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M7U3 The World Online

单元测试

一、单项填空。（共20小题，计20分）

1.—They are quiet, aren?t they?

—Y es. They are accustomed to __ __ at meals.

A. talk

B. not talk

C. talking

D. not talking

2. —Hi, Mark. How was the musical evening?

—Excellent! Ales and Andy performed _______ and they won the firs prize.

A. skillfully

B. commonly

C. willingly

D. nervously

3. _____ _ a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.

A. It has

B. They have

C. It remains

D. There remains

4. —Do you like the material?

—Y es, it _______ very soft.

A. is feeling

B. felt

C. feels

D. is felt

5. Jane has ____ a good knowledge of Chinese by reading lots of original works.

A. read

B. acquired

C. studied

D. learned

6. Drunk driving, which was once a _______ occurrence, is now under control.

A. general

B. frequent

C. normal

D. particular

7. Mr Smith used to smoke __ __ but he has given it up.

A. seriously

B. heavily

C. badly

D. hardly

8. All of them try to use the power of the workstation __ ___ information in a more effective way.

A. presenting

B. presented

C. being presented

D. to present

9. Fitness is important in sports, but of at least __ __ importance are skills.

A. fair

B. reasonable

C. equal

D. proper

10. It suddenly ___ __ to me that they went there by bike.

A. occurred

B. happened

C. took place

D. looked

11. We must __ _ ourselves to the problem of traffic pollution.

A. deal with

B. work out

C. solve

D. address

12. This magazine is very with young people, who like its content and style.

A. familiar

B. popular

C. similar

D. particular

13. Parents much importance to education. They will do their best to give their children that priceless gift.

A. attach

B. pay

C. link

D. apply

14. Letter-boxes are much more _______ in the UK than in the US, where most people have a mailbox instead.

A. common

B. normal

C. ordinary

D. usual

15. John ___ _ driver since two months ago.

A. became a

B. has become a

C. has turned

D. has been a

16. He quickly became ____ to TV soap operas.

A. accustoming

B. ashamed

C. addicted

D. accomplished

17. Why don?t you put the meat in the fridge? It will _____ fresh for several days.

A. be stayed

B. stay

C. be staying

D. have stayed

18. I have been convinced that the print media are usually more _ _ and more reliable than television.

A. accurate

B. ridiculous

C. urgent

D. shallow

19. Her unusual talent ___ _ her worldwide recognization

A. gained

B. were

C. get

D. was

20. Cleaning women in big cities usually get __ __ by the hour.

A. pay

B. paying

C. paid

D. to pay

二、完形填空。（共20小题，计10分）

What causes your computer a slow one? The problem lies in changes that occur to the PC?s software. The two most 21 causes of slowdown (along with easy solutions) are:

Registry errors—the most common problem

Every 22 you load a program, game or file, your PC?s software registry is updated with new instructions needed to operate that item. 23 , when the item is removed, these instructions usually remain on your PC. Every time you run your computer, it 24 to carry out these instructions, but because the rel ated program can?t be found, it causes a registry error. Y our PC is doing a lot 25 work than it should be and the result is a significantly 26 computer.

One of the best ways to manage this is with a 27 little tool. This program scans, identifies and 28 registry errors—resulting in a computer that?s a lot more like what it was when you 29 bought it.

Spyware and viruses

Spyware and viruses are software programs that are loaded on your computer 30 your knowledge or permission. They have various purposes, 31 :

Changing the default search engine in your browser

Tracking your web surfing 32

Stealing your personal 33

Most spyware and viruses get onto our computers through files that we 34 from the Internet or as attachments to emails. They tend to 35 up a lot of computing power and as a 66 will significantly slow down the computer.

The simple rule of thumb to follow is to never download any 37 software programs from companies you do not know and trust, especially screensavers, emoticons and the 38 . In addition, make sure you have a good anti-virus/spyware removal software running at 39 times.

Follow the above advice and your PC should stay fast and 40 .

21. A. common B. ordinary C. special D. normal

22. A. day B. week C. time D. second

23. A. Although B. However C. Though D. And

24. A. costs B. keeps C. takes D. tries

25. A. more B. much C. most D. least

26. A. faster B. slower C. quicker D. stronger

27. A. easy B. funny C. neat D. dull

28. A. finds B. sees C. fixes D. stores

29. A. first B. next C. last D. second

30. A. without B. with C. between D. for

31. A. including B. includes C. included D. include

32. A. abilities B. habits C. shortcomings D. faults

33. A. money B. possession C. happiness D. information

34. A. read B. search C. write D. download

35. A. make B. turn C. take D. cut

36. A. rule B. hobby C. result D. start

37. A. free B. cheap C. expensive D. useful

38. A. thing B. like C. difference D. interest

39. A. each B. every C. some D. all

40. A. safe B. dangerous C. important D. useful

三、阅读理解。（共15小题，计30分）

What is eBay? The simple answer is that it is a global trading platform where nearly anyone can trade practically anything. People can sell and buy all kinds of products and goods. Including cars, movies and DVDs, sporting goods, travel tickets, musical instruments, clothes and shoes—the list goes on and on.

The idea came from Peter Omidyar, who was born in Paris and moved to Washington when he was still a child, At high school, he became very interested in computer programming and after graduating from Tuft University in 1988, he worked for the next few years as a computer engineer. In his free time he started eBay as a kind of hobby, at first offering the service free by word of mouth. By 1996 there was so much traffic on the website that he had to upgrade (升级) and he began charging a fee to members. Joined by a friend, Peter Skill and in 1998 by his capable CEO, Meg Whitman, he has never looked back. Even in the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/87475884.html, crashes of the late 1990s, eBay has gone from strength to strength. It is now one of the ten most visited online shopping websites on the Internet

eBay sells connections, not goods, putting buyer and seller into contact with each other. All you have to do is to upload an e-photo, write a description, fill out a sales form and you are in business: the world is your market place. Of course for each item (商品) sold eBay gets a percentage and that is a great deal of money. Every day there are more than sixteen million items listed on eBay and eighty percent of the items are sold.

41. We learn from the passage that eBay provides people with __ .

A. a way of buying and selling goods

B. a website for them to upgrade

C. a place to exhibit their own photos

D. a chance to buy things at low prices

42. Why did Peter create eBay after graduating from university?

A. For fun.

B. To make money.

C. For gathering engineers.

D. To fulfill a task of his company.

43. From “he has never looked back” in Paragraph 2 we learn that Peter .

A. did not feel lonely

B. was always hopeful

C. did not think about the past

D. became more and more successful

44. How does eBay make money from its website?

A. By bringing sellers together.

B. By charging for each sale.

C. By listing items online.

D. By making e-photos.

When you have a question about something, where do you go? For many people the answer is simple. They go online to a search engine like Baidu or Yahoo. But what about people in rural or remote areas who may have no way to get on the Internet? Luckily, Rose Shuman, a business and international development consultant in California, has found a way for them. Her amazing solution is “Question Box”.

Question Box is a service that provides answers—free of charge—for people who cannot search the Internet directly. They might not be able to read, or they simply have no access.

Question Box began two years ago in India. People use a metal call box with a push-to-talk button to connect to a live operator, as Rose Shuman explains, “You just push a button, a big green button, and that will connect you directly to our operators who are sitting in front of computers, and speak your language. And you can ask them any sort of question you want, and they?ll look it up in English or in Hindi, or whatever the main language is, and translate the answer right back for you.”

The service is currently offered in two villages. The latest version of the box uses mobile phone technology and solar panels in case the electrical power fails. Rose Shuman says the aim was to make the box as easy as possible for users.

“Rather than try to bring a lot of infras tructure to them and expect them to learn how to use the Internet, the idea was to make a technology that even Grandma could use, figuring that Grandma could probably walk up to a box and push a button,” added Shuman.

In April, Question Box expanded to Uganda. Forty community workers with mobile phones connect villagers to call center operators in Kampala. The community workers go around telling people about the service. They wear T-shirts that say “Ask Me.”

But Internet service in Uganda proved slow and undependable. So Question Box teamed up with a local technology company to store information on a local server. That way, the researchers in Kampala can quickly search the database for answers when users ask about current events and many other subjects.

R ose Shuman continued, “When was Mahatma Gandhi born and how long is the Nile River? What's the tallest mountain? The funniest one I think we got was, …Did the pyramids ever move to another place?? which we found pretty funny. But we did look it up, and they haven?t moved.”

44. According to the passage, “Question Box” is a service intended to ________.

A. help improve the living standard of the people in rural or remote areas

B. promote the computer technology by store information on a local server

C. provide answers raised by the people who are accessible to the Internet

D. connect to a live operator with a push-to-talk button by a metal box

45. Which of the following is TRUE about Question Box according to the passage?

A. Uganda is the first place where the service started.

B. Modern technologies have been used for better service.

C. Question Box is nothing without electrical power.

D. It was impossible for a grandma to use Question Box.

46. We can learn from the passage that in Uganda ______.

A. community workers make villagers aware of Question Box

B. researchers can search the database with the local server

C. users are very interested in current events and other objects

D. a local technology company is involved in Question Box

47. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. All the questions asked by people are pretty funny.

B. Workers of Question Box know the answer for any question.

C. Question Box always tries to answer any questions accurately.

D. All answers to the questions are stored on a local server.

Professor Barry Wellman of the University of Toronto in Canada has invented a term to describe the way many North Americans interact (互动) these days. The term is “networked individualism”. This concept is not easy to understand because the words seem to have opposite meanings. How can we be individuals (个体) and be networked at the same time? Y ou need other people for networks.

Here is what Professor Wellman means. Before the invention of the Internet and e-mail, our social networks included live interactions with relatives, neighbors, and friends. Some of the interactions were by phone, but they are still voice to voice, person to person, in real time.

A recent research by the Pew Internet and American Life Project showed that for a lot of people, electronic interaction through the computer has replaced this person-to-person interaction. However, a lot of people interviewed for the Pew stu dy say that?s a good thing. Why?

In the past, many people were worried that the Internet isolated (孤立) us and caused us to spend too much time in the imaginary world of the computer. But the Pew study discovered that the opposite is true. The Internet connects us with more real people than expected—helpful people who can give advice on careers, medical problems, raising children, and choosing a school or college. About 60 million Americans told Pew that the Internet plays an important role in helping them make major life decisions.

Thanks to the computer, we are able to be alone and together with other people—at the same time!

48. The underlined phrase “networked individualism” probably means that by using computers

people ________.

A. stick to their own ways no matter what other people say

B. have the rights and freedom to do things of their own interest

C. do things in their own ways and express opinions different from other people

D. are able to keep to themselves but at the same time reach out to other people

49. According to the Pew study, what do many people rely on to make major life decisions?

A. Networks.

B. Friends.

C. Phones.

D. Parents.

50. It can be inferred from the Pew study that _______.

A. people have been separated from each other by using computers

B. the Internet makes people waste a lot of time and feel very lonely

C. the Internet has become a tool for a new kind of social communication

D. a lot of people regard the person-to-person communication as a good thing

51. Which would be the best title of this passage?

A. We?re Alone on the Internet.

B. We?re Communicating on the Internet.

C. We?re Alone Together on the Internet.

D. We?re in the Imaginary World of the Internet.

Social networking websites are bringing about worrying changes in the brains of young users, a famous scientist has warned. Sites such as Facebook, Twitter are said to shorten attention spans, encourage instant satisfaction and make children more self-centered.

Warnings from neuroscientist Susan Greenfield will disturb the millions whose social lives depend on surfing their favorite websites each day. But they will be accord（一致）with parents and teachers who complain that many teenagers lack the ability to communicate or keep away from their screens.

More than 150 million use Facebook to keep in contact with friends, share photographs and videos and post regular updates of their movements and thoughts. A further six million have signed up to Twitter, the “micro-blogging” service that lets, users exchange text messages about themselves. But while the sites are popular and extremely profitable, a growing number of psychologists and neuroscientists believe they may be doing more harm than good.

Baroness Tarot, an Oxford University neuroscientist, believes repeated exposure could rewire the brain. Computer games and fast-paced TV shows were also a factor, she said. "My fear is that these technologies are weakening the brain to the state of small children who are attracted by buzzing noises and bright lights, who have a small attention span and live for the moment. " "I often wonder whether real conversation in real time may eventually give way to these easier and faster screen dialogues, in much the same way as killing and butchering an animal to eat has been replaced by the convenience of packages on the supermarket shelf," she said.

Psychologists have also argued that digital technology is changing the way we think. They point out that students no longer need to plan their term papers before starting to write—thanks to word processors they can edit as they go along.

A study by the Broadcaster Audience Board found teenagers now spend seven and a half hours a day in front of a screen. Educational psychologist Jane Healy believes children should be kept away from computer games until they are seven. Most games only excite the "flight or fight" areas of the brain, rather than the areas responsible reasoning.

Sue Palmer, author of Toxic Childhood, said: “We are seeing children?s brain development damaged because they aren?t involved in the activity they have taken part in for thousands of years. I'm not against technology and computers. But before they start social networking, they need to learn to make real relationships with people.”

52. According to the passage, social networking websites might ___ __.

A. contribute to young users? immediate pleasure

B. make the length of young users' attention continue

C. make young users more confident on themselves

D. help young users communicate better with their families

53. A neuroscientist may worry that sites like Facebook may ____ __.

A. weaken the brain of small children who have a small attention span

B. lead to students? planning their term papers before starting to write

C. disturb those whose social lives depend on surfing their favorite websites

D. make real conversation in real time finally replaced by easier and faster screen dialogue

54. From the passage we can infer that __ ___.

A. Susan Greenfield's warnings have been brought to wide social attention

B. Baroness Tarot agrees websites can cause small children's small attention span

C. Jane Healy believes computer games can benefit children's responsible reasoning

D. Sue Palmer's book refers to the development of children?s brain development

55. What is the purpose of this passage?

A. To tell us the different opinions between neuroscientists and psychologists.

B. To show some negative opinions on social networking websites to children.

C. To offer advice on the problem of brain damage caused by social networking.

D. To analyse how social websites cause damage in the brains of young users.

四、单词拼写。（共10小题，计10分）

56. Y our house is always so neat—how do you m__ ____ it with three children?

57. Peter is really difficult at times even though he?s a nice person in g__ ____.

58. I wasn?t blaming anyone; I merely said e like this could be avoided.

59. It is difficult to imagine his accepting the decision without any c________.

60. Just be p________. Y ou can?t except the world to change so soon.

61. The island is __________ (同等地) attractive in spring and autumn because of the pleasant

weather in both seasons.

62. It is ____________ (不合法的) for a public official to ask people for gifts or money.

63. Why not __________ (请教) with Frank? Y ou see, two heads are better than one.

64. It?s helpful to put children in a situation where they can see the mselves ______ (不同地).

65. We can?t judge a person by his __________ (外表).

五、选词组填空。（共10小题，计10分）

66. She turned the camera and ______ ___ Martin?s face.

67. So far more than 30 software firms ____ _____ the project.

68. The candidates? experience and qualifications will __________ when the decision is made.

69. Kids who ___________ surfing the Internet tend to be poor-sighted.

70. Throw the pair of boots away, for they __________.

71. The police have failed to _______ _ the problem of homelesses in the city.

72. We are at your service. Don?t he sitate to ___ ____ us if you have any further problems.

73. Dogs have a very good sense of smell and are often used to ___ ___ survivors in an earthquake.

74. He is studying in a school ________ _ Nanjing University.

75. The most important thing to ___________ while choosing the university is the major should

be the one you are really interested in.

六、书面表达。（共计20分）

近几年来，越来越多的人们在网上购买实物，获取信息，预定机票或酒店等。请根据图示，以“Shopping on the Internet”为题介绍一下网购并谈谈自己的观点。

注意：

1.词数150左右。

2.开头部分已经给出，不计入总词数。

参考词汇实物physical products; 下载软件download computer software.

Shopping on the Internet

Shopping on the Internet is becoming very popular.

新版人教版高中语文课本的目录。

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如何翻译古文学习古代汉语，需要经常把古文译成现代汉语。因为古文今译的过程是加深理解和全面运用古汉语知识解决实际问题的过程，也是综合考察古代汉语水平的过程。学习古代汉语，应该重视古文翻译的训练。古文翻译的要求一般归纳为信、达、雅三项。“信”是指译文要准确地反映原作的含义，避免曲解原文内容。“达”是指译文应该通顺、晓畅，符合现代汉语语法规范。“信”和“达”是紧密相关的。脱离了“信”而求“达”，不能称为翻译；只求“信”而不顾“达”，也不是好的译文。因此“信”和“达”是文言文翻译的基本要求。“雅”是指译文不仅准确、通顺，而且生动、优美，能再现原作的风格神韵。这是很高的要求，在目前学习阶段，我们只要能做到“信”和“达”就可以了。做好古文翻译，重要的问题是准确地理解古文，这是翻译的基础。但翻译方法也很重要。这里主要谈谈翻译方法方面的问题。一、直译和意译直译和意译是古文今译的两大类型，也是两种不同的今译方法。 1．关于直译。所谓直译，是指紧扣原文，按原文的字词和句子进行对等翻译的今译方法。它要求忠实于原文，一丝不苟，确切表达原意，保持原文的本来面貌。例如：原文：樊迟请学稼，子曰：“吾不如老农。”请学为圃。子曰：“吾不如老圃。”（《论语?子路》）译文：樊迟请求学种庄稼。孔子道：“我不如老农民。”又请求学种菜蔬。孔子道：“我不如老菜农。”（杨伯峻《论语译注》）原文：齐宣王问曰：“汤放桀，武王伐纣，有诸？”（《孟子?梁惠王下》）译文：齐宣王问道：“商汤流放夏桀，武王讨伐殷纣，真有这回事吗？（杨伯峻《孟子译注》）上面两段译文紧扣原文，字词落实，句法结构基本上与原文对等，属于直译。但对直译又不能作简单化理解。由于古今汉语在文字、词汇、语法等方面的差异，今译时对原文作一些适当的调整，是必要的，并不破坏直译。例如：原文：逐之，三周华不注。（《齐晋鞌之战》）译文：〔晋军〕追赶齐军，围着华不注山绕了三圈。

2008年浙师大《外国文学名著鉴赏》期末考试答案

（一）文学常识一、古希腊罗马 1．（1）宙斯(罗马神话称为朱庇特)，希腊神话中最高的天神，掌管雷电云雨，是人和神的主宰。（2）阿波罗，希腊神话中宙斯的儿子，主管光明、青春、音乐、诗歌等，常以手持弓箭的少年形象出现。（3）雅典那，希腊神话中的智慧女神，雅典城邦的保护神。（4）潘多拉，希腊神话中的第一个女人，貌美性诈。私自打开了宙斯送她的一只盒子，里面装的疾病、疯狂、罪恶、嫉妒等祸患，一齐飞出，只有希望留在盒底，人间因此充满灾难。“潘多拉的盒子”成为“祸灾的来源”的同义语。（5）普罗米修斯，希腊神话中造福人间的神。盗取天火带到人间，并传授给人类多种手艺，触怒宙斯，被锁在高加索山崖，受神鹰啄食，是一个反抗强暴、不惜为人类牺牲一切的英雄。（6）斯芬克司，希腊神话中的狮身女怪。常叫过路行人猜谜，猜不出即将行人杀害；后因谜底被俄底浦斯道破，即自杀。后常喻“谜”一样的人物。与埃及狮身人面像同名。 2．荷马，古希腊盲诗人。主要作品有《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》，被称为荷马史诗。《伊利亚特》叙述十年特洛伊战争。《奥德赛》写特洛伊战争结束后，希腊英雄奥德赛历险回乡的故事。马克思称赞它“显示出永久的魅力”。 3．埃斯库罗斯，古希腊悲剧之父，代表作《被缚的普罗米修斯》。6．阿里斯托芬，古希腊“喜剧之父”代表作《阿卡奈人》。 4．索福克勒斯，古希腊重要悲剧作家，代表作《俄狄浦斯王》。5．欧里庇得斯，古希腊重要悲剧作家，代表作《美狄亚》。二、中世纪文学但丁，意大利人，伟大诗人，文艺复兴的先驱。恩格斯称他是“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人”。主要作品有叙事长诗《神曲》，由地狱、炼狱、天堂三部分组成。《神曲》以幻想形式，写但丁迷路，被人导引神游三界。在地狱中见到贪官污吏等受着惩罚，在净界中见到贪色贪财等较轻罪人，在天堂里见到殉道者等高贵的灵魂。三、文艺复兴时期 1．薄迦丘意大利人短篇小说家，著有《十日谈》拉伯雷，法国人，著《巨人传》塞万提斯，西班牙人,著《堂?吉诃德》。 2．莎士比亚，16-17世纪文艺复兴时期英国伟大的剧作家和诗人，主要作品有四大悲剧——《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》《麦克白》、《李尔王》，另有悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，喜剧有《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》等，历史剧有《理查二世》、《亨利四世》等。马克思称之为“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。四、17世纪古典主义 9．笛福，17-18世纪英国著名小说家，被誉为“英国和欧洲小说之父”，主要作品《鲁滨逊漂流记》，是英国第一部现实主义长篇小说。10．弥尔顿，17世纪英国诗人，代表作：长诗《失乐园》，《失乐园》，表现了资产阶级清教徒的革命理想和英雄气概。 25．拉伯雷，16世纪法国作家，代表作：长篇小说《巨人传》。 26．莫里哀，法国17世纪古典主义文学最重要的作家，法国古典主义喜剧的创建者，主要作品为《伪君子》《悭吝人》（主人公叫阿巴公）等喜剧。五、18世纪启蒙运动 1）歌德，德国文学最高成就的代表者。主要作品有书信体小说《少年维特之烦恼》，诗剧《浮士德》。 11．斯威夫特，18世纪英国作家，代表作：《格列佛游记》，以荒诞的情节讽刺了英国现实。 12．亨利·菲尔丁，18世纪英国作家，代表作：《汤姆·琼斯》。六、19世纪浪漫主义（1拜伦， 19世纪初期英国伟大的浪漫主义诗人，代表作为诗体小说《唐璜》通过青年贵族唐璜的种种经历，抨击欧洲反动的封建势力。《恰尔德。哈洛尔游记》（2雨果，伟大作家，欧洲19世纪浪漫主义文学最卓越的代表。主要作品有长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《笑面人》、《九三年》等。《悲惨世界》写的是失业短工冉阿让因偷吃一片面包被抓进监狱，后改名换姓，当上企业主和市长，但终不能摆脱迫害的故事。《巴黎圣母院》弃儿伽西莫多，在一个偶然的场合被副主教克洛德.孚罗洛收养为义子，长大后有让他当上了巴黎圣母院的敲钟人。他虽然十分丑陋而且有多种残疾，心灵却异常高尚纯洁。长年流浪街头的波希米亚姑娘拉.爱斯梅拉达，能歌善舞，天真貌美而心地淳厚。青年贫诗人尔比埃尔.甘果瓦偶然同她相遇，并在一个更偶然的场合成了她名义上的丈夫。很有名望的副教主本来一向专心于"圣职"，忽然有一天欣赏到波希米亚姑娘的歌舞，忧千方百计要把她据为己有，对她进行了种种威胁甚至陷害，同时还为此不惜玩弄卑鄙手段，去欺骗利用他的义子伽西莫多和学生甘果瓦。眼看无论如何也实现不了占有爱斯梅拉达的罪恶企图，最后竟亲手把那可爱的少女送上了绞刑架。另一方面，伽西莫多私下也爱慕着波希米亚姑娘。她遭到陷害，被伽西莫多巧计救出，在圣母院一间密室里避难，敲钟人用十分纯朴和真诚的感情去安慰她，保护她。当她再次处于危急中时，敲钟人为了援助她，表现出非凡的英勇和机智。而当他无意中发现自己的"义父"和"恩人"远望着高挂在绞刑架上的波希米亚姑娘而发出恶魔般的狞笑时，伽西莫多立即对那个伪善者下了最后的判决，亲手把克洛德.孚罗洛从高耸入云的钟塔上推下，使他摔的粉身碎骨。（3司汤达，批判现实主义作家。代表作《红与黑》，写的是不满封建制度的平民青年于连，千方百计向上爬，最终被送上断头台的故事。“红”是将军服色，指“入军界”的道路；“黑”是主教服色，指当神父、主教的道路。 14．雪莱，19世纪积极浪漫主义诗人，欧洲文学史上最早歌颂空想社会主义的诗人之一，主要作品为诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，抒情诗《西风颂》等。 15．托马斯·哈代，19世纪英国作家，代表作：长篇小说《德伯家的苔丝》。 16．萨克雷，19世纪英国作家，代表作：《名利场》 17．盖斯凯尔夫人，19世纪英国作家，代表作：《玛丽·巴顿》。 18．夏洛蒂?勃朗特，19世纪英国女作家，代表作：长篇小说《简?爱》19艾米丽?勃朗特，19世纪英国女作家，夏洛蒂?勃朗特之妹，代表作：长篇小说《呼啸山庄》。 20．狄更斯，19世纪英国批判现实主义文学的重要代表，主要作品为长篇小说《大卫?科波菲尔》、《艰难时世》《双城记》《雾都孤儿》。21．柯南道尔，19世纪英国著名侦探小说家，代表作品侦探小说集《福尔摩斯探案》是世界上最著名的侦探小说。七、19世纪现实主义 1、巴尔扎克，19世纪上半叶法国和欧洲批判现实主义文学的杰出代表。主要作品有《人间喜剧》，包括《高老头》、《欧也妮·葛朗台》、《贝姨》、《邦斯舅舅》等。《人间喜剧》是世界文学中规模最宏伟的创作之一，也是人类思维劳动最辉煌的成果之一。马克思称其“提供了一部法国社会特别是巴黎上流社会的卓越的现实主义历史”。

(完整版)Unit7TheMonster课文翻译综合教程四

Unit 7 The Monster Deems Taylor 1He was an undersized little man, with a head too big for his body ― a sickly little man. His nerves were bad. He had skin trouble. It was agony for him to wear anything next to his skin coarser than silk. And he had delusions of grandeur. 2He was a monster of conceit. Never for one minute did he look at the world or at people, except in relation to himself. He believed himself to be one of the greatest dramatists in the world, one of the greatest thinkers, and one of the greatest composers. To hear him talk, he was Shakespeare, and Beethoven, and Plato, rolled into one. He was one of the most exhausting conversationalists that ever lived. Sometimes he was brilliant; sometimes he was maddeningly tiresome. But whether he was being brilliant or dull, he had one sole topic of conversation: himself. What he thought and what he did. 3He had a mania for being in the right. The slightest hint of disagreement, from anyone, on the most trivial point, was enough to set him off on a harangue that might last for hours, in which he proved himself right in so many ways, and with such exhausting volubility, that in the end his hearer, stunned and deafened, would agree with him, for the sake of peace. 4It never occurred to him that he and his doing were not of the most intense and fascinating interest to anyone with whom he came in contact. He had theories about almost any subject under the sun, including vegetarianism, the drama, politics, and music; and in support of these theories he wrote pamphlets, letters, books ... thousands upon thousands of words, hundreds and hundreds of pages. He not only wrote these things, and published them ― usually at somebody else’s expense ― but he would sit and read them aloud, for hours, to his friends, and his family. 5He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child. When he felt out of sorts, he would rave and stamp, or sink into suicidal gloom and talk darkly of going to the East to end his days as a Buddhist monk. Ten minutes later, when something pleased him he would rush out of doors and run around the garden, or jump up and down off the sofa, or stand on his head. He could be grief-stricken over the death of a pet dog, and could be callous and heartless to a degree that would have made a Roman emperor shudder. 6He was almost innocent of any sense of responsibility. He was convinced that

人教版高中语文必修一背诵篇目

高中语文必修一背诵篇目 1、《沁园春长沙》毛泽东独立寒秋，湘江北去，橘子洲头。看万山红遍，层林尽染；漫江碧透，百舸争流。鹰击长空，鱼翔浅底，万类霜天竞自由。怅寥廓，问苍茫大地，谁主沉浮？携来百侣曾游，忆往昔峥嵘岁月稠。恰同学少年，风华正茂；书生意气，挥斥方遒。指点江山，激扬文字，粪土当年万户侯。曾记否，到中流击水，浪遏飞舟？ 2、《诗两首》（1）、《雨巷》戴望舒撑着油纸伞，独自 /彷徨在悠长、悠长/又寂寥的雨巷，我希望逢着 /一个丁香一样的 /结着愁怨的姑娘。她是有 /丁香一样的颜色，/丁香一样的芬芳， /丁香一样的忧愁，在雨中哀怨， /哀怨又彷徨； /她彷徨在这寂寥的雨巷，撑着油纸伞 /像我一样， /像我一样地 /默默彳亍着冷漠、凄清，又惆怅。 /她静默地走近/走近，又投出太息一般的眼光，/她飘过 /像梦一般地， /像梦一般地凄婉迷茫。像梦中飘过 /一枝丁香的， /我身旁飘过这女郎；她静默地远了，远了，/到了颓圮的篱墙， /走尽这雨巷。在雨的哀曲里， /消了她的颜色， /散了她的芬芳， /消散了，甚至她的太息般的眼光， /丁香般的惆怅/撑着油纸伞，独自 /彷徨在悠长，悠长又寂寥的雨巷， /我希望飘过 /一个丁香一样的 /结着愁怨的姑娘。（2）、《再别康桥》徐志摩轻轻的我走了， /正如我轻轻的来； /我轻轻的招手， /作别西天的云彩。那河畔的金柳， /是夕阳中的新娘； /波光里的艳影， /在我的心头荡漾。软泥上的青荇， /油油的在水底招摇； /在康河的柔波里， /我甘心做一条水草！那榆阴下的一潭， /不是清泉，是天上虹 /揉碎在浮藻间， /沉淀着彩虹似的梦。寻梦？撑一支长篙， /向青草更青处漫溯， /满载一船星辉， /在星辉斑斓里放歌。但我不能放歌， /悄悄是别离的笙箫； /夏虫也为我沉默， / 沉默是今晚的康桥！悄悄的我走了， /正如我悄悄的来；/我挥一挥衣袖， /不带走一片云彩。 4、《荆轲刺秦王》太子及宾客知其事者，皆白衣冠以送之。至易水上，既祖，取道。高渐离击筑，荆轲和而歌，为变徵之声，士皆垂泪涕泣。又前而为歌曰：“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复还！”复为慷慨羽声，士皆瞋目，发尽上指冠。于是荆轲遂就车而去，终已不顾。 5、《记念刘和珍君》鲁迅（1）、真的猛士，敢于直面惨淡的人生，敢于正视淋漓的鲜血。这是怎样的哀痛者和幸福者？然而造化又常常为庸人设计，以时间的流驶，来洗涤旧迹，仅使留下淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀。在这淡红的血色和微漠的悲哀中，又给人暂得偷生，维持着这似人非人的世界。我不知道这样的世界何时是一个尽头！

翻译中的归化与异化

“异化”与“归化”之间的关系并评述 1、什么是归化与异化归化”与“异化”是翻译中常面临的两种选择。钱锺书相应地称这两种情形叫“汉化”与“欧化”。A．归化所谓“归化”（domestication 或target-language-orientedness），是指在翻译过程中尽可能用本民族的方式去表现外来的作品；归化翻译法旨在尽量减少译文中的异国情调，为目的语读者提供一种自然流畅的译文。Venuti 认为，归化法源于这一著名翻译论说，“尽量不干扰读者，请作者向读者靠近” 归化翻译法通常包含以下几个步骤：（1）谨慎地选择适合于归化翻译的文本；（2）有意识地采取一种自然流畅的目的语文体；（3）把译文调整成目的语篇体裁；（4）插入解释性资料；（5）删去原文中的实观材料；（6）调协译文和原文中的观念与特征。 B．“异化”（foreignization或source-language-orientedness）则相反，认为既然是翻译，就得译出外国的味儿。异化是根据既定的语法规则按字面意思将和源语文化紧密相连的短语或句子译成目标语。例如，将“九牛二虎之力”译为“the strength of nine bulls and two tigers”。异化能够很好地保留和传递原文的文化内涵，使译文具有异国情调，有利于各国文化的交流。但对于不熟悉源语及其文化的读者来说，存在一定的理解困难。随着各国文化交流愈来愈紧密，原先对于目标语读者很陌生的词句也会变得越来越普遍，即异化的程度会逐步降低。 Rome was not built in a day. 归化:冰冻三尺,非一日之寒. 异化:罗马不是一天建成的. 冰冻三尺,非一日之寒异化:Rome was not built in a day. 归化:the thick ice is not formed in a day. 2、归化异化与直译意译归化和异化，一个要求“接近读者”，一个要求“接近作者”，具有较强的界定性；相比之下，直译和意译则比较偏重“形式”上的自由与不自由。有的文中把归化等同于意译，异化等同于直译，这样做其实不够科学。归化和异化其实是在忠实地传达原作“说了什么”的基础之上，对是否尽可能展示原作是“怎么说”，是否最大限度地再现原作在语言文化上的特有风味上采取的不同态度。两对术语相比，归化和异化更多地是有关文化的问题，即是否要保持原作洋味的问题。 3、不同层面上的归化与异化 1、句式翻译中“归化”表现在把原文的句式（syntactical structure）按照中文的习惯句式译出。

齐晋鞌之战原文和译文

鞌之战选自《左传》又名《鞍之战》原文：楚癸酉，师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯，逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克，郑丘缓为右(3)。侯日：“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢，流血及屦2 未尽∧6)，曰：“余病矣(7)！”张侯曰：“自始合(8)，而矢贯余手及肘(9)，余折以御，左轮朱殷(10)，岂敢言病吾子忍之！”缓曰：“自始合，苟有险，余必下推车，子岂＿识之(11)然子病矣！”张侯曰：“师之耳目，在吾旗鼓，进退从之。此车一人殿之(12)，可以集事(13)，若之何其以病败君之大事也擐甲执兵(14)，固即死也(15)；病未及死，吾子勉之(16)！”左并辔(17) ，右援拐鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19)，师从之，师败绩。逐之，三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰：“旦辟左右！”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰：“射其御者，君子也。”公曰：“谓之君子而射之，非礼也。”射其左，越于车下；射其右，毙于车中。綦毋张丧车，从韩厥，曰：“请寓乘。”从左右，皆肘之，使立于后。韩厥俛，定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉，骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中，蛇出于其下，以肱击之，伤而匿之，故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前，再拜稽首，奉觞加璧以进，曰：“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请，曰：‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸，属当戎行，无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君，臣辱戎士，敢告不敏，摄官承乏。” 丑父使公下，如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车，宛茷为右，载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父，郤献子将戮之。呼曰：“自今无有代其君任患者，有一于此，将为戮乎”郤子曰：“人不难以死免其君，我戮之不祥。赦之，以劝事君者。”乃免之。译文1：在癸酉这天，双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车，逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车，郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤，血流到了鞋上，但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战，一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘，左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色，我哪敢说受伤您忍着点吧！”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战，如果遇到道路不平的地方，我必定（冒着生命危险）下去推车，您难道了解这些吗不过，您真是受重伤了。”daier 解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛，都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声，前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它，战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢身披盔甲，手执武器，本来就是去走向死亡，伤痛还没到死的地步，您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说，一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起，用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。（由于一手控马，）马飞快奔跑而不能停止，晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去，把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军，三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。韩厥梦见他去世的父亲对他说:“明天早晨作战时要避开战车左边和右边的位置。”因此韩厥就站在中间担任赶车的来追赶齐侯的战车。邴夏说:“射那个赶车的，他是个君子。”齐侯说: “称他为君子却又去射他，这不合于礼。”daier 于是射车左，车左中箭掉下了车。又射右边的，车右也中箭倒在了车里。（晋军的）将军綦毋张损坏了自己的战车，跟在韩厥的车后说: “请允许我搭乗你的战车。”他上车后，无论是站在车的左边，还是站在车的右边，韩厥都用肘推他，让他站在自己身后——战车的中间。韩厥又低下头安定了一下受伤倒在车中的那位自己的车右。于是逢丑父和齐侯（乘韩厥低头之机）互相调换了位置。将要到达华泉时，齐侯战车的骖马被树木绊住而不能继续逃跑而停了下来。（头天晚上）逢丑父睡在栈车里，有一条蛇从他身子底下爬出来，他用小臂去打蛇，小臂受伤，但他（为了能当车右）隐瞒了这件事。由于这样，他不能用臂推车前进，因而被韩厥追上了。韩厥拿着拴马绳走到齐侯的马前，两次下拜并行稽首礼，捧着一杯酒并加上一块玉璧给齐侯送上去，