刘素林法律英语翻译原创付费文章之6 SEC简明英文写作 英中对照 5元
刘素林法律英语翻译原创文章
之6 SEC简明英文写作
中英文对照
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本文档所有内容仅供参考。因为法律规定及词语含义等会随时间不断发生变化，因此请您在使用本文档相关内容时还需查看最新的权威资料或咨询相关律师，以免给自己造成不必要的损失。
Cautions
Any reproduction, duplication, dissemination, and
uploading to the (inter)net
of any parts of this document is prohibited.
For reference only.
Don't rely on the materials here as a substitute
for advice from a licensed attorney.
不再接法律翻译单子，今后以婚恋培训谋生，提供情感咨询。
婚恋培训班常年招生
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一，零散的文章和研究成果整理
1，法律英语翻译职业、考试、培训类文章3元已发
2，法律英语，法律翻译书籍词典简介
3，法律术语中英互译
4，英文合同定义术语的翻译3元已发
5，孙万彪《英汉法律翻译教程》笔记
6，SEC简明英语写作中英文对照
7，建筑施工合同翻译
8，法律汉语免费
9，美国律考和纽约律考简介
10，法律英语写作
11，法律英语句段翻译剖析
12，美国2010年金融改革法目录3元已发
二，英文合同解读与翻译
上合同首部和尾部10元
下合同正文关键核心短语术语
三，美国风险投资协会风投系列范本翻译
四，法律英语翻译入门
五，法律英语同义词近义词
六，英文法律术语翻译——以美国部门法为例
我自己不太确定的地方用红色标了出来。
欢迎各位吹毛求疵继续探讨深究
in a
Table of Contents 目录
Preface前言
by Warren E. Buffett 1
Introduction 简介
by Arthur Levitt, Chairman U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission 3 Chapter 1What Is a “Plain English”Document? 5
什么是“简明英语”
Chapter 2 Getting Started 7
准备开始
Chapter 3 Knowing Your Audience 9
了解你的读者
Chapter 4 Knowing the Information You Need to Disclose 11
了解你需披露的信息
Chapter 5 Reorganizing the Document 15
重新组织文件
Chapter 6 Writing in Plain English 17
用简明英语写作
Chapter 7 Designing the Document 37
设计文件
Chapter 8 Time-Saving Tips 55
省时窍门
Chapter 9 Using Readability Formulas and Style Checkers 57
使用可读性公式和样式检查
Chapter 10 Evaluating the Document 59
评估文件
Chapter 11 Reading List 61
阅读清单
Chapter 12 Keeping in Touch with Us 63
随时联系我们
Appendix A Plain English at a Glance 65 附录一简明英语一览
The SEC’s Plain English Rules—an Excerpt 66 证交会的简明英语规则——节选Appendix B Plain English Examples 69 附录二简明英语例子
“B efore‖ and ―After‖ Filings with Notes 70申请文件修改前后对比（附注释）
Preface 前言
by Warren E. Buffett
沃伦 E. 巴菲特
This handbook, and Chairman Levitt’s whole drive to encourage ―plain English‖ in disclosure documents, are good news for me. For more than forty years, I’ve studied the documents that public companies file. Too often, I’ve been unable to decipher just what is being said or, worse yet, had to conclude that nothing was being said. If corporate lawyers and their clients follow the advice in this handbook, my life is going to become much easier.
这本手册，以及证交会主席Levitt全力鼓励披露文件使用简明英语，对我来说都是好消息。我研究上市公司递交的文件已有四十多年，经常发现我不能理解这些文件在说什么，或者，更糟糕的是，我发现它们什么也没说。若公司律师及其客户遵循本手册的建议，我的生活就会变得更容易些。
There are several possible explanations as to why I and others sometimes stumble
over an accounting note1or indenture desc ription. Maybe we simply don’t have the technical knowledge to grasp what the writer wishes to convey. Or perhaps the writer doesn’t understand what he or she is talking about. In some cases, moreover, I suspect that a less-than scrupulous issuer doesn’t w ant us to understand a subject it feels legally obligated to touch upon.
为什么我和其他人有时无法理解财务报表注释或债券契约2描述在说什么？我觉得有几个可能的原因。或许是因为我们只是不具备作者想传达的内容方面的专业知识，或许是因为作者本身就不知道他或她在说什么。而且，有些时候，我怀疑不太严谨的发行人不
Footnotes to a company's financial statements.
An accounting note is a piece of information added to a financial statement to clarify or expand upon it for the benefit of a reader.
2A contract between an issuer of bonds and the bondholder stating the time period before repayment, amount of interest paid, if the bond is convertible (and if so, at what price or what ratio), if the bond is callable and the amount of money that is to be repaid. The indenture is another name for the bond contract terms, which are also
trying to be helpful to people, but actually making things worse for them:well-intentioned grandparents who interfere between parents and children https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8113198775.html,
标，我不需要是莎士比亚，但我必须有真诚的、传达信息的意愿。
No siblings to write to? Borrow mine: Just begin with ―Dear Doris and Bertie.‖
没有兄弟姐妹？写给我的兄弟姐妹吧：
亲爱的Doris and Bertie：。
Introduction 序言
by Arthur Levitt
Chairman, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
美国证券交易委员会主席
Investors need to read and understand disclosure documents to benefit fully from the protections offered by our federal securities laws. Because many investors are neither lawyers, accountants, nor investment banker s, we need to start writing disclosure documents in a language investors can understand: plain English.
投资者需要阅读并理解披露文件，以享受我们的联邦证券法提供的最大保护1。因为许多多投资者既不是律师、会计师，也不是投资银行家，我们需要以投资者能理解的语言——简明英语——开始披露文件的写作。
The shift2to plain English requires a new style of thinking and writing, whether you work at a company, a law firm, or the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. We must question whether the documents we are used to writing highlight the important information investors need to make informed decisions. The legalese and jargon of the past must give way to everyday words that communicate complex information clearly.
无论你是在公司、律师事务所还是美国证券交易委员会工作，简明英语要求全新的思考和写作方式。我们必须质疑我们过去习惯书写的文件是否突出了投资者在作出明智决策时需要的重要信息。过去使用的法言法语和行话必须给能清晰传递复杂信息的日常用语让路。
The good news is that more and more companies and lawyers are using plain English and filing documents with the SEC that others can study, use, and improve upon. With the SEC’s plain English rules in place, every prospectus will have its cover page, summary, and risk factors in plain English.
好消息是，越来越多的公司和律师正在使用简明英语，向SEC提交其他人能够学习、使用和据以提高的文件。有了SEC的简明英语规则，所有招股说明书的封面、摘要和风险因素都将以简明英语写就。
1以完全享受我们的联邦证券法提供的保护。哪个译文更好？
2译文根据上下文，省略了其翻译。
The benefits of plain English abound. Investors will be more likely to understand what they are buying and to make informed judgments about whether they should hold or sell their investments. Brokers and investment advisers can make better recommendations to their clients if they can read and understand these documents quickly and easily.
简明英语的好处很多。投资者将更有可能理解他们在买什么东西，对于是否持有或卖出其投资也将作出明智的判断。若能快速且轻松地读懂这些文件，经纪人和投资顾问也能向其客户做出更好的推荐。
But I hasten to add that the SEC has not cornered the market on plain English
1这部分该如何断句？
the
Internet and electronic
delivery of documents 还是
the Internet
and
electronic delivery of documents
我觉得是后者。
advice. Our rules and communications need as strong a dose of plain English as any disclosure document. This handbook gives you some ideas on what has worked for others, but use whatever works for you.
但我要赶紧补充的是，SEC并未垄断简明英语建议的市场。如同任何披露文件，我们的规则和新闻公报也需要使用简明英语。本手册给你一些对他人有效的建议，但也要使用对你有效的建议。
No matter what route you take to plain English, we want you to produce documents that fulfill the promise of our securities laws. I urge you —in long and short documents, in prospectuses and shareholder reports—to speak to investors in words they can understand. Tell them plainly what they need to know to make intelligent investment decisions.
无论简明英语方面你走的是什么路，我们想要你提供能实现我们的证券法承诺的文件。我劝你，无论是在简短的还是较长的文件中，也无论是在招股说明书还是股东报告中，都要使用投资者能理解的词语说话。只是告诉他们在作出明智决定是需要知道的信息即可。
1．What Is a “Plain English” Document?
1、什么是“简明英语”文件
We’ll start by dispelling a common misconception about plain English writing. It does not mean deleting complex information to make the document easier to understand. For investors to make informed decisions, disclosure documents must impart complex information. Using plain English assures the orderly and clear presentation of complex information so that investors have the best possible chance of understanding it.
我们首先要消除对简明英语写作的一个普遍误解：它并不意味着删除复杂信息以使文件更易于理解。对于要作出明智决定的投资者来说，披露文件必须传递复杂的信息。使用简明英语确保了有序清晰地介绍复杂信息，这样投资者就可能最有机会理解这些信息。
Plain English means analyzing and deciding what information investors need to make informed decisions, before words, sentences, or paragraphs are considered. A plain English document uses words economically and at a level the audience can understand. Its sentence structure is tight. Its tone is welcoming and direct. Its design is visually appealing. A plain English document is easy to read and looks like it’s meant to be read.
简明英语意味着要分析和决定：投资者无需考虑单词、句子或段落的含义而直接作出明智决定需要什么信息。简明英语经济地使用读者能理解的词语。其句子结构严密，语气热情直接，设计具有视觉吸引力。简明英语文件易于阅读，且看起来想要读者读它。
This handbook’s purpose本手册的目的
This handbook gives you practical tips on how to create plain English documents. All of these were born of experience. They come from experts and those who have
already written or rewritten their documents in plain English.
本手册给你如何写作简明英语文件的实用技巧。所有这些技巧都来源于经验和实践。它们都来自专家和已经开始用简明英语写作或重写其文件的那些人。
As with all the advice in this handbook, feel free to tailor these tips to your schedule, your document, and your budget. Not all of the tips will apply to everyone or to every document. Pick and choose the ones that make sense for you.
根据你的日程表、文件类型和预算来使用本手册中的所有建议。不是所有的建议都适用于所有的人或所有的文件。选择适合你的那些建议。
Some of our tips cover very basic mechanical issues, like how to photocopy your working draft. We’ve included them because they were learned the hard way and have saved people time, money, and aggravation. You’ll see them listed in Chapter 8, titled ―Time-Saving Tips.‖
This handbook is by no means the last word on plain English. We expect to change it and add more tips as we learn more about writing securities documents in plain English. So please keep notes on your experiences and copies of your original and rewritten language. We want to hear from you and include your tips and rewrites in the next edition.
我们的某些建议涉及非常基本的机械问题，如如何复印你的工作草案。我们把这些建议包括进来是因为它们得来不容易，而且节省了人们的时间和金钱，减少了愤怒。你将会在第八章“省时窍门”中看到它们。随着我们在用简明英语写证券文件方面了解更多，我们准备修改它并增加更多的窍门。因此，请把你的经验做笔记，并保留你的初稿和重写稿。在下一版本中我们想要听取你的意见并把你的建议和重写稿收录进来。
Finally, we encourage you to give this handbook out freely. It is not copyrighted, so you can photocopy it without fear of penalty.
最后，我们鼓励你自由传播本手册。本手册上无知识产权，因此你可复印它而无需害怕受到惩罚。
2．Getting Started
2、准备开始
Assemble the team or move ahead on your own 组建团队或独自前行
As with a lot of things in life, it’s the preparation that often determines the success or failure of an effort to write documents in plain English. Many of you routinely select a team to think and talk about how to write a document from scratch or rewrite an existing document. Or you may do it on your own. In that case, rest assured1that one person can do it alone.
1rest assured：to be assured; to be certain. 确信，相信
Rest assured that you'll receive the best of care. Please rest assured that we will do everything possible to help.
如同生命中的很多其他事情一样，通常是“准备”决定了以简明英语写作文件的努力是成功还是失败。你们中的很多人通常选择一个团队来思考和探讨如何从零开始写作文件或者如何重写已有的文件。你也可以独自一个人做这些事。若是这样，确信一个人能独自做。
The list below describes the types of people who have participated in successful plain English teams. We’re not suggesting that you need t o select everyone listed. Some will not apply to your company or your situation. The people you select, and the point at which you involve them in your plain English project, will depend on your document, your schedule, and your budget.
下面的列表描述了成功的简明英语团队需要的人员。我们不是建议你要选择所列的每个人。有些人不适用于你的公司或你的情形。你的文件类型、日程表和预算将决定你需要什么人，以及你在你的简明英语项目中需要他们的程度。
?A team leader who has the authority to make decisions that keep the project moving forward and bring it to a successful conclusion. (More than one plain English project has faltered because the team leader has not had this level of authority.) The team leader may be a company’s or an underwriter’s lawyer.
?团队领袖有权作出使项目运转并使其成功结束的决定。（不止一个简明英语项目因为团队领导没有这种权力而步履蹒跚。）团队领导可以是公司的或承销商的律师。
?A lead writer who ensures the document uses a logical structure and simple, clear language. If more than one person is drafting sections of the document, the lead writer makes sure the final draft has a consistent tone and the individual parts form a coherent whole.
?主要写手确保文件的结构逻辑严密，语言简明清晰。若有多人草拟文件的不同部分，主要写手要确保最终版本文风一致，各部分组成一个连贯的整体。
?Lawyers for the company or the underwriter who know what information must be included and why.
?公司或承销商的律师，他们知道文件必须包括什么信息以及为什么要包括这些信息。?An investor relations expert who knows firsthand the financial sophistication of your investors. Investor relations people know which questions investors typically ask and where past disclosure documents have failed to make information clear.
?投资者关系专家，他对你的投资者的金融成熟度有第一手的了解，他知道投资者通常会问什么问题，过去的披露文件在哪些地方没有把信息披露清楚。
?A compliance officer who can lend guidance to the writer and who knows, along with your lawyers, what information must be included.
?合规专员能指导写手，并且和你的律师一起，告诉你披露文件必须包括哪些信息。
?A production and operations person who understands the mechanics and costs of printing and mailing your document, so that your improved document doesn’t get ahead of your in-house capabilities or budget.
?制作人员，他了解印刷和邮寄文件的运作方法和成本，这样你的改良文本将不会超过你公司的能力或预算。
?A marketing person who may have market survey research or polls on your investors. Also, the marketing department is usually attuned to the terminology that your investors can readily understand.
?营销人员可以对你的投资者进行市场调查研究或让其投票。而且，营销部通常理解你的投资者容易理解的术语。
?An information designer who is a graphic designer trained to work closely with the writers and to think about how to present complex information visually.
?信息设计员是受训与写手一起工作的平面设计师，他要思考如何把复杂信息用视觉的方式呈现出来。
Select documents
You may want to consider these issues as you start writing in plain English:
? How long is the document?
? Will you write all of it, or only sections of it, in plain English?
? How much time do you have before you need to file your document?
选择文本类型
开始以简明英语写作时，你可能要考虑下列问题：
?文本有多长？
?你将以简明英语写作所有的内容还是只是其中一部分？
?在递交文件前你有多少时间？
You will also want to gather and distribute other documents that your company has written for investors. It’s likely that your company has already used plain English in its glossy annual reports and other communications prepared especially for investors. These documents may save you time by showing you the type of language your company is already comfortable using.
你还需要收集和分发你的公司已经为投资者写好的其他文件。或许你的公司已经在特别为投资者准备的用高光纸印刷的年度报告和其他声明中使用了简明英语。这些文件会告诉你公司已经在自在使用的语言种类，这会节省你的时间。
3．Knowing Your Audience
3、了解你的读者
―One must consider also the audience...the reader is the judge.‖
Aristotle Rhetoric
Knowing your audience is the most important step in assuring that your document
is understandable to your current or prospective investors. To write understandable documents, you need to gauge the financial sophistication of your investors.
了解你的读者，是确保你现有的或潜在的投资者能理解你的文件的最重要的一步。要
写出易于理解的文件，你需要评估你的投资者的金融成熟度。
Through polls and other market survey research tools, some companies know the demographics of their investors well. Other companies rely on their investor relations staff or their underwriters to describe who has bought, or is likely to buy, their securities.
通过投票和其他市场调查研究工具，有些公司很好地掌握了其投资者的统计情况。其他公司则依赖其投资者关系方面的工作人员或其承销商来描述哪些人已经购买了或有可能购买其证券。
Using whatever information is available, you can create a profile of your
investors or prospective investors based on the following questions:
基于下列问题，利用任何可得的信息，你能知道你的投资者或潜在投资者的大体
情况：
? What are their demographics—age, income, level of education, and job experience? ? How familiar are they with investments and financial terminology?
? What investment concepts can you safely assume they understand?
? How will they read the document for the first time? Will they read it straight through or skip around to the sections that interest them?
?Will they read your document and your competitors’ side by side?
? How will they use the document while they own the security? What information will they be looking for later, and is it easy to find?
?其基本信息——年龄、收入、教育程度和工作经历——是什么？
?其有多熟悉投资和金融术语？
?你能安全确保他们理解什么投资概念？
?他们第一次会如何阅读文件？他们是直接读完还是跳到他们感兴趣的地方？
?他们会对比着读你和你竞争者的文件吗？
?拥有证券时他们会如何使用文件？他们想要看到什么信息？这些信息易于发现吗？Your investors or prospective investors may include individuals and institutions with varying degrees of financial sophistication. While your audience will include analysts and other industry experts, you may want to keep in mind that your least sophisticated investors have the greatest need for a disclosure document they can understand. Some companies have faced the differing needs of their investors and
法律英语典型句型的翻译
?法律英语典型句型的翻译 ?1. OTHERWISE ?2. SUBJECT TO ?3. WITHOUT PREJUDICE TO ?4. WHERE ?5. ANY PERSON WHO DOES... SHALL ... ?6. FOR THE PURPOSE(S) OF ... ?7. PROVIDED THAT ... ?8. NOTWITHSTANDING ... ?9. SA VE.../ EXCEPT (FOR)... ?10. IN RESPECT OF… 1.OTHERWISE ?Otherwise 在法律英语中的用法： ?跟unless引导的句子（让步状语从句）连用； ?置放在连词or之后使用； ?与than一起，通常用来否定句子的主语。 例1 OTHERWISE ?In this Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires, "state" means a territory or group of territories having its own law of nationality. (Laws of Hong Kong, Cap.30, Wills Ordinance, Art. 2) ?在本条例中﹐除文意另有所指外, “国家”指拥有本身国籍法的领域或一组领域。 例2 OTHERWISE ? A notice under subjection (1) shall, unless it otherwise provides, apply to the income from any property specified therein as it applies to the property itself. ?根据第（1）款发出的通知书﹐除其中另有订定外﹐亦适用于通知书内指明的财产的收入﹐一如适用于该项财产本身。 例3 OTHERWISE Any person who by threats, persuasion or otherwise induces a witness or a party not to give evidence in any hearing before the Board commits an offence. ?任何人籍恐吓﹑怂恿或以其它手段诱使证人或一方当事人不在仲裁处聆讯中作证﹐即属犯罪。 例4 OTHERWISE ?If 2 or more persons are defendants to a claim, as partners or otherwise, a process may be served on any of them and an award may be obtained and execution issued against any person so served
翻译类论文题目
翻译类： 1.On Formal Correspondence of C/E Translation in Terms of Hypotaxis &. Parataxis从形合和意合看汉英翻译中的形式对应 2.How to Decode and Translate the Ambiguous Structures歧义结构的解码与翻译 3.Pragmatics and Advertisement Translation, with Special Emphasis on E/C Cultural Differences英汉文化差异与广告的语用翻译 4.Context and Business Discourse in English and Chinese 5.On the Peculiar ways of Expression in Dicken’s Novels试论狄更斯小说独特的 艺术手法 6.Female Images in the Sun Also Rises 论《太阳又升起了》小说中女性形象 7.Standarization of English: The Necessity and Feasility in an Age of Globaliztion 全球化时代英语标准化的必要性和可能性 8.On English Translation of Public Signs in Chinese 再谈汉英公示语翻译----以 2010年亚运会主办城市广州为例 9.Brief Appreciation on “Venice Merchant” 10.The Mannered Language of English 11.On the Properties of Idiomatic Expressions in English 12.The Differences and Samilarities Between Structural Ambiguity in English and Chinese 13.Time Conception in Different Cultures 14.On American Religion 15.On Title Translation of English Film and Disc 16.The Characteristics and the Rhetorical Roles of English Reduplicatives Neiteratives https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8113198775.html,parisons of Multiplicity in Chinese and English and Its Translation 18.A Study of Hmorous Utterances Form the Perspective 19.The Current State and Prospects for English Teaching 20.The usage of “And” 21.A Survey on Culture and Social Life in USA 22.Inheretance and Development of National Language and Culture 23.Implicitness and Explicitness in Translation 24.谈英语谚语的翻译 25.谈英语幽默的翻译 26.地方名胜古迹汉译英 27.翻译中常见错误分析 28.中英思维方式的差异对翻译的影响 29.会话含义的推导与翻译 30.词汇的文化内涵与翻译 31.语境在翻译中的作用 32.商标词翻译 33.广告语言的翻译 34.论英汉互译中的语义等值问题 35.英汉文化差异对翻译的影响 36.英汉谚语的理解和翻译
法律英语翻译(2)
法律英语翻译技巧（二）法学语言与法学语言翻译 例1：The law holds that the individual is responsible for his acts. The law also indicates what is good and right, and what may and should be done. It also indicates what is evil and wrong, and should not and may not be done. The law further holds that what is evil and wrong is a crime and may not be done, and if done, renders the doer liable to punishment. The law also recognizes the principle that man has free will and that, with certain exceptions, he exercises free will in commission of any crime that he may commit. 译文1：法律认为公民应对自己的行为负责。法律还规定什么是美好的和正确的，规范了哪些事是允许做或应该做的。同样，法律规范了什么是邪恶的和错误的。法律还进一步明确规定哪些邪恶的错误的事是不能做的犯罪行为看，如果某人做了这样的事，那么该行为就要受到惩罚。同样，法律还承认这样一个原则，每个公民除犯罪自由外都具有自由意志，如果某人在各种违法活动中实施其自由意志，那么他就可能触犯法律。 译文2：法律规定人人应对自己的行为承担责任，分清善良和正义，规范了人们的行为准则；法律还认为，作孽枉法即是犯罪，法不可恕，
英语翻译作业
安乐死（个案研究） 达克斯柯沃特 在一次严重的汽车爆炸事故之后，达克斯柯沃特就一直忍受着身体被强烈灼伤的痛苦。他说：“我承受着如此剧烈的痛苦以至于在事故爆发前的几个月我就已经不想再活下去了”。在此后长达数十年的痛苦治疗中，达克斯反复要求他的医生，亲人，朋友帮助他结束他痛苦的人生。达克斯失去了双目和双手，但是其他的身体器官还是健康的，目前，他正在从事律师的工作。他始终坚信，他安乐死的要求被拒绝是错误的，鉴于此，一个有关本案的包括达克斯本人，他的医生以及他的朋友和家庭成员在内的互动小组正在被建立起来。 戴安娜普瑞特 戴安娜普瑞特患有运动神经元疾病，而且面临着一个她并不想面对的痛苦的死亡。她说，“我想在我的家人的陪伴下，选择一种快速的，没有痛苦的死亡方式”。她向英国法院进行呼吁，不过没有成功，最终，欧盟人权法院允许她的丈夫对她进行安乐死。 杰克科沃基安医生 因为拍摄快要死亡的病人的眼睛，科沃基安医生赢得了“死亡医生”的称号。在他以后的职业生涯中，他开始为病患提供“死亡指导”，当绝症患者意识到他在帮助人们安乐死的时候，越来越多的人们开始来到他这里，尽管有一些失败的诉讼案件，但是科沃基安医生还是帮助了超过130人实施了安乐死。 科沃基安医生认为仅仅帮助他人去死是不够的，他杀死了一个叫托马斯的人，并把他的死亡过程拍摄成了一部六十分钟长的纪录片，最终，他在自己的工作室被铺，并且由于在法庭上他没有成功的对自己的行为进行无罪辩护，他被判处10-25年的有期徒刑，他在2006年成为末期与C型肝炎病患者，并要求被赦免。 以上内容来自BBC网站 案例一：托尼布兰德，1989年 当约克郡Airedale 医院的医生们要求高等法院准许他们撤销安插在
法律英语翻译专业词汇大全
法律英语翻译专业词汇 大全 This model paper was revised by LINDA on December 15, 2012.
equality of men and women, equality between [of] the sexes南昌市 Nanchang Municipality南京市 Nanjing Municipality南宁市 Nanning Municipality南平市Nanping Municipality南通市 Nantong Municipality脑外伤综合症 combined external head injuries年报 annual report年度账目 annual accounts宁波市 Ningbo
Municipality宁静的占有权 quiet possession宁夏回族自治区 Ningxia Hui Nationality Autonomous Region扭亏为盈 turn a loss-making enterprise into a profitable one扭曲金融分配 distorted allocation of financial resources纽约公约 New York Convention农村剩余劳动力 surplus rural labour农村信用社 rural credit cooperatives农副产品采购支出 outlays for agricultural procurement农工商联合企业 agro-industrial-commercial combines农垦区 land reclamation district农民集体 peasant collective农药残留物 pesticide residue农业部 Ministry of Agriculture农业发展银行 Agriculture Development Bank农业税agricultural tax农转非 rural residents become urban residents虐待 maltreat虐待罪 crime of abuse挪用公款 misappropriation of public funds殴打他人 assault 偶犯 casual offender排斥外在证据原则 parol evidence rule排除责任条款 exclusion clause排纷解讼 dissolution of disputes and litigation排他性的独占权exclusive monopoly right派生的分租人 derivative under-lessor派生的分租租契derivative under-lease判案理由 adjudicative reasons, grounds of judgment判处sentence判定 confirm判定债务人没有付款的誓章 affidavit of default on the part of the judgment debtor判决 judgment判决理据 grounds of judgment判决书 written judgment判决执行 enforcement of the judgment判刑 sentence泡沫经济bubble economy泡沫效应 bubble effect培育新的经济增长点 to tap new sources of economic growth赔偿 compensate赔偿金 compensation money赔偿损失 compensation for losses赔偿责任 liability to damages配股 allotment of shares, rationed shares配合饲料 compound/mix feed配偶 spouse配偶的父母 parents-in-law配套改革concomitant reforms配套人民币资金 local currency funding of批复 Reply批评教 育 re-education批准 approve, approval批准机关 approval authority批准文号
法律英语翻译
Legal English (revised version for the students) Ch.1 The Main Features of Legal English 一、法律英语的英译： David Mellinkoff（加州大学洛杉矶分校法学院教授）：《The Language of the Law》1963 1.legal English---Lawful English Legal parlance（说法、用语）/legal lingo（行话、隐语）/legal jargon（行话、黑话）/legalese( 法律八股文)/language of jurisprudence(法理语言) 2. the English Language of the Law or shortened as “the language of the law” 3. 法律英语与法学英语 二、法律英语的范围： 是否凡是涉及法律的英语（词汇、表达方法、句子结构……）都是法律英语？ 英美法学界所公认的法律英语主要是指普通法国家（common-law countries）的法律人所用的习惯语言（customary language），包括某些词汇、短语，或具有特色的一些表达方法(mode of expressions)。 三、法律英语的主要特点： I. precise or exact (准确) 正常情况下，起草法律文件时，用词造句务必十分精准（with great exactness），因为一旦笔者的思想、观点、企图落实成文字，即成为法庭判断是非的重要依据，因为按严格解释原则(principle of strict construction)或唯名论原则(principle of nominalism)，尽管实践中还存在推测意图原则(principle of presumed intent)，但其不占主导地位，书面文字仍然是法官解释法律文件的唯一依据。 实务中鉴于对法律文件中文字的理解不一，也是常有纠纷出现： e.g. The Charter required that directors “shall be elected on a vote of the stockholders representing not less than two-thirds of outstanding capital st ock of the corporation.” 甲方理解成：被选上董事的人需三分之二的股东投票赞成(a candidate to be elected needs the votes of two-thirds of the stockholders ) 乙方则认为：选董事时须有三分之二的股东出席(two-thirds of the stockholders must be present at the meeting at which the election is held) What’s the judge’s opinion? e.g. 一个阿肯色州的美国人临终前写了一个遗嘱，遗嘱写道： The remainder of the testator’s property should be “divided equally between all of our nephews and nieces on my wife’s side and my niece.” 问题出在对“between”一词的理解上。立遗嘱人妻子一边的外甥和外甥女加在一起共有22个。这句话是指立遗嘱人的遗产的一半归其妻子方的22个外甥和外甥女，另一半归其本人一方的外甥女？还是指将遗产在双方的外甥外甥女中平均分配呢？ 为达准确之目的，常使用下列招法： 1. 使用专门术语（下文有述） 2. 重复使用具有绝对含义的词汇，如all , none, perpetuity, never, unavoidable; 3. 使用具有绝对限制含义的短语：
英语翻译翻译方向论文题目
English Novel Title Translation: A Skopostheorie Perspective 英语小说标题的翻译:一个Skopostheorie透视图 The Translation of Fuzziness in the Dialogue of Fortress Besieged from the Perspective of Relevance Theory翻译的模糊性的对话《围城》从关联理论的角度 On Domestication Strategy in Advertisement Slogan Translation 在归化策略在广告口号的翻译 Reproduction of “Three Beauties” in the Translation of the Poems in The Journey to the West 繁殖的“三美”翻译的诗歌在西游记 A Comparative Study of Interjection Translation in Teahouse from the Perspective of Functional Equivalence一个比较研究,在茶馆的感叹词翻译功能对等的角度 Public Signs Translation from the Perspective of Functionalist Theory --Taking Shaoyang City as an Example公共标志的翻译的角度,从实用主义的理论——以邵阳城市作为一个例子 The Application of Skopostheory in the Business Advertisement Translation Skopostheory的应用在商业广告翻译 Relevance Theory Applied in the Translation of Neologism 关联理论应用于翻译的新词 Domestication and Foreignization in the Translation of Tourist Texts 归化和异化在翻译旅游文本 A Comparative Study of the Two English Versions of Lun Y u by James Legge and Ku Hongming from Translator's Subjectivity一个比较研究的两个英文版本的Lun Yu詹姆斯Legge和Ku Hongming从译者的主体性 On the Translation and Functions of Metaphor in Advertisements 在翻译和函数中隐喻的广告 C-E Translation of Film Titles from the Perspective of Adaptation Theory 汉英翻译的电影片名的角度,从适应理论 Pun Advertisements Translation From the Perspective of Adaptation Theory 广告双关语翻译的角度,从适应理论 Analysis of the Translation Strategies of the Culture-loading Words in the English Version of Journey to the West分析的翻译策略在英语文化加载字版的西游记 On Business Letter Translation under the Guidance of Conversational Implicature Theory 在商务信函翻译的指导下,会话含义理论 On the Translation of Puns in English Advertising 在翻译双关语在英语广告 Advertising Translation in the View of Skopos Theory 广告翻译目的论的观点 A study on Trademark Translation from the Perspective of Reception Aesthetics 商标翻译的研究从接受美学的角度
法律英语翻译练习与答案-0609
练习1：外国合营者如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗，造成损失的，应赔偿损失。If the foreign joint venturer causes any losses by deception through the intentional use of backward technology and equipment, it shall pay compensation for the losses. 修改提示：单复数考虑不周；用语不够简洁。 答案（修改要点）：causes any losses →causes any loss(es) 造成一项或多项损失时都应当赔偿，不能仅用复数形式。 pay compensation for the losses →pay compensation therefor (therefor=for that/them) 练习2：人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关办理刑事案件，应当分工负责，互相配合，互相制约，以保证准确有效地执行法律。 原译文：The people’s courts, people’s procuratorates and public s ecurity organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law. 修改提示：“分工负责”，应理解为：侧重点在“负责”，而非“分工”，即分工过程中各负其责；respective 比own 更为妥当、准确；原来的译文中，and they shall …比较啰嗦，更严重的问题是，使to ensure …割断了与divide their functions 的联系。 答案（修改要点）：in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law.→… in handling criminal cases, take responsibility for their respective work while dividing functions, co-ordinate, and check each other, to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law. 练习3：商标注册人享有商标专用权，受法律保护。 原译文：Trademark registrants shall enjoy the right to exclusive use of their trademarks and shall be protected by law. 修改提示：商标专用权的译文“貌合神离”，立法原意是“商标专有权”；受法律保护的主语有些歧义，可加括号处理；原文shall滥用，因为并未刻意强调“必须，一定要”。 答案（修改为）：Trademark registrants have the exclusive trademark right, (and are) protected by law. 练习4：被告人的犯罪情节极其严重、社会影响极其恶劣、社会危害极其严重。 原译文：The extremely serious circumstances of the offense committed by the accused have brought abominable influence and severe hazard to the whole society. 修改提示：bring的用法有些生硬，动宾搭配不太适当。 答案（修改为）：have brought abominable influence and severe hazard to the whole society. → have exerted an abominable influence and posed a severe hazard to society. (exert, vt. 施加，产生，如exert pressure on, exert an influence on; abominable, adj. 可恶的，极坏的；pose v. 提出，形成，成为；使摆好姿势pose a problem; pose an obstacle/a threat to …) 练习5：买卖双方同意按下列条款由卖方出售，买方购进下列货物：货号; 品名及规格；数量；单价；总值(数量及总值均有_____%的增减, 由卖方决定)；生产国和制造厂家；包装；唛头；装运期限；装运口岸；目的口岸；保险；
英文翻译练习作业
英文翻译练习（一） The status of Philosophy in Chinese culture has always been regarded as a comparison with that of religion in other cultures. In China, Philosophy is the concerned field by each educated one. Long time ago in China, a person would firstly accept enlightened education in Philosophy if he could be given education. Children should read the Analects, Mencius, The great Learning, The Doctrine of mean once they entered school. The Four Books were regarded as the most important documents after Song(regarded as “new Confucianism”in west).When children began to learn words, the commonly used textbook is Three Words, in which every three words a group, every six words one sentence, and the even sentence rhyme has rhyme, easy to read aloud and easy to remember. In fact, this book is used to learn words for Chinese children. The first sentence of Three Words “Man’s nature is good at birth.” Is the basic idea of philosophy of Mencius.
高级法律英语翻译实践,第二课
第二课法律、民主与道德分歧 最近人们常听说，在美国及其他的地方，在公开演讲和市民生活中，对手之间的相互尊重和待人接物的礼仪风尚正在减弱。有些人从种种雄辩理念中找到一种指标可能，即重要的是在许多道德分歧问题上“赞同不同意见”。许多这些观念对此类问题存在客观真理。实践共识或者两者都存在的可能性，趋于持怀疑态度。其他人则倾向于把实质性的道德争议完全排除于政治领域之外，以免不可避免要表达的道德上的政治分歧的观念危害到社会的稳定性。然而，在两本有价值的关于道德分歧的政治和法律含义的新书中，则体现了另一种不同的趋势。《民主和意见分歧：政治上难免道德冲突之探源及其对策》，政治理论家艾美?古特曼和丹尼斯?托普逊著；《法律推理和政治冲突》，法律学者卡斯桑斯坦著，提出了对公民生活行为道德分歧内涵的反思，和我们的政体如何处理牢固的道德分歧的具体建议。 1.罗尔斯和理性分歧之事实 曾参加过鸡尾酒会或在大学里教授过伦理学或政治学理论的人，很可能熟悉下列驳论的套路。社会主流不赞同，比如堕胎、色情或者同性恋行为的道德准则。道德分歧的现象表明，这些问题不存在客观真理，只有主观观点。在更大范围内，任何人都没有权利将他自己的主观观点强加于那些恰恰不赞同他们的人身上。因此法律禁止、限制甚至反对堕胎、色情或者同性恋行为的做法不正当的侵犯了人们的自由。 然而稍作反思，人们就会发现这种推理套路中有大量的谬误。也许最受争议的便是它从道德分歧之存在中得出不存在客观道德真理的推论，而这一推论违背了社会常规性。打个比方，如果埃里克斯主张奴隶制是道德性的错误，那么贝尔塔不赞同的现象并不意味着埃里克斯的观点是错误的。实际上，埃里克斯也许对奴隶制的道德性错误想法有误，但贝尔塔不赞同的这一仅有的现象是不构成埃里克斯主张错误的充分理由的。毕竟，贝尔塔的主张也有可能是错误的。如果查尔斯还没有形成自己关于奴隶制的观点，但正希望形成一个正确的观点，那么在得出一个判定之前，他将会把埃里克斯关于奴隶制的道德性的论证和贝尔塔的反证放在一起加以考虑。仅仅从埃里克斯和贝尔塔分歧这一现象中，查尔斯是不可能理性地得出该问题不会有客观真理的结论。此外，如果埃里克斯和贝尔塔的争论从奴隶制转向论证堕胎、同性恋行为、色情、娱乐性使用毒品或其他任何当前有争议的道德问题上，这样的结论依然是不合理的。 但是如果埃里克斯和贝尔塔都是“理性之人”，又该如何呢？如果理性之人对某行为是否不道德发生分歧，是否就意味着该问题不存在客观真理而只有主观观点呢？并非如此。他们的分歧仅表明他们其中之一是错误的，或者他们都是错误的。即便是理性之人也会犯错误，有时也会信息不全。埃里克斯或贝尔塔可能完全或部分的忽视了或者未能充分注意到某些相关的现象或价值。你或他（或者我们大家）都可能正在推理中犯逻辑性的错误或其他的错误。这样或那样的偏见也许或妨碍一个关键的推论或其他的洞悉。 当然，相信客观道德真理的人（像我一样）并非认为那些客观真理总是那么明显，道德问题也从不棘手。相反，某些道德问题特别的棘手。有些道德问题是自身棘手，而有些道德问题的棘手是因为人们所处的文化环境中的物质、偏见、私利或其他因素使相关价值趋于模糊，并妨碍了关键洞察力。理性之人遇见此种情况也难以幸免。然而道德问题的棘手并不是暗示着问题没有正确的答案。即使理性的分歧也并不表明客观真理的缺失。 至此，我一直想表明的是，与人们在鸡尾酒会或大学教室的听闻不同，分歧存在并不意味无客观道德真理——即便是“理性的分歧”，即，有关理性之人自己在多数场合下也可能产生分歧的棘手的道德问题之分歧。但是，有一个不太直接但相当精妙的，从理性之人间道德分歧之事实，论证得出涉及法律和公共政策中充满特定道德问题的、开明结论的方法。约翰?罗尔斯最近的著作中借助于他所谓的“理性多元主义”事实，作为其他问题除外而包含
当代法律英语翻译全
《当代法律英语》翻译 第四章公法 在所有的民法法系(civil law) 中所做的基础分辨便是公法(public law) 与私法(private law) 的区分。这种分类方法，对于普通法系(common law)而言 仅仅是潜在的或者默示性质的，但对于民法法系而言却是一种基础性的理解方式。一方面，正如我们所了解的一样，这种分类为民法法系国家提供了法庭组织系统的分辨模板。随着公法领域的争端于19世纪可受法院裁判(justiciable) 开始，独立的特别法庭(tribunal) 被建立起来并约束起公法行为。在今天，除了 刑事案件(criminal matters)这一主要例外，普通法院的管辖权(jurisdiction) 依旧限于私法领域的争端。除了这些司法管辖权的推论以外，公法和私法的分别还产生了一种存在于法律专业中的工作(labor)性质的差别。大量的法学教师倾向于证明他们是“公法专家”(publicist) 或者是“私法专家” (privatist)。课 程和论文(treatise) 倾向于公法或私法的其中一个领域，尽管事实上如今已经考虑到的案由(subject matter) 至少更倾向于许多公法方面。 即使在民法法系世界中公法与私法的分别被广泛承认，但这类法系的法学家(lawyer)对其法系划分的理论基础或者法理正当性仍未达成一致，各国对于这种划分方法的范围和效果也未达成一致。然而，一般来说，公法所关注的是国家机 关之间的关系或者国家与公民之间的关系。公法至少包括宪法(con stitutio nal law)，行政法(administrative law)和刑法(criminal law)。而私法是处理公民 或私人团体之间的关系，它至少包括民法(civil law)和商法(commercial law)。这种分类方法的其他几个领域是争论的主题所在。举个例子，民法程序是包含于 一些主体的私人组织的些许法系之中，并且被其他主体认为包含于公法领域。劳动法(labor law)，农业法(agricultural law) ，社会保障(social security) ， 同时也包括大量的现代规则领域，这些法律有些时候被解释为公法与私法领域的混合，有时又被说成自成一类(拉丁文：sui generis)。 即使公法与私法的划分已经扎根于罗马法系(Roman law)中，然而直到当代 与公法相关的领域仍有一种未开发的因素。这便是对于主权(sovereign)的保护， 法理学家(jurist) 总是谨慎的将其放在一边。正如我们注意到的对于民法法系传 统的历史介绍，几乎所有流传下来并被我们所掌握的罗马法律文献都是关注于私法领域，并且大陆法系(continental legal) 科学的传统也是关注于私法领域。 我们观察到的也是如此：在地方主义(localism)和法律多样化的中世纪，公法的研究余地是很小的。但是当集权化(ce ntralize) 的国家以及它的行政机构(administrative organ)开始出现于欧洲大陆的时候 (与逐步产生影响的法律训 练专业化吻合)，这对行政法的发展产生了有利的条件。在19世纪，由于行政法 开始繁荣昌盛，似乎一般的话用于私人个体或者组织的私法规则并不能简单的维持各主体之间的关系，这是因为国家已被政党所垄断。在法国它似乎也是这样的，普通法院(ordinary court) 不能被委托(entrust)从事牵扯到解决国家争端的任 务。正如我们已经了解到的一样：法国对权利分立学说(separation of powers led)的理解，导致其在行政机构中建立起了一系列独立的公法法院。 在德国就是另外一回事了，该国关心被行政权力压迫的普遍性胜过对于司法裁判的不信任。因此，为了避免当公民与行政机构发生争端时是由后者裁决(adjudicate)，德国建立了存在于司法机构中并独立于行政法院的裁判体系。
2007外语系英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(翻译方向)
2007外语系英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(翻译方向)
2007外语系英语专业本科毕业论文选题汇总表(翻译方向) 论文题目 Two Principles of Pragmatic Translation in the Fictional Conversation Study on Literal Translation and Free Translation The Features of Translation of English for Science and Technology Domestication and Foreignization Translation in Interculture Basic Knowledge and Two Important Skills of Translation A Study on the Order of Translation from English to Chinese ON Cultural Factors in Translation On Dynamic Equivalence in English –Chinese Translation A comparison of the color words in Chinese and English The Translation of Proper Nouns between English and Chinese Culture Factors and Translation in English and Chinese Idioms Cultural Gaps and losses and Compensation in Translation The Translation of English Idioms The Discussion on Literal Translation and Free Translation
英语翻译作业
Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下，人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而，这个自我形象是一种幻想：作为先进国家，实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要，在这个国度里，来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层，更不用说社会顶层。 如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明，主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。 这种不公平很早以前就开始了：在美国，由于社会安全网存在漏洞，这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良，得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观，他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学，如果愿意，还可以从送到私立学校上学，而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。