Humor The Big Bang Theory Cooperative Principle从合作原则分析《生活大爆炸》中的幽默
河南理工大学本科生毕业论文
从合作原则分析《生活大爆炸》中的幽默
院系：外国语学院
专业：双学位英语
学生姓名：刘
学号： 6.。。。。。。。
指导教师：陈。。。。。。。
2014年5月
Analysis of Humor in The Big Bang Theory from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle
A Thesis Submitted
to School of Foreign Studies of
Henan Polytechnic University
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts
By
Supervisor：
May 24, 2014
Acknowledgments
The life as a undergraduate student is approaching to the end. During the four years‘ study I have benefited a lot. The thesis has been accomplished with the efforts of more than two months. Looking back to the processes of collecting, analyzing, modifying and rewriting the thesis, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me.
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Chen , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis, she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient, consistent and illuminating instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, this thesis could not have reached its present form.
I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents , friends and classmates who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
摘要
幽默是一种常见的言语交际形式,它作为一种独特的语言现象在语言文化中起着重要作用。在言语交际中,为了保证会话的顺利进行,谈话双方必须共同遵守合作原则。然而,人们有时出于某些原因,如幽默效果的需要,有意的违反合作原则。美国最新热播情景剧《生活大爆炸》(The Big Bang Theory)以“科学天才”为背景,讲述了一个美女和四个科学家的故事。该剧轻松幽默的语言为其在全球赢得了大量观众。剧中人物通过遵守与违反合作原则, 不仅在语言上取得了令人捧腹的效果, 而且使得对白诙谐幽默, 影片人物形象更加鲜明, 该剧也因此而获得了巨大的成功。本文作者运用格莱斯的会话合作原则分析该剧中的典型对白,通过实例分析详细展示了言语交际中违反合作原则所产生的幽默效果。希望通过对幽默及其创造的研究，英语学习者和爱好者能够更好地欣赏幽默，并获得一些更深层次的合作原则指导下的沟通技巧，更好的使用幽默语言。
关键词：合作原则；幽默；《生活大爆炸》；对白
Abstract
Humor is a common way of verbal communication, as a unique linguistic phenomenon, it plays an important role in linguistic culture. In verbal communication, in order to facilitate the conversation goes on smoothly, both party involved in the conversation must comply with the Cooperative Principle. While people usually break this principle owing to certain reasons, such as humor. American latest hit sitcom The Big Bang Theory uses ―scientific genius‖ as the background and tells a story of a girl and four scientists. This play‘s easy and humorous language have attracted a large number of audiences globally. The characters in it make out the hilarious effect through abide or violate the Cooperative Principle, and these make the dialogues humorous, and the characters more impressive, thus this play achieved a big success. In this thesis, the author applies the Cooperative Principle of Grice to analyze the typical dialogue, and the humorous effect caused by the violation of the cooperative principle in verbal communication were showed in detail through the analysis. It is hoped that through the study of humor and its creation, English learners may better appreciate humor, gain some insights into the communication skills guided by Cooperative Principle, and become better users of humor.
Key words: Cooperation Principle; humor; The Big Bang Theory; dialogue
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments (3)
摘要 (4)
Abstract (5)
Table of Contents (6)
Chapter 1 Introduction (1)
1.1 Research Background (1)
1.2 Significance of the Thesis (1)
1.3 Structure of the Thesis (2)
Chapter 2 Literature Review (3)
2.1 International Literature Review about Cooperative Principle (3)
2.1.1 Grice‘s Cooperative Principle (3)
2.1.2 Inheritance and Development of Grice‘s Cooperative Principle (5)
2.2 Domestic Literature Review about Cooperative Principle (6)
Chapter 3 Analysis (8)
3.1 Brief Introduction of The Big Bang Theory (8)
3.2 Analysis of American Sitcom The Big Bang Theory (8)
3.2.1 Violation of Quantity maxim in The Big Bang Theory (8)
3.2.2 Violation of Quality maxim in The Big Bang Theory (10)
3.2.3 Violation of Relation maxim in The Big Bang Theory (11)
3.2.4 Violation of Manner maxim in The Big Bang Theory (13)
Chapter 4 Conclusion (15)
Bibliography (17)
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Research Background
Situation comedies (Sitcoms) appeared as early as in American broadcasting‘s golden age (from 1920s to 1950s). Since 1990s, they have gradually won great popularity and occupied the prime time of American TV plays. American sitcoms are characterized by American values, local customs and practices, and national character, etc. Humorous languages, together with the deployment of seemingly unrelated scenarios, both of which are deeply rooted in American culture, could succeed in achieving the dramatic effect.
Sitcoms such as Growing Pains and Friends have brought tremendous joy to generations. The Big Bang Theory, introduced by CBS in 2007, proves to be refreshing. With scientific genius as the background, it is primarily centered on Penny Leonard, Sheldon, Howard and Rajesh, who live in Pasadena, California. With humorous language and easily confusing scientific theories, the show won the People‘s Choice Award for Favorite Comedy in 2010. On January 9, 2013, the show won People‘s Choice Award for Favorite Comedy for a secon d time.
The secret for the huge success lies in the humorous language. How does the humor created? The thesis will explore the question from the perspective of Cooperative Principle.
1.2 Significance of the Thesis
The study is worth undertaking for the following reasons. Firstly, research on the conversations of The Big Bang Theory enables the readers to better enjoy situation comedy. It facilitates the understanding of the show incisively and deeply.
Secondly, the analysis of the conversations in the show may contribute to our understanding of the humor and communication strategies. It may also widen the application of the Cooperative Principle.
Thirdly, the systematic study of the Cooperative Principle and the provided examples of the conversations from The Big Bang Theory may enable readers to learn more about how to create humors in the conversations, which will finally contribute to the maintenance of the stable and
harmonious relationship in real human interaction.
1.3 Structure of the Thesis
This thesis is made up of four chapters:
Chapter 1 serves as a brief introduction to the thesis. Chapter 2 is literature review, in which the international literature review and the domestic literature review about cooperative principle are reviewed. Chapter 3 is committed to the analysis of the humor effect of the conversation from the perspective of Cooperative Principle and aims to reveal how the humor is created. Chapter 4 draws the conclusion and some advices are put forward by the author.
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2.1 International Literature Review about Cooperative Principle
2.1.1 Grice’s Cooperative Principle
The reason why a conversation can be called as a conversation is that it is combined by many meaningful and related utterances, other than meaningless and irrelated words. A conversation must be a successful verbal communication, while a successful verbal communication is the result of the participators hard cooperation. In order to make the conversation a successful one, the participators must have the same communicative goal, or at least have one direction which is accepted by two or more people in the conversation. The goal or direction usually has been defined at the very beginning of the conversation, for example both party try to work out the time of a meeting through conversation, or solve a specific problem. Of course, the goal or direction also can come out during the conversation.
In social science generally and linguistics specifically, the cooperative principle describes how people interact with one another. As phrased by Paul Grice, who introduced it, it states, "Make your contribution such as it is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged. "(Grice, Paul, 1975) Though phrased as a prescriptive command, the principle is intended as a description of how people normally behave in conversation. Listeners and speakers must speak cooperatively and mutually accept one another to be understood in a particular way. The cooperative principle describes how effective communication in conversation is achieved in common social situations.
The cooperative principle can be divided into four maxims: quantity maxim, quality maxim, relation maxim and manner maxim, called the Gricean Maxims, describing specific rational principles observed by people who obey the cooperative principle; these principles enable effective communication(Snje?ana, 1991) .Grice proposed four conversational maxims that origin from the pragmatics of naturallanguage(Wilson, 1986) .The Gricean Maxims are a way to explain the link between utterances and what is understood from them.
Quantity maxim has two basic rules: make your contribution as informative as is required
(for the current purposes of the exchange); do not make your contribution more informative than is required. That is to say, the quantity maxim rules the quantity of the information we should supply when we are talking: no more and no less than being wanted. In other words, when you are talking to others, you just need to say what you know, but you can not give more information than others want or expected. For example, if you are mending a car for a customer, the customer wants you do appropriately, no more and no less than his requirement. If the customer wants four bolt, you can not give him two or six.
Quality maxim means: do not say what you believe to be false; do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. The quality maxim rules the authenticity of one‘s words, it makes the speaker tell the truth and do not say utterances which are not real or lack of evidence. The truth here refers to things the speaker believes true. There are some situation that things the speaker believes true, but in fact they are false, in these kinds of situations, we regard the speaker are still abiding by the quality maxim.
In the routine life, it means I hope your help is true not false. For example, if you are helping me with making a cake, when I need some sugar, I hope you would not give salt instead. When I need a spoon, I hope you would not pass me a spoon of rubber toy.
The relation maxim just has one rule: being relevant. It rules that you must say something relate to the conversation, and you can not say things have nothing to with the conversation. With respect to this maxim, Grice writes, "Though the maxim itself is terse, its formulation conceals a number of problems that exercise me a good deal: questions about what different kinds and focuses of relevance there may be, how these shift in the course of a talk exchange, how to allow for the fact that subjects of conversations are legitimately changed, and so on. I find the treatment of such questions exceedingly difficult, and I hope to revert to them in later work. "(Grice, 1975) This maxim means I hope my cooperator can meet my different requirement in deferent phase. For example, in the phase of mixing all the raw materials when I am making a cake, I do not need you give me a very good book, even a piece of oven cloth(may be later, it could be the very thing I need).
The manner maxim has four rules: a voiding obscurity of expression; avoiding ambiguity; being brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) and being orderly. This maxim rules the manner one talks. It means that in a dialogue, the information would be given to be perspicuous(clear and
lucid). It needs the cooperator know exactly his contribution and be nimble. For example: He addressed and sealed the envelope.
Here it tells reader the order of two actions. Actor should first write the address and then seal the envelope. And the action happened orderly. This sentence does not have verbosely useless information and have a coherent program.
2.1.2 Inheritance and Development of Grice’s Cooperative Principle
The scholar who studied Grice‘s Cooperative Principle earliest was Horn, he promoted Grice‘s four maxims into two parts that quantity principle and relation principle. Quantity principle: you need to make your words ample, you must say as much as possible(base on the condition of relation principle). Relation principle: you must ensure your words are necessary, you do not need to say more words than being needed(base on the condition of quantity principle). Horn built this two principles from both views of speaker and listener, he reached the aim to simplify the Cooperative Principle indeed, but they are lack of interpretation of nominal tautology, abstract and unpractical, so they did not have a great influence.
Compared with Horn‘s theory, Levinson‘s Three Principles is relatively specific and practical, and has a great influence, it becomes the ―new Grice pragmatics system‖. Levinson thought that the understanding and deducing of a context‘s meaning could be based on three principles: quantity principle, information principle and manner principle, and he divided each principle into ―speaker principle‖ and ―listener principle‖. Levinson also ruled that when these three principles contradict with each other, their functional order is : quantity principle comes firstly, manner principle comes secondly, and information principle comes last. The difference between Levinson‘s Three Principle and Grice‘s Four Maxims is their emphasis. Grice deals with the special conversational implicature not the common conversational implicature, while Levinson‘s Three Principles not only emphasize on special conversational implicature, but also common conversational implicature. Thus Three Principle has wider coverage and more persuasive than Four Maxims.
Brown and Levinson(B&L) proposed that verbal politeness should be serve as the complication of Cooperative Principle. Their co-worked the book The Generality in Language Use: Politeness Phenomenon. In this book, they think verbal communication is rational and
motivated, as so, B&L try to serve rational explanation to some verbal behavior which seems contradict from Cooperative Principle through their theory.
In addition, the international researches on Cooperative Principle have had a half a hundred years history, and they have reached a relatively high level no matter from the aspect of width or the depth.
2.2 Domestic Literature Review about Cooperative Principle
After Cooperative Principle is put forward, it aroused great repercussion in academic world. But no theory is perfect, they all need to be completed during practical process, so as Cooperative Principle. According to this issue, there are three schools have their own ways to make up Cooperative Principle‘s shortcomings. In brief, they are improvement, complement and negative.
First of all, the improvement of Cooperative Principle. In consideration of the shortcoming of Levinson‘s Three Principle, Xu Shenghuan, a domestic scholar, built a theoretical frame which was used in pragmatical inference(徐盛桓,1993). This theoretical frame is used to explain and deduce common conversational meaning, and it includes two parts: derivation process and enforcement regulation. Derivation process can be understood as the following graph:
Markedness Unmarked
Marked Horn‘s theory No Deducing by Manner Principle Deducing by Manner Principle Yes
Deducing by Quantity Principle
The whole deducing process starts with markedness, and transits through the way directed by the arrows, then makes the final conclusion of the inference. While enforcement regulation is just the rules of the using of manner principle, quantity principle and information principle. Thus we can see that no matter Grice‘s Cooperative Principle, Levinson‘s theory or Xu Shenghuan‘s theoretical frame, they are all aim to strengthen the scientificalness and explanation power of
theory with formalized ways.
Secondly, the complement of Cooperative Principle. This school approves most of Cooperative Principle , but they think Cooperative Principle is not comprehensive. So they have replenished some other principles on the basis of the Cooperative Principle, such as Suo Zhenyu‘s Appropriate Principle(AP) and Zhou Liquan‘s Inference of Connotation Principle. Suo Zhenyu thinks the Cooperative Principle just applies to straightforward conversation, while Appropriate Principle applies to equivocate conversation. So the relationship between AP and Cooperative Principle is complementation. Zhou Liquan divided the meaning of linguistic form into four parts: empressement, sufficiency, relevance and manner（Sweetser, 1990).
Thirdly, the negative of Cooperative Principle. This school thinks the Cooperative Principle is lack of explanation power of conversation, so the Cooperative Principle should be denied completely. Such as Qian Guanlian‘s Purpose Principle and Liao Meizhen‘s Objective Principle. Qian Guanlian ―firstly denied the Cooperative Principle completely in public‖(周礼全,1994). He thinks verbal communication is for the sake of specific aim and purpose, he points out that ―with the general communicational aim, we can divide the aim into many pieces during our conversation, if not, the conversation can not go on any longer‖. In her book Objective Principle and Objective analysis, Liao Meizhen8 points out that any rational people‘s rational verbal behaviors all have the guarantee of aim--communicational aim. Objective Objective Principle is the basic of the objective analysis for verbal behavior(廖美珍,2005).
Chapter 3 Analysis
3.1 Brief Introduction of The Big Bang Theory
The show is initially centered on five characters living in Pasadena, California. They are: Leonard Hofstadter and Sheldon Cooper who are roommates and physicists; Penny, a waitress and aspiring actress who lives across the hall; and Leonard and Sheldon's friends mechanical engineer Howard Wolowitz and astrophysicist Raj Koothrappali who are equally geeky and socially awkward and they are also co-workers. The loathiness and high intellect of the four guys is totally contrary from Penny's social skills and common sense which forms a comic effect (Strauss, 2008)(Pierce, 2008).
Over time, supporting characters have been promoted to starring roles: Leslie Winkle, a physicist colleague at Caltech and, and at different times, she is a lover of both Leonard and Howard. Bernadette Rostenkowski, Howard's girlfriend (later his wife), a microbiologist and former part-time waitress as same as Penny. Neuroscientist Amy Farrah Fowler, who joins the group after being matched to Sheldon on a dating website (and later becomes Sheldon's girlfriend), and Stuart Bloom, a cash-strapped owner of the comic book store the characters often visit.
In February 2014, CBS CEO Les Moonves confirmed an eighth season, when announcing the first half of the new season would air on a different night, due to CBS acquiring the rights to Thursday Night Football games. The show will return to its Thursday slot it has held for the past few seasons once the football games end(David, 2014). In March 2014, CBS once again renewed the show for three additional years, through the 2016–17 television season(Eric, 2014).
3.2 Analysis of American Sitcom The Big Bang Theory
3.2.1 Violation of Quantity maxim in The Big Bang Theory
The quantity maxim requires the speaker supply enough but not more information than being wanted. That is to say, you can not say more or less information than being wanted. Thus, when the speaker are not able to supply enough information or he supplies more information, it will lead to humorous result. There are many multiple places in The Big Bang Theory violates the quantity maxim which lead to hilarious effect. The following is some typical examples in The Big Bang
Theory which violates the quantity maxim.
Example 1:
Lenard: Howard brought a mate?
Sheldon: A more possible explanation is that his work in robotics has made an amazing leap forward.
( Episode 04, Season 1, The Big Bang Theory)
This is a scene that the main roles take part in their department‘s party. When L asks whether H brings his mate, S does not answer directly, but adopt a tone of sarcasm ―A more possible explanation is that his work in robotics has made an amazing leap forward‖. It is obviously that S gives L more information than L wants. It also reflects that S would rather believe H has made a great achievement in robotics than think H has a girlfriend. And S‘s words also reflect that H‘s lamentable and ridiculous as a physicist, thus it leads to a comic effect.
Example 2:
Lenard: What are you talking about?
Sheldon: Einstein.
Lenard: Yeah. I‘ m going to need it a little more.
Sheldon: Albert Einstein.
( Episode 14, Season 3, The Big Bang Theory)
This dialogue is based on the situation that S plans to do a mount of experimentists in order to searching puzzles about graphene. S tells L the way he has thought to solute the puzzles. When L asks him how to solute the problems, S‘s answer is ―Einstein‖, and L‘s direct reaction is ―I‘ m going to need it a little more‖, it is certain that the audiences have the same thought as L that S is needed to say something about Einstein‘s experience or the researching methods that Einstein had used. However, S‘s answer is ―Albert Einstein‖, it is too brief, and less than L‘s expectation. This answer is totally different from the audiences expectation, so its humorous effect is quite obvious.
Example 3:
Leonard: I should probably give you a heads up about his mother.
Penny: What about her?
Leonard: She‘s a delightful woman. You‘ll love her.
The background of this dialogue is that P has hurt H‘s feeling, so she plans to apologize to
him and invites him to participate in the robot competition. Before she leaves, L gives her a friendly advice for the reason that H‘s mother is leather-lunged and very annoying, but he just says H‘s mother is a very likable people implicitly, and gives P no more information. For lack of information about H‘s mother, when P meets H‘s mother, she is shocked badly, so as the audiences. Thus, we can see the humorous effect aroused by violation of quantity maxim.
3.2.2 Violation of Quality maxim in The Big Bang Theory
The quality maxim requires the speaker tell the listener informations which are true or the speaker thinks they are true. But sometimes, the speaker may say something false, usually these things are told by ways of hyperbole, irony, personation and metaphor etc, while these rhetorical devices are exactly the manifestation of humor. In The Big Bang Theory, there are many different forms of dialogue which violate the quality maxim. This thesis will adopt some of them to analysis.
Example 1:
Howard: Ah, who am I kidding? I would n‘t have a shot with a girl like that.
Raj: Don‘t put yourself down; you‘re a very attractive man.
The background of this dialogue is that H spends the weekend with R for making up R for H‘s paying more attention to a girl than R last weekend. But when a pretty girl passes by, H makes the old mistake (paying more attention to a lover than friends) again. R contempts this old mistake of H in his mind, but he says H is charming apparently, this is irony actually. R has said something he believes is wrong that is H is not so charming to a girl, but the words he has said are taken seriously by H, so the result is that H is turned down by the girl. Then the humorous effect comes out.
Example 2:
Sheldon: His name isn‘t Toby. Toby is an absurd name for a cricket.
Raj: What would you name him?
Sheldon: An appropriate cricket name. For example, Jimmy.
The background of this dialogue is that R and H catched a cricket, R names it ―Toby‖, while S thinks it is unappropriate and even absurd to a cricket, it should be named as "Jimmy". But why "Jimmy" is appropriate to a cricket, S himself can not give any evidence, so what he has said is
not true, and violates the quality maxim. However, this exactly reflects the stubborn of S, thus S‘s stubborn appears very funny, and the humorous effect arises spontaneously.
Example 3:
Sheldon: You realize that scene was rife with scientific inaccuracy.
Penny: Yes, I know, men can't fly.
Sheldon: Let's assume that they can. Lois Lane is falling, accelerating an initial rate of 32 feet per second. Superman swoops down to save her by reaching out two arms of steel, Miss Lane, who is now traveling at approximately 120 miles an hour hits them and is immediately sliced into three equal pieces.
In this dialogue, S and P are talking about the story in the movie Superman, S asks P that whether she has found the story is rife with scientific inaccuracy, P‘s answer is man can not fly, but S assumes that man can fly. S is a brilliant scientist, he know clearly that man can not fly, so his assumption is contradict from the truth as well as the quality maxim. However, he regards a false assumption as premise, explain the story with scientific theory, and overturns the traditional moving scene that a hero rescues girl. In his description, the scene becomes very bloody and shocking, and totally contradict from the audiences‘ expectation, but the contradiction is the very humorous effect.
3.2.3 Violation of Relation maxim in The Big Bang Theory
The relation maxim requires the speaker‘s words are related with the present conversation. If the speakers do not abbey this maxim, it may make some barriers to the conversation, and their‘s statements can not be understood well. But sometimes, the speaker would rather say something seems uncorrelated to the conversation. 13These words may seems wired, but they implicate the real thought of the speaker, and usually the humorous effect comes out from this. In The Big Bang Theory, the main characters usually violate the relation maxim for many reasons, and their violations are full of comical effect usually.
Example 1:
Sheldon: Are you saying that you think a ―Celebration Pie‖ is even remotely comparable to a ―Noble Prize‖
Penny:Well, they‘re pretty tasty.
In this dialogue, P is trying to cheer S up after S failed the ―Noble Prize‖ with the thing that she did not get the ―Celebration Pie‖ after she lost the competition of the leader of cheering squad when she was in high school. S can not understand how a ―Celebration Pie‖is even remotely comparable to a ―Noble Prize‖, but P is still thinking about the delicacy of the ―Celebration Pie‖ , so her answer has nothing to do with S‘s question, therefore, her answer violates the relation maxim. Then this dialogue results in a humorous effect.
Example 2:
Sheldon: You want to hear an interesting thing about stairs?
Sheldon: I did a series of experiments when I was 12. My father broke his clavicle.
Leonard: Is that why they sent you to boarding school?
Sheldon: No, that was a result of my work with lasers.
This dialogue is about the funny thing that S tells to L about stairs. And what S says makes L thinks that is why his parents sent him to boarding school, however the real reason is S‘s laser experiment. But in the dialogue, S just need to answer ―no‖, because ―that was a result of my work with lasers‖has nothing to do with their dialogue, for the reason that L did not ask S why his parents sent him to boarding school. While it is exactly this unexpected answer which violates the relation maxim makes the audiences feel surprised and laugh.
Example 3:
Penny: Sheldon, I‘m sorry about your hamburger, okay? I just don‘t want to be a waitress for the rest of my life.
Sheldon: Cheeseburger. I get a cheeseburger.
The background of this dialogue is that P wants to run a business by her own, and gets rid of the fate of being a waitress. Knowing that, S is very upset. S asks who will serve him cheeseburger afterwards, P expresses her regret for not serving him any more, and shows her eager to be her own boss. However, we can tell that S does not care about P‘s thought from S‘s words, what he emphasizes is cheeseburger not humbugger. Their words have totally different emphasis, and are totally unrelated. So the violation of relation maxim of this dialogue makes the humorous effect comes true.
3.2.4 Violation of Manner maxim in The Big Bang Theory
The manner maxim is different from the above three maxims, the above three maxims are related to the context of the conversation, but manner maxim emphasizes on one‘s manner during conversation. It requires the speaker a void obscurity of expression, avoid ambiguity, be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity) and be orderly. 14But in The Big Bang Theory, the characters sometimes violates manner maxim on purpose to reach the comical effect.
Penny: Hi
Leonard: Hi
Sheldon: Hi
Leonard: Hi
Sheldon: Hi
( Episode 1, Season 1, The Big Bang Theory)
In season one, L and S meet their new neighbor P, in common situation, people just need to say one ―hi‖, so L and S‘s repeat violates the manner maxim. But this exactly reflects Land S‘s lack of social technique and their rare communication with people especially girls. In this dialogue the effect of violation of manner maxim is quite fit with the characters‘ nature, and this violation leads an effect of funny.
Example 2:
Sheldon: So, Leonard, how goes the mimesis?
Leonard: Mimesis?
Sheldon: You know, mimesis, an action in which the mimic takes on the properties of a specific object or organism.
The background of this dialogue is that L wants to incorporate himself into his girlfriend Penny‘s life circle, and companies her watching the football game(L does not familiar with, and even not fond of football game actually) with her friends. S greets L with code words which are too obscure to understand, so L can not understand what S is meaning, then S has to explain his own words again. This obviously violates the manner maxim, but just because of this, the comic effect comes out.
Example 3:
Leonard: What do you mean he‘s getting deported?
Sheldon: I believe it means that the U. S. government is going to expel him from the country. He could then either return to his native India, immigrate to another cou ntry that‘s willing to accept him, or wander the high seas as a stateless pirate. Personally, I choose pirate.
The background of this dialogue is that Raj has little achievement in all of his experiments, he is afraid that if this fact is found out by the university, he may be fired, then he will be expelled unless he finds another job. In this dialogue, L is showing his care about Raj, and asks Howard ―What do you mean he‘s getting deported‖, the answer he wants is not the explanation of ―getting deported‖. But S is a person who has the IQ of 183 but EQ nearly 0, and he is very conceit. So he thinks all other people too very ignorant to know the meaning of ―getting deported‖, then he makes a harangue about ―getting deported‖. The result is that all other people are rather baffling. Apparently, S has violated the manner maxim, and then comes out the humorous effect.
bigbang的只看着我韩语中文翻译
bigbang的只看着我韩语中文翻译 ： yoposeiyo:喂（相当于日语里的摩西摩西】 你在哪里？--bigbang里太阳 女：哦，图书馆 太阳：最近有时间吗？ 女：最近很忙，不好意思。 太阳：那就挂了吧。 女：拜拜。 只看着我It's been on my mind for a while gotta get this off my chest before it't too late na na nanana I can't let you go I gotta let it go na na nanana I can't let you go you gotta listen 一天也会看着你笑好几次ha lu wai dou miang bang xi naor bu miao wa song na You're the love of my life 不是已经说过几百回了You're the love of my life su bai bong ma lai jia na You're the love of my life 在这虚伪的世界上在我不安的心中kao ji dai sai sang sou bu nan lai nai mang sou 唯独剩下
的就只有你和我而已ao jin na min ning gaor nao wa na bu ni la ko 偶尔因为怕我变心而不安的时候ka ge nai ma piao nai ga ba pu lan nai ha dai miao 我不是都笑着告诉你了吗那是不可能的o si miang ma lai jia na ke lo li lo da go 在无止尽的彷徨之中我空荡荡的心里ge go nen bang huang sou qiong bin nai ga sim sou 尽管我能依靠的就只有你一个nai gai gi dai gou si no ha la bu li ji man 却讨厌偶尔会动摇的自己yeah ka gem xi ken len li nen nai jia xi ni mi wo yeah 今天我也沉陷入这世界而悄悄把你遗忘o neri dou na ni sai sang ye we si liu qie nen xi ner ji wo baby baby Baby 就算我花心了你也绝对不要花心Baby lei ga ba la piao jiu nao hing ji dai bi ji ma baby Lady 即使我把你忘记了你也不要忘了我lady nan nen naor leri yi jia dao nen na leri i ji ma lady 就算偶尔我去喝酒也没有联系你ka ge mai ga yao la yi yao go sv lv ma xiao dou 就算我暂时跟别的女人对上眼也请你只看着我hok xi nai ga ca leri nao dao yao jia wa jiang xi nu nv ma qiao dou nan na man ba la ba 今晚也是通宵等了我一晚o leri bang dou ji si miao nai gi da liao da gou 流着泪对我说（说我好像变了）nun mu lo nai gai ma lie (piao na go ga da go) 我说我对你的心也和最初一样这样安慰着你
工程造价管理试题及答案
工程造价管理试题及答 案 Standardization of sany group #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#
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工程造价试题(答案)
湖北第二师范学院继续教育学院2010—2011学年第二学期期中考试《建筑工程造价管理》课程考试试卷(B卷) 教学部门：年级专业： 学生姓名：学号： 考试方式：（开卷、闭卷）……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共16分） 1 下列不是工程造价管理的特点是（D） A 时效性 B 公正性 C 规范性 D 不准确性 2 设一次贷款本金为300万元，采用单利的模式计算利息，年利率是百分之六，经过五年后的本 利之和为(C)万元 A 300 B 350 C 390 D 400 3 工程量的计算单位中，以体积计算时，它的单位为（A） A 立方米 B 立方厘米 C 立方毫米 D 英尺 3 已知产量定额是10单位，那么时间定额是（D） A 10 B 0.5 C 1 D 0.1 4 已知一个零件的制作需要经过两个工序，第一个工序的时间定额是1工日，第二个工序的时间定额是4工日，那么这个零件的产量定额是（C） A 5 B 4 C 0.2 D 0.1 5 某投资香米在建设初期一次性投入100万元，经营期为10年，投产后每年可以获得净现金流量为10万，那么该项目的年现金系数为（C） A 10 B 1000 C 10 D 100 6 PI的含义是（C） A 利润 B 资金流量 C 现金指数 D 毛利 应该（A） 7 当项目盈利时，CI CO A 大于0 B 大于等于0 C 小于0 D 等于0 8 某项目的报告期综合人工单价为10，参照工程综合人工单价是8，那么人工费调整系数为（B） A 0.1 B 0.25 C 25 D 10
《建设工程造价案例分析》真题及答案
某工程项目发包人与承包人签订了施工合同，工期4个月，工程内容包括A、B两项分项工程，综合单价分别为360.00元/m3、220.00元/m3；管理费和利润为人材机费用之和的16%；规费和税金为人材机费用、管理费和利润之和的10%，各分项工程每月计划和实际完成工程量及单价措施项目费用见表5.1。 表5.1 分项工程工程量及单价措施项目费用数据表 总价措施项目费用6万元（其中安全文明施工费3.6万元）；暂列金额15万元。 合同中有关工程价款结算与支付约定如下： 1、开工日10天前，发包人应向承包人支付合同价款（扣除暂列金额和安全文明施工费）的20%作为工程预付款，工程预付款在第 2、3个月的工程价款中平均扣回）； 2、开工后10日内，发包人应向承包人支付安全文明施工费的60%，剩余部分和其它总价措施项目费用在第2、3个月平均支付； 3、发包人按每月承包人应得工程进度款的90%支付；
4、当分项工程工程量增加（或减少）幅度超过15%时，应调整综合单价，调整系数为0.9（或1.1）；措施项目费按无变化考虑； 5、B分项工程所用的两种材料采用动态结算方法结算，该两种材料在B分项工程费用中所占比例分别为12%和10%，基期价格指数均为100。施工期间，经监理工程师核实及发包人确认的有关事项如下： 1、第二个月发生现场计日工的人材机费用6.8万元； 2、第四个月B分项工程动态结算的两种材料价格指数分别为110和120。 问题： 1、该工程合同价为多少万元？工程预付款为多少万元？ 2.第2个月发包人应支付给承包人的工程价款为多少万元？ 3、到第三个月末B分项工程的进度偏差为多少万元？ 4、第四个月A、B两项分项工程的工程价款各位多少万元？发包人在该月应支付给承包人的工程价款为多少万元？ 答案： 1、合同价[（360×1000+220×700）/10000+7+6+15]×（1+10%）=87.34万元 工程预付款[（360×1000+220×700）/10000+7+6-3.6]×（1+10%）×20%=13.376万元 2、第2、3月支付措施费=（6-3.6×60%）/2=1.92万元
bigbang英文简介
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2018年《建设工程造价管理》真题及答案
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B. 联邦政府公布的上月信息价 C. 现行材料及设备供应商报价 D. 预计项目实施时的市场价 6. 根据《建设工程质量管理条例》在正常使用条件下，给排水管道工程的最低保修期限为（）年 A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5 7. 根据《招标投标法实施条例》，依法必须进行招标的项目可以不进行招标的情形是（）。 A. 受自然环境限制只有少量潜在投标人 B. 需要釆用不可替代的专利或者专有技术 C. 招标费用占项目合同金额的比例过大 D. 因技术复杂只有少量潜在投标人 8. 根据《招标投标法实施条例》，投标人认为招投标活动不符合法律法规规定的，可以自知道或应当知道之日起（）日内向行政监督部门投诉。 A. 10 B. 15 C. 20 D. 30 9. 根据《合同法》与无权代理人签订合同的相对人可以催告被代理人在（）个月内予追认。 A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6 10. 根据《合同法》，当事人既约定违约金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方的正确处理方式
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工程造价试题答案
工程造价试题答案
《建筑工程造价管理》第2页，共10页 湖北第二师范学院继续教育学院2010—2011学年第二学期期中考试 《 建筑工程造价管理》课程考试试卷(B 卷) 教学部 门： 年级专业： 学生姓 名： 学 号： 考试方式 ： （开卷、闭卷） ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 题号 一 二 三 四 五 … 总分 签名 题分 得分 一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共16分） 1 下列不是工程造价管理的特点是（D ） A 时效性 B 公正性 C 规范性 D 不准确性 2 设一次贷款本金为300万元，采用单利的模式计 算利息，年利率是百分之六，经过五年后的本利 得分 评卷人
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bigbang歌曲音译 超完整
Blue 扣~绿~嘎~够~， 莫米恰~讲求~， 莫木惜得够， 顾（林in) 搜~给， 马瑞莫~登了就~， im singin my blue~唔~唔~， 撒郎嫩木掠， 怕蓝森普掠，开套（sei跟挖jor）~~（唔~唔~唔），色跟顾聊ruai， 门聊包嫩，撒郎哦哦（诶哦）， （志龙部分） 嘎ten那努它len顾no挖那， 为偶嘛你嘎~，no也跟搜都那。 就~嫩~够啊， 内没蓝gi加也就们嫩， 没giu怕集嘛~，嫩嘎某那森len, 够~呀，加你嫩， 米giu伦撒啦捏嘛~喽，ki 有都嘛~都， 米流给苏now~ 打狗啊， 嘛~嫩~sei 跟嘛集嘛mail~喽， 嘛gi 嫩~表嫩有VJ~ （大成部分） 忒有那搜~能~嘛~那~够，煮归忙酷~擦~朗~哈~够~，怕啦给木~底喽，希跟内忙~~ 顾内刚嘛~都now~嘞~gi~苏沃恰那~， （第二副歌） 扣~绿~嘎~够， 偶米加~讲就~， 偶伦希dei够， 顾（林in）搜~ 给， 马瑞忙~，登了就~， in singin my blue~唔~唔~， 撒朗嫩木掠， 怕蓝森普掠，开套（sei跟挖jor~~) 唔~唔~唔~，den顾劳ruai~,，门聊包嫩，撒郎哦哦，
（TOP部分） 新江跟某集够忙嘎~~ 塔琴真尼应那够~， 替都sei 奥聊不~ cen no~ 哇那， 嫩莫里搜sei顾今choo~嘛，恩no木嘛嘞秒~， choo choo ki gi 有卡，妮 ~ 嫩撒郎~， 乖喽ki no外喽ki 都外那， 韩bou肯咋浑加买~， 酷一擦捏不加慢~个某加慢， 才苏喽集啊木喽集都啊~~那~~ 该苏往能把~~完，撒郎登嘞挖~大~看~大， （太阳部分） 太阳那搜~（内儿~忙~ 那够，煮给忙ki擦~朗~哈~够~， 怕啦ki 木~底喽，希地内忙~~， 破内头那~ 都~囊~ K~ tei~ 路一jor朗~， 扣~绿~嘎~够， 偶米加~讲就~， 偶伦希得够， 顾（林in）搜~ 给， 马瑞莫~登了就~， 偶内嘎怕~~蓝jor, 太皮啊~~咧~因~那哦喽，恰内集给jor~~, 肯搜gi搜~头~ 嫩，ki dei 绿恰~加， 黑没一~~ 秒一~~ no dei~ 绿，呼劳呦~~ in singin my blue~唔~唔~， 撒朗嫩木掠， 怕蓝森普掠，开套（sei跟挖jor~~) 唔~唔~唔~， 色跟顾劳ruai~,，门聊包嫩，擦郎哦哦， in singin my blue~唔~唔~， 撒朗嫩木掠， 怕蓝森普掠，开套（sei跟挖jor~~) 唔~唔~唔~， 色跟顾劳ruai~,门聊包嫩，擦郎哦哦~。 Wedding dress 内嘎哥哇大土勾 太伦哥坛哎无勾 Him得喽哈岱庙南会忙呃呐Ki勾 阿姆度木了该满啊啊啊破勾 内加恩米苏秒度单单嗨几勾
工程造价试题附答案
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5.施工定额的编制应反映（）。 A.社会平均水平 B.平均先进水平 C.社会先进水平 D.企业实际水平 6.根据《招投标法》，对于依法必须进行招标的项目，自招标文件开始发出之日起至投标人提交投标文件截止之日止，最短不得少于（）日。 A.10 B.20 C.30 D.60 7.对工程量清单概念表述不正确的是（）。 A、工程量清单是包括工程数量的明细清单 B、工程量清单也包括工程数量相应的单价 C、工程量清单由招标人提供 D、工程量清单是招标文件的组成部分 8.当初步设计达到一定深度，建筑结构比较明确时，编制建筑工程概算可以采用（）。 A.单位工程指标法 B.概算指标法 C.概算定额法 D.类似工程概算法 9.根据《招标投标法实施条例》，招标文件中要求中标人提交履约保证金的，保证金不得超过中标合同金额的（）。 A.2% B.5% C.10% D.20% 10.下列关于招标代理的叙述中，错误的是（）。 A.招标人有权自行选择招标代理机构，委托其办理招标事宜 B.招标人具有编制招标文件和组织评标能力的，可以自行办理招标事
bigbang英文简介
bigbang英文简介 bigbang是于2020年出道的韩国组合，一起来看看关于bigbang的英文简介吧。下面是小编给大家整理的bigbang英文简介，供大家参阅! bigbang英文简介1bigbang, a Korean portfolio. By five individuals.Captain, G-Dragon. Born August 18, 1988.. Specialty is Rapping, Dance, Beat Box, lyricist, composer, singing, English, Chinese .. responsible for the Rapper, Vocal.Members of the sun. Born May 18, 1988. Talent is singing, Dance, English, Japanese, composer, lyricist, piano, Rapping, Beat box .. is responsible for Main Vocal, Main Dancer.Members, TOP. Born November 4, 1987. Specialty is Rapping, Beat Box, wrote the lyrics .. responsible Rapper, Vocal.Members, Dacheng. Born April 26, 1989. Talent is singing. Responsible for the Main Vocal.Old and young, victory. Born December 12, 1990. Talent is singing, Dance, swimming, English, Japanese, MC. Responsible for the Main Vocal, Dancer. bigbang、韩国组合。五个人。 队长,G-Dragon。1988年8月18日,出生的。特长是rap,跳舞,拍子、作词、作曲、唱歌、英语、中文. .负责说唱歌手,震撼人心。 成员,太阳。1988年5月18日,出生的。特长是唱歌、舞蹈、英语、日语、作曲家、作词,钢琴,rap,拍子. .负责主要声乐、主要的舞蹈担当。 成员,TOP。1987年11月4日,出生的。特长是rap,拍子,写的词,震撼人心。负责说唱. . 成员,大成。1989年4月26日,出生的。特长是歌唱。震撼人心。 老小,胜利。1990年12月12日,出生的。特长是歌唱,跳舞,游泳、英语、日语、司仪。负责主要的声乐、舞蹈担当。 bigbang英文简介 2 bigbang, a Korean portfolio. By five individuals. Captain, G-Dragon. Born August 18, 1988.. Specialty is Rapping, Dance, Beat
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