《新编跨文化交际英语教程》复习资料U5

Unit 5

Culture and Verbal Communi cati on

1. Differe nt orie ntati ons to com muni cati on patter ns

East Asia n orie ntati on

1. process orie ntati on ——com muni cati on is perceived as a process of

infinite in terpretatio n

2. differe ntiated lin guistic codes ——differe nt li nguistics codes are

used depe nding upon pers ons invo Ived and situati ons

3. i ndirect com muni cati on emphasis —the use of in direct com muni cati on

is prevale nt and accepted as no rmative

4. receiver centered —meaning is in the interpretation. Emphasis is on

listening, sensitivity, and removal of preconception.

North America n orie ntati on

1. com muni cati on is perceived as the tran sfere nee of messages

2. Less differe ntiated lin guistic codes ——lin guistic codes are not as

exte nsively differe ntiated as East Asia

3. Direct com muni cati on emphasis —direct com muni cati on is n orm despite

the exte nsive use of in direct com muni catio n

4. sen der cen tered —meaning is in the message created by the sen der.

Emphasis is on how to formulate the best message, how to improve source credibility and delivery skills

2. Direct and In direct Verbal In teracti on Styles

The tone of voice, the speaker' s intention, and the verbal content reflect our way of speaking, our verbal style, which in turn reflects

our cultural and pers onal values and sen time nts.

Verbal style frames “hoW' a message should be interpreted. The direct-indirect verbal interaction dimension can be thought of as

straddli ng a continuum. In dividuals in all cultures use the gradatio ns of all these verbal styles, depe nding on role ide ntities, in teracti on

goals, and situations. However, in individualistic cultures, people tend

to encoun ter more situati ons that emphasize the prefere ntial use of

direct talk, pers on-orie nted verbal in teractio n, verbal

self-enhancement, and talkativeness. In contrast, in collectivistic

cultures, people tend to encoun ter more situati ons that emphasize the

prefere ntial use of in direct talk, status-orie nted verbal in teractio n, verbal self-effaceme nt, and sile nee.

The direct and in direct styles differ in the exte nt to which

com muni cators reveal their inten ti ons through their tone of voice and

the straightforward ness of their content message. In the direct verbal

style, statements clearly reve al the speaker' s intentions and are enun ciated in a forthright tone of voice. In the in direct verbal style, on the other hand, verbal statements tend to camouflage the speaker ' s actual in ten tio ns and are carried out with more nuan ced tone of voice.

For example, the overall . American verbal style often calls for clear

and direct com muni catio n. Phrases such as “ say what you mean,”“ don' t beat around the bush, ” and “get to the point ” are some examples. The direct verbal style of the larger . culture is reflective of its low-c on text com muni cati on character.

3. Perso n-Orie nted and Status-Orie nted Verbal Styles

The person-oriented verbal style is individual-centered verbal mode that

emphasizes the importa nee of in formality and role suspe nsion. The

status-oriented verbal style is a role-centered verbal mode that

emphasizes formality and large power dista nee. The former emphasizes the

importanee of symmetrical interaction, whereas the latter stresses

asymmetrical in teracti on.

The person-oriented verbal style emphasizes the importanee of respect ing uniq ue, pers onal ide ntities in the in teractio n. The status-orie nted verbal style

emphasizes the importa nee of honoring prescribed power-based membership identities. Those who engage in status-oriented verbal interaction use specific vocabularies and

parali nguistic features to acce ntuate the status dista nee of the role relati on

ships ., i n pare nt-child in teracti on, superior-subord in ate relations, and male-female interaction in manyLatin American cultures).

While low-c on text cultures tend to emphasize the use of the

pers on-orie nted verbal style, high-c on text cultures tend to value the status-orie nted verbal mode.

4. Self-E nhan ceme nt and Self-Effaceme nt Verbal Styles

The self-enhancement verbal style emphasizes the importanee of boast ing a bout one' s accomplishme nts and abilities. The

self-effacement verbal style, on the other hand, emphasizes the

importa nee of humbli ng on eself via verbal restra in ts, hesitatio ns, modest talk, and the use of self-deprecation concerning one ' s effort

or performa nee.

For example, in manyAsian cultures, self-effacement talk is expected

to sig nal modesty or humility .In Japa n, whe n one offers someth ing to

ano ther pers on such as a gift or a meal that one has prepared, verbal

self-deprecation is expected. There are set expressions for verbal

humility such as “It ' s not very tasty ” and “It ' s nothing special. ” The hostess who apologizes to her guests that “There is nothing special to offer you ” has probably sent

the better part of two days planning and preparing t he meal. Of course the guest should protest such a

disclaimer and reemphasize her or his gratitude. Self-effaceme nt is a n ecessary part of Japa nese polite ness rituals.

In the . culture, individuals are encouraged to sell and boast about themselves, for example, in performa nee review or job in terview sessi ons, or else no one would notice their accomplishments. However, the notion of mercha ndiz ing on eself does not set well with the Japa nese. In Japa n, one does not like to sta nd out or be sin gled out, eve n by others; it is far worse to promote on eself.

In many Asia n cultures, in dividuals believe that if their performa nee

is good, their behavior will be noticed, for example, by their supervisors during promotion review situations. However, from the Western cultural standpoint, if myperformanee is good, I should document

or boast about it so that mysupervisor will be sure to take notice. This differenee is probably due to the observer-sensitive value of the Asian, high-c on text com muni cati on patter n, as opposed to the

sen der-resp on sible value of the Western, low-c on text in teracti on pattern.

We should note that the pattern of verbal self-effacement cannot be generalized to many Arab or African cultures. In Egypt, for example, a popular say in g is “ Make your harvest look big, lest your en emies rejoice ” . Effusive verbal self -enhancement is critical to the

enhancement of one ' s face or honor in some large power distanee Arab cultures.

Read ing I

Un dersta nding the Culture of Conv ersati on

Comprehe nsion questi ons

1. What madethe author feel learning to converse in Mexico City was easier

for him/her in one way, more difficult in another

It's easier because Mexica ns service the relati on ship and they care

about every one in the con versati on. But the ir conv ersati on does n ‘ t move in a straight line, drift ing around both in the topic and in the

way they use words.

2. Why did the Mexican customer slide into the topic of the full eclipse of the sun

For the Mexican, the conversation starts with one topic, but if another interesting topic seeps in he or she will ride it around for a while.

Sticking to the first topic is less important than having an interesting con versati on.

3. What did the America n bus in essma n feel about the Mexica n ? s way of con versati on

For the America n, a conv ersati on should have a topic, and he wants

to take a straight line through it from beginning to end. So he felt

very impatie nt about the Mexica n ‘ s way of conv ersatio n.

4. What “conversational ideal ” was represented by the exa mple of a

champi on ship skier who was in terviewed on TV

The Swedish conv ersatio nal ideal is to resp onse in a con cise manner

without elaborating specific details, especially those for

self-promoti on..

5. What problems are likely to occur if an American talks with a Swede

The American may feel totally lost in the conversation since he or she would not get as much in formati on from the Swede as he or she has expected.

6. What are the differe nces betwee n An glos and Athabaska ns in

conv ersati on

There are a lot differe nces betwee n them. For in sta nee, at the

beg inning of a con versati on, An glos almost always speak first.

Athabaska ns thi nk it is importa nt to know what the social relati on ship

is before they talk with some one. There is ano ther differe nce in how

long one should talk. Athabaska ns tend to have Ion ger turns whe n they

talk with each other, but An glos expect shorter turns.

7. Is it eno ugh just to learn to speak in grammatically correct manners

whe n one lear ns a foreig n Ian guage What else does he or she also n eed

to know

It is far from eno ugh just to learn to speak in grammatically correct manners when one learns a foreign Ianguage. One also has to know about the culture of using the Ianguage in social life, things like who talks first, who talks n ext, who ope ns and closes conv ersati ons and how they do it, in order to be able to use the Ianguage in culturally appropriate mann ers.

8. I n what ways are Chin ese similar to or differe nt from the America ns,

Mexica ns and Swedes

It seems that we Chinese are somewhat similar to Mexicans in the way we are hav ing a conv ersatio n. Un like America ns, we do not usually move in a straight line in a con versati on and may also care much about the other ‘ s feeli ng.

Read ing II

The Way People Speak

Comprehe nsion questi ons

1. Why didn ? t the American openly disagree with the Italian

In general, the American did not enjoy verbal conflicts over politics

or any thi ng else.

2. What are the differences between “high invoIvement ” style and “high con siderate ness ” style

Many people from cultures that prefer —high invo Iveme nt styles tend to: (1) talk more; (2) interrupt more; (3) expect to be interrupted; (4) talk more loudly at times; and (5) talk more quickly than those from

cultures favori ng —high con siderate ness style s. On the other hand, people from cultures that favor —high con siderate ness styles tend to: (1) speak one at a time; (2) use polite listening sounds; (3) refrain

from in terrupt ing; and (4) give ple nty of positive and respectful

resp on ses to their conv ersati on part ners.

3. How do New Yorkers and California ns perceive each other because of

their differences in conversational style

To someNewYorkers, California ns seemslower, less in tellige nt, and not as resp on sive. To some Califor nians, New Yorkers seem pushy and domin eeri ng.

4. What does the author thi nk is the reas on able way to react to cultural differe nces

We should know that the way the other speaks may be differe nt from

our way of speak ing because he or she must have had a differe nt cultural upbringing. Weshouldn ‘t judge the other according to our own standards

of what is an acceptable com muni cati on style.

5. How to determ ine whether a culture favors a direct or in direct style

in com muni cati on

One way to determ ine whether a culture favors a direct or in direct

研究生英语综合教程(课后习题答案)

Unit One Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a)

综合英语一课后答案

第一课： 一、written work Time is important .Everyone has 24 hours in a day ,and 365 days in a year. Once a day runs out in our life,it will never come back again.If we love our lives,we shouldn't waste time.we must control time.The best way to use time is to plan it well. When making the study plan,we should remember two things .First ,be realistic.Don't try to do too many things .Second ,a good study plan should be flexible .We may make some small changes,but follow the same pattern. Let's be the master of time ,start our plan now. 二、 1、I have run out of food ,I must go to buy some. 2,You have said so ,you should put them into practice . 3.It takes at least two hours to get there by bus. 4.Although we failes,at least we tried our best . 5.you speak louder so that everyone can hear you. 6.How long has it taken you to write that article? 7.You seem to be very sad .Tell us what has happened so that we may help you. 8.We should keep our classroom clean. 9.We may asd Xiao Wang to help us ,he seems to have a lot of time. 10.My brother will come to Beijing next week. he must make good use of time to stay here. 三、用本课的动词句型1。 1. You are the person whom(who)I'm looking for.

学术综合英语课后答案

Unit 1 C 1.The younger generation should continue to sustain and develop our fine traditions and long-standing culture. 2.In the course of preparing one’s speech, one should be clearly aware of how one could make effective use of statistics and examples to bolster one’s point of view. 3.An impromptu speech is one of the speaking skills that college students should learn and develop through practice. 4.By using simile and metaphor, you can make your language more vivid and more attractive to your audience. 5.The proper examples you cite might help reinforce the impression on your listeners and make your viewpoints more convincing. 6.When you are speaking, you should choose common and easy words and at the same time avoid clutter in your speech. 7.When you write a paper, citing the views from some experts is a good way to make your ideas more credible. 8.A good method of delivering a speech will improve its quality and will help convey the speaker’s ideas clearly and interestingly.

研究生英语综合教程课后习题答案

U n i t O n e Task 1 1.A 2.C 3.B 4.C 5.D 6.D 7.D 8.C 9.A 10.D 11.A 12.B Task 2 1.public(c) 2.discipline(b) 3.strength(a) 4.reference(a) 5.strength(d) 6.public(a) 7.demonstrated(b) 8.discipline(c) 9.references(c) 10.personality(a) 11.discipllining(d) 12.demonstrates(a) 13.public(d) 14.reference(b) 15.personality(c) Task 3 1.employment 2.paid 3.adjust 4.setting 5.discouraged 6.credit 7.cite 8.demonstrate 9.teamwork 10.rules Unit Two Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.C Task 2 1. bud (n.); budding (adj.) 2. access (n.); access (v.) 3. taste (n.);tasted (v.) 4. fool (n.); fooling (v.) 5. produces (v.); produce (n.) 6. garnish (v.); garnishes (n.) 7. reigns (v.); reign (n.) 8. concern (n.); concerned (v.) 9. named (v.); name (n.) 10. practiced (v.); practice (n.) Task 3 1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming 6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Unit Three Task 1 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A Task 2 1. stack up against 2. struck a chord 3. amounted to 4. chopping off 5. appeal to 6. pick up on 7. turned out 8. fade away 9. brought together 10. pulled off 11. thrust upon 12. be kept clear of Task 3 1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge 6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbed Unit Four Task 1 1.A 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. C Task 2 1. maintained (a) 2. romantic (a) 3. essential (a) 4. essentials (c) 5. dimension (c) 6. intimate (a) 7. maintains (c) 8. defies (b) 9. intimated (d) 10. dimensions (a) 11. defy (a) 12. romantic (b) 13. dimensions (b) 14. maintain (d) 15. intimate (c) Task 3 1) prerequisite 2) date 3) Respect 4) important 5) whomever 6) candidates 7) highly 8) essential 9) suitable 10) sufficient Unit Five

综合英语一课后答案

综合英语一课后答案 【篇一：综合英语第三册unit-1课后答案】 tivities Ⅰ. vocabulary 1. word derivation 1) assurance n.→ assure v. → assuring a. ①她向我们保证一切都会好起来的。 she assured us that everything would turn out all right. or she gave us her assurance that everything would turn out all right. ②他的安慰话帮我排除了恐惧。 his assuring words helped to banish my fear. 2) discreet a. → discreetly ad. → discretion / discreetness n. ①提出忠告要谨慎，接受忠告要虚心。 you need to be discreet in giving advice, humble in accepting it. ②那人小心翼翼地把名片放进上衣口袋。 the man discreetly slipped the card into his top pocket. ③他以最谨慎的态度处理此事。 he handled the matter with his best discretion. 3) relax v. →relaxing a. → relaxation n. ①你可以通过按摩来放松肌肉。

you can relax your muscles by massage. ②业余爱好应该是可以使人放松的。 hobbies are supposed to be relaxing. ③瑜伽是一种可以使身心放松的运动。 yoga is an exercise that can provide mental and physical relaxation. 4) humiliation n. → humiliate v. → humiliating a. ①士可杀不可辱。 a scholar prefers death to humiliation. ②他在老板面前批评他的同事，因而让同事蒙羞。 he humiliated his colleague by criticising him in front of the boss. ③历史上中国曾被迫签署了太多屈节辱国的条约。 in history, china has been forced to sign too many humiliating treaties. 5) strategically ad. → strategic a. → strategy n. ①在战略上，我们应该藐视一切敌人。 strategically we should despise all our enemies. ②西部大开发战略吸引了全世界的注意。 the large-scale development strategy for the western region drew worldwide attention. ③一般而言，首先参战的那方具有战略优势。 generally, the first to the field of battle has the strategic advantage. 6) embarrass v. → embarrassing a. → embarrassment n.

综合英语 课后翻译答案

Unit 1 1.他对这次面试中可能提到的问题作好了准备。（confront） He has prepared answers to the questions that he may confront during the interview. 2.他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎哭出声来。（touch） His sad experience touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。(hand in hand) The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing. 4.听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。(well up) When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。(in common) People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在3年内买一幢新房子。(look into) Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。（give in to） He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。（lock away） We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.虽然咱们分手了，但我希望咱们依然是好朋友，像以前一样互相关心，互相帮助。(part) Although we have parted from each other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we used to. 10.在紧急关头，军长召集全体军官开会，制定新的克敌战略战术。（summon） At the critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.一个由外交部长率领的政府代表团昨天抵达南非，开始对该国进行为期3天的友好访问。（head） A government delegation headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs arrived in South Africa yesterday, starting a three-day friendly visit to the country. 2.看看这些讽刺社会弊端的漫画实在好笑。（awfully funny） It is awfully funny to look at these caricatures which satirize social ills. 3.计算机是最有用的教学工具之一，所有的功课以及所有的问题和答案都可在屏幕上显示出来。（show on a screen） Computers are one of the most useful teaching tools, for all your lessons as well as all the questions and all the answers can be shown on a screen. 4.张利的母亲前天突然病倒，他赶紧派人请来医生。（send for） Zhang Li’s mother fell ill the day before yesterday, so he sent for a doctor immediately. 5.他去年高考失败，但他并未感到沮丧。他继续努力，今年考上了一所名牌大学。（disappoint） He failed in the college entrance examination last year, but he didn’t feel disappointed. Instead, he continued to study hard, passed the examination successfully and became a student in a famous university this year. 6.这个中学生有许多英语单词发音不准。（pronounce） This middle school student can’t pronounce many English words correctly. 7.在这个信息爆炸的时代，我们必须不断努力更新知识，才能适应工作的需要。（become adjusted to）In this era of information explosion, we have to make constant efforts to renew our knowledge. Only thus can we become adjusted to the requirement of our work. 8.那男孩把衬衫塞进裤腰里，将皮包夹在腋下，看上去俨然一副老板模样。（tuck） With his shirt t ucked into the top of his trousers and a leather bag under his arm, the boy looks just like a boss. 9.这位女孩虽然只有8岁，但已擅长计算分数了。难怪她父母为她感到自豪。（fraction） Although she is only eight years old, the little girl is quite good at calculating fractions. No wonder her parents feel proud of her. 10.街坊四邻都已听说那个消息了，而你却没听说过，你说怪不怪？（neighborhood） All the neighborhood have heard of the news, but you haven’t. D on’t you think it is strange? Unit 3 1.对不起，我迟到了，我刚才在开会脱不开身。（get away）

综合英语课后答案

Unit 5 1.Vocabulary (1) contrariness (2) tangle (3) stamina (4) roam (5) subtlety (6) bustling (7) conspire (8) foray (9) tangible (10) savor 2.Cloze (1) crowded (2) vacationers(3) stretch(4) tight (5) beginning(6) seem (7) cash(8) against (9) dreaded (10) possible (11) avoiding(12) popular (13) surprise (14) route (15) according to (16) same (17) difficult (18) ultimately (19) given (20) expect B. Translate the following sentences into English. (1)Success lies not so much as in luck as in hard work. (2)Such difficulties for us to classify their national characteristics usually stem from the enormous variety of America and Americans. (3)The minister has to fend off some awkward questions from reporters at the press conference. (4)Once again, I was caught in the middle of circumstances. The fourth born of six children, it was not uncommon that I was either too young or too old for something. (5)The quality of life of the residents has been on the rise, with considerable improvement in food, clothing, housing, tran sport and daily necessities.” (6)In spite of the tight budget, the government will still prop up the declining industries that are related to the national economy and people’s livelihood. (7)In addition to providing venture capital, we offer an array of value-added services and in-depth support to entrepreneurs in China’s high-tech industries. (8)If children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only. Unit 7 Vocabulary (1) dietary (2) trigger (3) syndrome (4) subside (5) nary (6) alienate (7) hodge-podge (8) emigrate (9) feast (10) presumptuous Cloze (1) when (2) divorce (3) imported (4) Blame (5)Western (6) as (7) across (8) where (9) breeding (10) West (11) on (12) hasten (13) even if (14) in (15) break into (16) follow (17) struck (18) abandoned (19) not (20) but B. Translate the following sentences into English. (1)In spite of great difficulties, the police were determined to track down this

综合英语-4-课后翻译答案

Unit 1 1. 我安排他们在小酒吧见面，但那个小伙子一直都没有来。（turn up） I had arranged for them to meet each other at the pub, but the young man never turned up. 2. 你无法仅凭表象判断形势是否会变得对我们不利。（tell from appearances） You can’t tell merely from appearances whether things will turn out unfavourable to us or not. 3. 那个士兵每次打仗都冲锋在前，从而赢得了国家的最高荣誉。（stand in the gap） The soldier，who stood in the gap in every battle, gained the highest honors of the country. 4. 主席讲话很有说服力，委员会其他成员都听从他的意见。（yield to） The chairman’s words are so convincing that the rest of the committee yield to his opinion. 5. 他们现在生活富裕了，但也曾经历坎坷。（ups and downs） They are better off, but along the way they had ups and downs. 6. 这次演讲我将说明两个问题。（address oneself to） There are two questions to which I will address myself in the lecture. 7. 我们正筹划为你举办一次盛大的圣诞聚会。（in sb.’s honour） We are planning a big Christmas party in your honour. 8. 听到那个曲子，我回想起了儿童时代。（throw sb.’s mind back） Hearing that tune threw my mind back to my childhood. Unit 2 1. 那只鸽子被卡在树杈里，一会儿就跌落下来。（wedge） The pigeon was wedged in the fork of a branch and it fell after a while. 2. 驾车人该付多少钱需要根据他对别人车子造成损坏的程度而定。（be proportional to） The payment that the motorist will have to make will be proportional to the damage he has done to other person’s car. 3. 你只有伏在地上慢慢爬过一条狭长的地道才能进入山洞。（inch） You can only enter the cave by inching through a narrow tunnel on your stomach.

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