阅读专题三 词义猜测

词义猜测

词义猜测题考查考生不使用词典而通过阅读上下文来推断生词含义的能力。常见的考查方式有：1.直接猜测某个词的含义；2.判断文中的某个代词指代的对象;3.对文中的多义词或短语进行精确定义;4.对英语中特有的表达、格言、谚语等进行解释。

一、单词或短语意义猜测题词义猜测题着重考查考生根据上下文猜测词义的能力，这也是一个从“已知”得出的“未知”的过程。

方法突破七种猜词技巧疏通生词渠道

1．根据转化、合成、派生等构词法进行判断。

2．根据上下文解释作出判断。

3．根据上下文的指代关系进行判断。文章中的代词it，that, he ,him 或them可以指上文或下文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。

4．根据同义词和反义词猜测词义。

5．阅读理解中出现的新词、难词，其后往往会跟一个定语从句或同位语对它进行解释。根据因果关系、转折关系、同位关系或定语从句进行判断进行判断。

6．通过例子来猜测词义。常用来引了同所举例子的提示词语有such as, for example, for instance, like等。

例1（2015·湖南B）In its early history, Chicago had floods frequently, especially in the spring, making the streets so muddy that people, horses, and carts got stuck. An old joke that was popular at the time went something like this: A man is stuck up to his waist in a muddy Chicago street. Asked if he needs help, he replies, “No, thanks. I’ve got a good horse under me.”

The city planners decided to build an underground drainage (排水)system, but there simply wasn’t enough difference between the height of the ground level and the water level. The only two options were to lower the Chicago River or raise the city.

An engineer named Ellis Chesbrough convinced the city that it had no choice but to build the pipes above ground and then cover them with dirt. This raised the level of the city’s streets by as much as 12 feet.

This of course created a new problem: dirt practically buried the first floors of every building in Chicago. Building owners were faced with a choice: either change the first floors of their buildings into basements, and the second stories into main floors, or hoist the entire buildings to meet the new street level. Small wood-frame buildings could be lifted fairly easily. But what about large, heavy structures like the Tremont Hotel, which was a six-story brick building?

Q:．The underlined word“hoist”in Paragraph 4 means“________”.

A.change

B.lift

C.repair

D.decorate

例2（2015·四川E）…However, physicist Joseph West think there might have been simpler way, who led the new study. West said, “I was inspired while watching a television

program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction. I thought,‘Why don’t they just try rolling the things?’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized. That, he notes ,should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”.

So he tried it.

He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30-kilogram stone block. That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel. Then they placed the block on the ground.

Q: What does the underlined word“it”in Paragraph 7 refer to?

A.Rolling the blocks with poles attached.

B.Rolling the blocks on wooden wheels.

C.Rolling poles to move the blocks.

D.Rolling the blocks with fat.

例3．（2015·安徽D）…In fact, when it comes to the art of war, ants have no equal. They are completely fearless and will readily take on a creature much larger than themselves, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target. Such is their devotion to the common good of the colony that not only soldier ants but also worker ants will sacrifice their lives to help defeat an enemy. Q;．What does the underlined expression “take on”in Paragraph 3 mean?

A.Accept.

B.Employ.

C.Play with.

D.Fight against.

二、句意猜测理解题

方法突破句意猜测理解题要使用推理法，即根据文章的前后语境推断出句子的意思。针对此类题，考生首先要理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再通过综合归纳，这样试题就很容易解答了。

例4（2015·福建D）Life can be so wonderful, full of adventure and joy. It can also be full of challenges, setbacks(挫折)and heart-breaks. Whatever our circumstances, we generally still have dreams, hopes and desires —that little something more we want for ourselves and our loved ones. Yet knowing we can have more can also create a problem, because when we go to change the way we do things, up come the old patterns and pitfalls(陷阱)that stopped us from seeking what we wanted in the first place.

…

Decide and act before overthinking. When you do this you may feel a little, or large, release from the jail of your mind and you’ll be on your way.

70.Which of the following best explains the underlined part in the last paragraph?

A.Escape from your punishment.

B.Realization of your dreams.

C.Freedom from your tension. D．Reduction of your expectations.

答案:

例1．解析：B 词义猜测题。根据前文可知街道被抬高了12英尺，而本句后半部分则说全部建筑物要与街道的新高度持平，由此可知hoist意为“举起，抬高”。故选B项。

例2．解析：A 代词指代题。根据“so he tried it.”中的So 一词可以判断，it指代的内容应该在上一段（第六段）。由文章中的“A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel

by attaching wooden poles to its sides…”可知，物理学家West提出，在石块四周捆绑上木棒可以使石块更容易滚动。因此他们这种方法进行了尝试。所以A项正确。

例3．解析：D 词义猜测题。根据上一句的描述和本句中的fearless, readily, attacking in large groups and overcoming their target 可知，它们在战争中无所畏惧，因而会攻击并战胜比它们体型更大的动物。fight against“攻击”.故选D项.

例4．解析：C 句意猜测题。根据最后一段最后一句“Decide and act before overthing.”可知行动前不要犹豫不决，要把自己从思想的束缚中解放出来。release意为“解放”，与“freedom”同义。

实战演练

演练1（2014·福建B）Walt Disney is credited for creating such wonderful things as Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse. However, he cannot take the credit for creating other well-loved characters, such as Cinderella and Snow White. They are almost automatically associated with Disney because Disney turned old fables (寓言)into cartoon movies.

60.What does the underlined word “They”in the first paragraph refer to?

A.Such wonderful thing.

B.Other well-loved characters.

C.Old fables.

D.Cartoon movies.

演练2 While his approach was peaceful, he sometimes ran afoul of the law. On more than one occasion he was arrested at the Capitol Hill in Washington in concert with groups protesting what they considered lax oversight of the mining industry by the federal government.

Q:The underlined phrase “ran afoul of ”in the passage means“________”.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a18451691.html,id down

B.carried out

C.went for

D.conflicted with

演练3 （2014·广东B）“Here’s the idea,”Anne says. “Anything you think there should be more of, do it randomly.”Her fantasies include painting the classrooms of shabby schools, leaving hot meals on kitchen tables in the poor part of town, and giving money secretly to a proud old lady. Anne says,“Kindness can build on itself as much as violence can.”

The acts of random kindness spread. If you were one of those drivers who found your fare paid, who knows what you might have been inspired to do for someone else later. Like all great events, kindness begins slowly, with every single act. Let it be yours!

34.Which of the following statements is closest in meaning to the underlined sentence above?

A.Kindness and violence can change the world.

B.Kindness and violence can affect one’s behaviour.

C.Kindness and violence can reproduce themselves.

D.Kindness and violence can shape one’s character.

演练4 （2015浙江B）In addition to being more in touch with the food she’s eating, another joy comes from passing this knowledge and this desire for good food to her children:“Influencing

them and telling them your opinion on not only being careful what we eat but understanding the bigger picture,”she said,“that if we don’t take care of the earth, no one will.”

36.What is the “the bigger picture”(Para.6)that Loe wishes her children to understand?

A.The knowledge about good food.

B.The way to live a grow-our-own life.

C.The joy of getting in touch with foods.

D.The responsibility to protect our earth.

演练5 （2015湖南A）Cyclists jump on and off pavements(which are meant for pedestrians), ride at speed along the pavements, and think they have a special right to go through traffic lights when they are on red.

I was almost knocked down recently by a cyclist riding on the pavement when there was a cycle lane right next to him.

Other road users, including horse riders, manage to obey the rules so why not cyclists?

It’s about time they had to be registered and insured, so when they do hit a pedestrian or a vehicle, or cause an accident, at least they can be traced and there might be an opportunity to claim.

4.The underlined word“they”in the third letter refers to ________.

A.accidents

B.vehicles

C.pedestrians

D.cyclists

演练6（2015重庆·D）There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物)in Africa, but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana’s Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world’s most exciting wildlife journeys.

Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, professional guides and lots of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.

The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active. It is unlike any other riding experience. With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face, it is truly exciting. You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too. On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals. The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.

In the evening, rides are usually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace, with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink. Sedate though they are, rides at this time of day are still very impressive. As the sun’s rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses, the romance of Africa comes to life.

Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine. Looking back on your day, you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will even come to answering the call of the wild.

1.What does the underlined word“They ”refer to?

A.Flooded waters.

B.Wildlife journeys.

C.Safari camps.

D.Unique rides.

2.What does the underlined word“Sedate”probably means?

A.Wild and romantic.

B.Slow and peaceful.

C.Hungry and thirsty.

D.Active and excited.

演练7 Nelson Mandela was a figure of international fame, and many details of his life career were public knowledge. But here are some things you may not have known about him.

In his youth, Mandela enjoyed boxing. Even during the 27 years he spent in prison, he would exercise every morning. “I did not enjoy the violence of boxing so much as the science of it. Boxing is equal. I never did any real fighting after I entered politics. My main interest was in training,”he wrote in his autobiography Long Walk to Freedom. In the Mandela Family Museum, visitors can find the world championship, belt given to Mandela by American boxer Sugar Ray Leonard.

When Mandela was nine years old, a teacher at his primary school gave him an English name “Nelson”,which is a custom to give all school children Christian names. Rolihlahla is his original name but it’s not a common name in South Africa. It means “troublemaker”.In South Africa, Mr. Mandela was often called by his clan(宗族)name “Madiba”，which South Africans used out of respect.

A fake passport in the name of David Motsamayi was used by Mr. Mandela. He had changed his appearance and pretended to a driver, a gardener and a chef in order to travel around the country unnoticed by the authorities.

Mr. Mandela studied law on and off for 50 years from 1939, failing about half the courses he took. In August 1952, he and Oliver Tambo set up South Africa’s first black law firm in Johannesburg. He persevered (坚持不懈)to finally get a law degree while in prison in 1989.

3.The underlined word “fake”in the fourth paragraph probably means_______.

A.not clear

B.not real

C.not accessible

D.not available

演练8 A lot of small business owners put themselves in an embarrassed position in their own companies. Consider this scene: the company owner who has thirty individuals working for him in the business does all the work.

Stop the actual wrong belief that you’re the only one who can do the JOB!

You are an individual. A robot or machine must rest, or be changed. The best way to replace yourself is not through someone else, but with a System! A system or program doesn’t always make reference to something high-tech. It’s more about the actual administration process flow that gets issues running smoothly.

Systemizing your business is vitally important for the success of the company. About 80% of what’s completed in your business can be systemized. Take a moment to determine all of the routine things that are done in your company. Now record the best way to achieve these duties.

However, creating systems isn’t enough. You have to ensure that the methods are simple to follow, and easy to complete. If you do not allow it to be easy, it won’t be done, or at best it won’t be consistent.

With systems and processes in position, it’s simply using a few people to operate individual systems. A great number of companies that possess established systems have made great achievements through the years. Burger King is a good actual life example.

To construct a great business, replace yourself with a good program right now!

1.What does“an embarrassed position”in Paragraph 1 refer to?

A.The employees are made to do all the work.

B.Business owners get caught in the trap of doing everything.

C.Nobody would like to work for business owners.

D.There are not enough employees in the company.

演练1-8 ：.B D C D D C B B B

词义猜测题解题技巧

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阅读理解之猜测词义

阅读理解之猜测词义 一. 解释: eg：It will be very hard but also very brittle --- that is, it will break easily. eg：Modern medicine began with the stethoscope, a medical tool used for listening to the movements of a person’s lung and his heartbeats. ◎A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. ◎His uncle is a zoologist, an expert who does research on animals. ◎The herdsman, who looks after sheep, earns about 650 yuan a year. ◎We are on the night shift --- working from midnight to 8 a.m. --- this week. 二. 上下文: 1. e.g. Though Tom’s face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. e.g. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things, his wife, however, is very abstemious . ◎In the past the world seemed to run in an orderly way. Now, however, everything seems to be in a state of turmoil. ◎If you agree, write “yes”; if you dissent, write “no”. ◎Some human actions are learned, but quite a few other actions are innate. Although a large number of people considered him to have stolen the money, I was sure that he was innocent of the theft. 2. e.g. Mother was tall, fat and middle-aged. My aunt was an old woman, almost as plump as mother, but much shorter. e.g. The new tax law supersedes, or replaces, the law that was in effect last year. e.g. Mr Smith loves to talk, and his wife is similarly loquacious. eg：American businessmen expect employees to be punctual. They do not expect that the workers will come late. ◎One of symptoms caused by this kind of illness is a high fever. ◎Because this chemical liquid is highly volatile, we must keep it in a bottle which has a tight lid. ◎In the strong wind, the beggar shivered with the terrible cold. 3. e.g. Rubber can be made to stretch more than nine times its normal length because it is very elastic. e.g. The river is so turbid that it is impossible to see the bottom even when it is shallow. ◎Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference. ◎He’s such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. ◎She wanted the hairdresser to trim her hair a bit because it was too long. 三. 构词法: 1. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners 猜一猜: minicar postwar supermarket preview preschool recall irrelative nonstandard disloyal unlock co-worker overactive vice president e.g. We must safeguard the world peace. A protect B care C prevent D to keep safe with guns e.g. Don’t listen to his nonsense. A having no meaning B meaningless words C humorous speech D not making sense 四. 举例子: e.g. On the farm they mainly raise poultry, such as chickens, ducks and geese, for their eggs and meat. e.g. I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him.

阅读专题四词义猜测题

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