
Linguistic context (verbal context) can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical context.
Lexical context refers to the words that occur together with the word in question.
Grammatical context : the structure in which a word occurs.
8.2 The role of context 语境的作用
Context has three major functions.
消退歧义，明确所指，推断词义。
8.2.1 Elimination of Ambiguity
Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy, homonymy and grammatical structure.
8.2.2 Indication of Referents
8.2.3Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning（3+3+2）
1) Definition.(定义)
2) Explanation.(说明)
3) Example.(举例)
4) Synonymy.(同义词)
5) Antonymy.(反义词)
6)Hyponymy.(上下义)
7)Relevant details.(相关细微环节)
8)Word structure.(the morphemic structure of words, especially compounds and derived words offers clues for…)
Chapter 9 English Idioms
Idioms are set phrases and short sentences loaded with the native cultures and ideas, whose meaning are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individual elements.
9.1 characteristics of idioms 习语的特征
9.2 classification of idioms 习语的分类
00015《英语(二)》自考复习资料
《英语（二）》复习资料 语法主要考哪些项目？ 英语（二）最常考的语法项目包括：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词、虚拟语气、定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句、比较级、语序、主谓一致、强调句、基本句型。 * 最常考的时态：现在完成时、过去完成时、过去时、一般现在时和将来完成时。 * 最常考的非谓语动词：独立结构、动名词作某些动词的宾语、非谓语动词作定语和状语。 * 最常考的虚拟语气：与过去事实相反的虚拟语气的从句和主句。 * 最常考的定语从句：where 引导的定语从句、名词/代词+ of + which引导的定语从句。 * 名词性从句：what，whether 引导的主语或宾语从句、that 引导的同位语从句。 * 状语从句：now that，in that，in case，as，while 引导的状语从句。 哪些词最有可能考单词拼写？ 严格来说，只要是考纲中包括的词都有可能出现在单词拼写大题中，但是从历年考题可以看出，某些词的命中率要高于其它词，有些词甚至反复考过，这说明考生在背单词的时候还是可以在全面覆盖的基础之上突出重点、提高效率的。在这里我们不可能一一罗列重要的词汇，下面是我总结的英语（二）常考单词的特点： * 绝大部分是长度在5-8个字母之间的中等难度的词，如：victim，gesture等； * 拼写和读音不完全对称的词，如：dumb，subtle等。 * 个别非常简单、但课文中不是很常见的名词，如：tube. * 从词性上来看，最常考的依次是名词、形容词、动词、和副词。 在复习这些单词时，一定要以考试大纲为准，而不能只背教材后面的生词表。一方面，教材后面的生词表中包含了不少超刚词，完全不会考到；另一方面，对英语（二）来说，从下册教材生词表中出的单词只占三分之一，不可能涵盖所有要考的内容。同样在复习时一定要讲究准确性，确保背一个记准一个，而不能只是记个大概，最后写出来每个都差不多但每个都有错。 复习建议 针对上述预测，我们如何制定冲刺阶段的复习计划呢？下面是我推荐的三步复习法。 1.第一步，应该抽出半个月到二十天的时间，把书上可能考到的内容好好地总结一下。课文中涉及的重要的语法现象，如带虚拟语气、独立主格的句子，接动名词作宾语的动词，倒装句，强调句，what，that，whether引导的从句等，最好都分类摘抄下来。 2.做完整理工作后，应该进入下一步，即通过一定量的模拟训练来熟悉考试题型、提高实战能力。模拟训练应注意以下几点：（1）做题时，一定要独立完成。不管做题的过程多么困难，都要硬着头皮去做，只有这样才能在考场上发挥自如。 （2）保持一定的频率也很重要。至少一周应该完成两套题，否则达不到强化的效果。 （3）及时总结。如果做完几套题后反复出现同样的错误，一定要请老师对相关内容作详细的讲解，并针对性地多做巩固练习，直到问题得到真正的解决。 （4）做完十套左右的模拟题后，应该再做几套最近几年的真题。这时你可以对自己的实际水平有一个比较准确的估计。哪些方面是你的长处，哪些方面还存在薄弱环节，并利用最后一两周的时间来进行弥补。 （5）除了做题，这三个月期间应该天天坚持的是背单词。每天抽出半个小时至一个小时，把大纲词汇包括后面的词组至少从头至尾完整地过一遍，有可能考拼写的重点单词要动笔抄写，常用活用的词要记搭配，容易混淆的词放在一起进行比较。 3.最后一周的总复习。考试前的最后一周应该再来一次全面的总复习。复习内容包括第一步中抄下来的课文中的重点句子、第二步作题时纪录下来的常出错的语法项，重点的单词，和总结出来的答题技巧。如果还有时间，也可以把最后做过的真题再做一遍。相信经过精心的计划和充分的准备，此刻的你一定成竹在胸，胜券在握了。 2、重点语法知识讲解 动词的时态和语态一览表
英语词汇学试题复习参考（分章节）
英语词汇学试题复习参考（分章节） 英语词汇学试题 Introduction and Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabula ry（练习1） I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarily through the use of _________construct. A. word B. form C. morpheme D. root is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics English is derived from the language of early ______ tribes. A. Greek B. Roman C. Italian D. Germanic 4. Semantics is the study of meaning of different _________ levels: lexis, syntax, utterance, discourse, etc. A. linguistic B. grammatical
英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ ： (1) a minimal free form of a language ； (2) a sound unity ； (3） a unit of meaning; （4） a form that can function alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function 。） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional 。 A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学) Lexicology: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words. Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary Word: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence Sound and meaning: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself” Sound and form:不统一的四个原因 （1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years （3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes （4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary 词汇Vocabulary: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary 词语分类Classification of English Words： 1.By use frequency: basic word stock & non basic vocabulary
(完整版)自考英语二重点讲解复习资料
自考英语二重点讲解复习资料 自考英语二复习资料第一章 重点单词扩充讲解： 1. organizational: a 组织上的 由此我们可以联想到：organize: v 组织； organization: n 组织； organizer: n 组织者请看下列习题，选择该组词里恰当的词填空： 1). Last week, our school ________ a spring outing. 2). The task calls for the high est _________ skill. 3). China has joined World Trade __________. 4). He is the _ _________ of the speech contest. Answers: organized, organizational, Organization, organizer 2. objective: n 目标； a 客观的，反义词subjective: 主观的 3. predict: v 预言、预示； 由此我们可以联想到：prediction: n 预言； predictable: a 可预测 的； predictor: n 预言家 4. simplify: v 简化 由此我们可以联想到：simple: a 简单的； simply: ad 简单地，仅仅 地； simplification: n 简化； simplified: a 被简化 的。 Exercises for the above words: 1). The machine is _____ in operation but complex in structure. 2). Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet in the original is beyond our capacity while ___ _ edition is quite easy. 3). There is no point in arguing about it, because it is _______ a question of proced ure. 4). The ______ of working process freed the workers fro heavy labor. Answer s: simple; simplified; simply; simplification 5. tendency: n 趋势、倾向；tend : v 倾向于 …， tend to do sth e.g. old people have the tendency of getting fatter. Or old peop le tend to get fatter. 6. managerial: a 经理的、经营上的； 由此我们可以联想到：manage: v管理、经营； management: n; manager: n 经营者，管理者； manageable: a 可管理的、可经营的。 7. argue: v 争辩、争论，常用固定搭配：argu with sb about/over sth由于某事而同某人争论； argue sb into doing sth说服某人做某事； argue sb out of doing sth说服
英语词汇学自考题-23
英语词汇学自考题-23 (总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟) 一、{{B}}Ⅰ.{{/B}}(总题数：40，分数：100.00) 1.Which of the following is not one of the meanings of "word meaning"?______ ? A. Reference. ? B. Concept. ? C. Sense. ? D. Pronunciation. （分数：2.50） A. B. C. D. √ 解析：[解析] word meaning(词的意义)可以指reference(所指)，concept(概念)和sense(语义)。答案为D。 2.Reference is the relationship between language and the ______. ? A. speakers ? B. listeners ? C. world ? D. specific country （分数：2.50） A. B. C. √ D. 解析：[解析] Reference is the relationship between language and the world．所指是语言与周围世界的关系。答案为C。 3.A word is the combination of form and ______. ? A. spelling ? B. writing ? C. meaning ? D. denoting （分数：2.50） A. B. C. √ D.
解析：[解析] We know that a word is the combination of form and meaning．我们知道词是形式和意义的结合体。答案为C。 4.The connection between the word-meaning and the thing it refers to is ______. ? A. logical ? B. conventional ? C. grammatical ? D. formal （分数：2.50） A. B. √ C. D. 解析：[解析] The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. 词对语言以外的事物所指是任意的、约定俗成的。答案为B。 5.The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is ______. ? A. fixed ? B. logical ? C. arbitrary ? D. confusing （分数：2.50） A. B. C. √ D. 解析：[解析] The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. 词对语言以外的事物所指是任意的、约定俗成的。答案为C。 6.______ is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind. ? A. Reference ? B. Concept ? C. Sense ? D. Motivation （分数：2.50） A. B. √ C. D. 解析：[解析] Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition...概念不同于语言，它是人类认知的结果，是客观事物在人大脑中的反映。答案为B。 7.In English there are ______ types of motivation that concerns the relationship between the sign and meaning.
英语词汇学知识点归纳
英语词汇学知识点归纳 英语词汇学是研究词汇的学科，主要研究词汇的形成、发展、构造和使用规律。以下是一些英语词汇学的主要知识点。 1. 词汇分类：英语词汇可以分为原生词汇和派生词汇。原生词汇是指直接来源于英语语言的词汇，而派生词汇则是通过加前缀、后缀或改变词性形成的新词。 2. 词根、前缀和后缀：许多英语单词都有共同的词根，通过添加前缀和后缀，可以构成各种派生词。例如，'un-'是一个常见的前缀，表示否定，如'unhappy'（不快乐）。 3. 同义词和反义词：同义词具有相似的意思，可以在不同的上下文中互换使用，例如'big'和'large'。反义词则是意思相反的词汇，如'hot'和'cold'。 4. 合成词：合成词是由两个或多个独立的词组合而成的词汇。例如，'sunflower'（向日葵）由'sun'（太阳）和'flower'（花）组成。 5. 词源学：词源学研究词汇的起源和演变过程。许多英语单词来自其他语言，如拉丁语、法语和希腊语。了解词源可以帮助我们理解
词汇的含义和用法。 6. 词义的变化：词汇的意义会随时间和语境的变化而变化。一些词汇可能会产生新的意义或失去原有的意义。例如，'mouse'（老鼠）最初是指一种小动物，现在也可以指计算机的输入设备。 7. 词汇的语法功能：词汇在句子中扮演不同的语法角色，如名词、动词、形容词等。了解词汇的语法功能可以帮助我们正确使用它们。 8. 语义关系：词汇之间存在各种语义关系，如同义关系、反义关系、上下位关系等。了解这些关系可以帮助我们扩展词汇量，提高语言表达能力。 9. 词汇的习得和记忆：习得和记忆词汇是学习英语的重要一部分。采用合适的记忆方法，如使用词汇卡片、词汇表等，可以帮助我们更好地掌握词汇。 以上是英语词汇学的一些主要知识点。通过深入学习这些知识，我们可以更好地理解和运用英语词汇。
自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳复习专供
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高自考大学英语二应试技巧及复习建议1
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第七章词的联想与搭配； 第八章英语习语； 第九章美国英语； 第十章词的使用和理解； 第十一章词汇衔接； 第十二章词汇衔接和语篇连贯。 教学内容是: 词形结构构词法, 词法特点及分类, 词义转换, 英文习语, 美式英语, 词汇及文学风格, 英语词汇学, 词汇学研究方法及其新的发展方向等方面的理论与研究动态。 《现代英语词汇学教材》以现代语言理论为指导，以英语词汇为研究对象。主要内容有单词的结构、构词法、单词的意义及词义关系、英语词汇的构成、词义的历史演变、成语及词典知识。本课程可以使学生比较系统地掌握英语词汇的知识，比较深入地了解英语词汇的现状及历史演变过程，并能对现代英语词汇发展的趋势和所出现的现象作出分析和解释，提高运用英语的能力。本课程特别强调和重视研究生广泛阅读英语词汇学、语言学、语义学、词源学方面的书籍，以教师精讲、学生宽学为目的。 本课程的教学目的, 在于指导学生用现代语义学和语法学的有关理论分析研究现代英语词汇现象, 揭示现代英语词汇规律。要求学生通过英汉词汇的对比研究, 探讨英语词汇教学规律, 指导英语语言实践, 不断提高对现代英语词汇的理解, 应用和研究能力。 主要参考书 汪榕培，《英语词汇学研究》，上海外语教育出版社，2000年4月第一版
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1.A word will cover the following points: 1) A minimal free form of a language 2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. (A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence); 3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing. 2.Classification of words: 1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary 2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words 3.What is involved in knowing a word? 1) Form;/ structure;/ 2) meanings and semantic features associated with that word; 3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word; 4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5) limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function and situation; 6) the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print. 4.Morpheme can be classified as following: 5.English word-formation英语构词法 6.Derivation / Affixation派生法/词缀 negative: a- dis- non- un- privative: de-dis-un- pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo- prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀 Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Prefixes are frequently used to form new words. 7.Conversion 转类法 Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant（伴随的）change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. (零位派生) eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is a native(a-n) Functions of conversion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy and specificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance. 8.Backformation逆生法 Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in the
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