高中语法知识——虚拟语气

10《虚拟语气》

一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气

二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气

三、主语从句中的虚拟语气

四、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气

五、状语从句中的虚拟语气

六、几种特殊的虚拟语气

考题点击：

I am not free today. If I ___free today , I __ and visit some of my friends .

A. am will go

B. were , would go

C. shall be

D. be , must go

2. If my lawyer ___ here last Saturday, he __ me from going .

A. had been , would have prevented

B. had been, would prevent

C. were, would prevent

D. were, would have prevented

3.If I were to see Tom, what ___ you ___ me to tell him?

A. are ,going to ask

B. do , ask

C. would , ask

D. did, ask

BAC

条件句的种类

条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句。真是条件句所表示的假设是可能发生或实现的，句中的条件从句与结果主句皆用陈述语气。

Oil floats if you pour it on water.

If i have enough money next year,I will go to Japan.

非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的，句中条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气。

一、非真实条件句中的虚拟语气

(Were to\过去式)

从句中有三种虚拟式：①过去式、

②should do +原形、 ③had done （条件从句）

和现在的事实相反 和将来的事实相反 和过去的事实相反

主句有两种虚拟式：情态动词+动原 情态动词+动原 情态动词+have done （结果主句）

1、和现在的事实相反

时态从 句主 句

表

示

现

在过去时(be---were)should+动词原形would +动词原形could +动词原形might +动词原形

If we left now,we should arrive in good time.

If I were you, i would refuse the money.

Even if he had the money, he wouldn ’t buy it.

2.和过去的事实相反

时态从 句主 句

表示过去 had +过去分词should+have+过去分词

would +have+过去分词could +have+过去分词might +have+过去分词

We would have dropped by if we had had time.

假若我们有时间的话，我们就会顺道拜访了。

I wouldn ’t have known what these were for if I hadn ’t been told. 若果别人不告诉我，我就不会知道这些东西是干什么的了。

You can imagine what would have happened to her if she should have told the truth. 你可以想象，她如果道出了真情，她的遭遇会如何？Should have done 这种虚拟语气并非完全不可能发生，它只是表示一种偶然性，

3.和将来的事实相反

时态从句主句

表示将来

should+动词原形

would +动词原形

could +动词原形

might +动词原形1)were to

+动词原形

2)should

+动词原形

3)动词过去式

If you dropped the glass,it would break.

If you lived there for a while,you’d change your mind about the place.

If he were to come,what should we say to him?

以下这种形式并不强调意愿，只强调一种偶然实现的可能性。

If he should see me ,he would know me .假如他看见我，他就会认识我。

这种形式往往有不为人所欢迎的含义

If he should go away,I should be grieved.他如离去我就会感到悲伤。

主句中的特殊情况

结果主句常用直陈语气或祈使语气

If the train should be late, what will you do?

If we should fail in this,we are ruined.我们这个计划如果失败，我们就倒霉了。结果主句常用直陈语气

If you should meet Henry,tell him I want to see him.结果主句用了祈使语气。

虚拟语气主要用于条件从句即状语从句外，还用于宾语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。请看下面的分析。

二、宾语从句中的虚拟语气

考题点击：

1.I went to bed early last night,but I wish I _______so.

A. Didn’t do

B. Hadn’t done

C.haven’t done

D. couldn’t do

2.How I wish every family ____a large house

with a beautiful garden.

A.has

B.had

C.will had

D.had had

3. The teacher ordered that students_______.

A. mustn’t smoke

B. not smoke

C. smoked

D. had smoked

4.The teacher demanded that the work _____ before

4 o’clock.

A. finished

B. finish

C. should finish

D. be finished

BBBD

1.wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，that给省略了

表示与事实相反的愿望。其表达形式一般是将从句的谓语动词退后一个时态。例如:

1)与现在事实相反: wish + (that)+did(were) 宾语从句用虚拟过去式

I wish I were as healthy as you.

I wish that I had a plane.

2)与过去事实相反: wish + (that)+had done宾语从句用过去完成时

I wish I had been to the concert last night.

I wish you had written to him.

3)与将来事实相反: wish + would/could/might+do

I wish he would forgive me.

Would rather 也可表示愿望，但其宾语从句常用虚拟过去式。

I would rather you came tomorrow.

2. (should)+动词原形

在某些动词后宾语从句中需用should+动词原形的虚拟语气形式。“should”可以省略。常见的动词有:

一个坚持insist;

两个命令order, command ;

三条建议suggest , advise, propose;

四项要求demand, request, require, ask;

另外有:prefer

注意: suggest表暗示表明时insist表坚持认为时不用虚拟语气

He ordered that the students (should) wash the clothes every week by themselves.

The doctor suggested that she (should) have an operation at once.

12

三、主语从句中的虚拟语气

I t i s+过去分词\形容词\名词+t h a t s b.\s t h.+(s h o u l d)+动词原形

●考题点击：

●Is it necessary that he _____ the examination?

● A. takes B. has to take

● C. must take D. take

● 2. It is strange that he _____ you this.

● A. would tell B. should tell

● C. had told D. has told

● 3.It was ordered that no smoking ____ in the library.

● A. should allow B. be allowed

● C. will be allowed D. is allowed

DBB

基本句型：

1. It be+过去分词+that…+(should)+动词原形+…

过去分词：suggested, requested, ordered, proposed…

It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.

It’s suggested that everybody (should) buy a dictionary.

2. It be+形容词+that…+(should)+动词原形+…

形容词:important, necessary, natural, right, wrong, better, proper, funny, strange, surprising…

It is necessary that we (should ) have a walk now.

It's important that we (should) take good care of the patient.

It is strange that he should have gone away without telling us.该句中的should 带有感情色彩。

3. It be+名词（ a pity/a shame/ no wonder） that…

+ (should)+动词原形+…

14

四、表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气

●考题点击：

●His suggestion that you _____ once more sounds reasonable.

● A. try B. tries C. must try D. can try

● 2.He gave an advice that they ____ each other.

● A. helped B. must help C.help D.had helped

● 3.My suggestion is that a few more people ___ there

● to help me.

● A. be sent B. have sent C. sent D. should sent

ACA

（should）+动词原形

在 suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice ,

decision等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中

要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。

1)表语从句:

My suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.

2)同位语从句:

I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting

next week.

五、状语从句中的虚拟语气

1、用在由as if,as though引导的状语从句中，

考题点击：

1. We felt as if we _____ each other for years.

A.knew

B.were knowing

C.had known

D.have knowing

2. He took away the oxygen tank for fear that

it ______.

A. may explore

B.exploded

C. explode

D.had explode

CC

表示和现在事实相反或对现在的怀疑，用过去时；

表示过去想象中的动作或情况，用过去完成时;

表示将来用would + 动词原形。

It seems as if the man were his brother.

This device operated as though it had been repaired.

2.用在lest, for fear that和in case引导的状语

从句中，这时谓语动词用should+动词原形或动词原形。

She closed the windows lest she catch cold.

六、几种特殊的虚拟语气

一、虚拟倒装句

1. Were it (=If it were) not for their help, we wouldn't’t have got over the difficulties.

2. Had I (=If I had) known about it, I would have told you.

3.Should anyone (=If anyone should )call,please take a message.

●What would have happened, _____ as far as the river bank?

●(01 上海)

●Bob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther

● C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther

C

二、错综条件句

If I had spoken to him yesterday, I should know what to do now.

You would be much better now if you had taken my advice.

If father haden’t sent me, I should’t be here.

If he knew this ,it would have had to be by accident.

如条件从句用if I were,结果主句则可用任何表任何时间的虚拟形式。

If I were not busy,i would have come.

If I were you , I would go.

不用if引导的条件从句

3) 介词短语表条件

But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.

Nothing could live without the sun.

In case I forget,please remind me of my promise.

He can use the bicycle on condition that he should return it tomorrow.

考题点击：

Without your help, we ____ such rapid progress.

A. couldn’t make

B. wouldn’t make

C. will not have made

D. wouldn’t have made

D

4) 情境中提供虚拟语气

Suppose there were no gravity, objects would not fall to the ground when dropped. She wasn’t feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldn’t have left the meeting so early. Unless I were well,I wouldn’t be at school.

考题点击：

I went by plane; otherwise I ____ much longer time.

A.could take

B.would take

C.will have taken

D.would have taken

D

5) 比较if only与only if

only if 表示“只有”；

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.

if only 则表示“如果……就好了”。其从句中的谓语

动词用过去时或过去完成时。

If only I knew more.

If only the alarm clock had rung.

If only 也可用于陈述语气。

If only he comes early.

If only grandmother ____ this together with us now.

A. will see

B.could see

C.must see

D.should see

考题点击：

B

6) It’s (high/low) time 从句：

It is (high) time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.

It is high time that the children should go to bed.

类似的结构为would rather 从句：

I would rather you attended the meeting this afternoon.

考题点击：

It is time that you _________ the whole book.

A.must go over

B.can go over

C.went over

D.have gone over

C

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7) 其它手段

１．He telephoned to inform me of your birthday, or I would have known nothing about it .（连词）２．I might have given you more help , but I was too busy .（连词）

３．Given more time, we could have done it better .（分词短语）

４．……Such mistakes could have been avoided .（通过上下文）

高考链接:

1. I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she , she would have met my brother.

A. has come

B. did come

C. came

D. had come (MET94)

2. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it .

A. breaks

B. has broken

C. were broken

D. had been broken (MET95)

3. You didn’t let me drive. If we in turn, you so tired.

A. drove ; didn’t get

B. drove ; wouldn’t get

C. were driving ;wouldn’t get

D. had driven ; wouldn’t have got (MET95)

4.Without the air to hold some of the sun’s heat, the earth at night ,too cold for us to live.

A. would be freezing cold

B. will be freezing coldly

C. would be frozen cold

D. can freeze coldly(上海97)

DCDA

5.___ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the meeting.

A. Were

B. Should

C. Would

D. Will (上海94)

6. Jane’s pale face suggested that she ill, and her parents suggested that she a medical examination.

A. be; should have

B. was; have

C. should be; had

D. was; has (上海94)

7. for the free tickets, I wouldn’t have gone to the films so often.

A. If it is not

B. Were it not

C. Had it not been

D. If they were not(上海95)

8.Yesterday Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she something.

A. had said

B. said

C. might say

D. might have sai

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