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Disorder-induced melting of the charge order in thin films of Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3

a r X i v :c o n d -m a t /0201365v 1 [c o n d -m a t .m t r l -s c i ] 21 J a n 2002

Europhysics Letters PREPRINT

Disorder-induced melting of the charge order in thin ?lms of Pr 0.5Ca 0.5MnO 3

Z.Q.Yang 1,R.W.A.Hendrikx 1,P.J.M.v.Bentum 2and J.Aarts 1

Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory,Leiden University,P.O.Box 9504,Leiden,the Nether-lands 2

Nijmegen High Field Magnet Laboratory,Toernooiveld 1,6525ED Nijmegen,the Netherlands

PACS.73.50.Fq –.PACS.75.30.Vn –.

February 1,2008

Abstract.–We have studied the magnetic-?eld-induced melting of the charge order in thin ?lms of Pr 0.5Ca 0.5MnO 3(PCMO)?lms on SrTiO 3(STO)by X-ray di?raction,magnetization and transport measurement.At small thickness (25nm)the ?lms are under tensile strain and the low-temperature melting ?elds are of the order of 20T or more,comparable to the bulk value.With increasing ?lm thickness the strain relaxes,which leads to a strong decrease of the melting ?elds.For a ?lm of 150nm,with in-plane and out-of-plane lattice parameters closer to the bulk value,the melting ?eld has reduced to 4T at 50K,with a strong increase in the hysteretic behavior and also an increasing fraction of ferromagnetic material.Strain relaxation by growth on a template of YBa 2Cu 3O 7?δor by post-annealing yields similar results with an even stronger reduction of the melting ?eld.Apparently,strained ?lms behave bulk-like.Relaxation leads to increasing suppression of the CO state,presumably due to atomic scale disorder produced by the relaxation process.

Introduction.–The occurrence of Charge Order (CO)in doped perovskite manganites of type RE 1?x A x MnO 3(RE =trivalent rare earth ,A’=divalent alkaline earth)is currently a much studied phenomenon.The CO state,a long range ordering of the Mn 3+and Mn 4+ions,is the result of a complicated competition between Coulomb interactions (between the charges),exchange interactions (between the Mn moments),and the electron-lattice coupling.It is therefore sensitive to the amount of doping and to the details of the structure,but also to magnetic ?elds :the insulating CO state can ’melt’into a metallic state by polarizing the Mn moments and promoting the mobility of the e g electron on the Mn 3+-sites.This magnetic-?eld-driven insulator-metal transition leads to ’Colossal’magnetoresistance e?ects [1].A much studied and quite robust CO-system is Pr 0.5Ca 0.5MnO 3.In the bulk,charge order sets in at 240K,accompanied by orbital ordering of the e g -orbitals [2]and an increased distortion of the orthorhombic unit cell [3].The melting is hysteretic,with ?eld values at low temperatures of about 27T (increasing ?eld)and 20T (decreasing ?eld)[4].In thin ?lm form,

EDP Sciences

2EUROPHYSICS LETTERS the development and stability of the CO state has been much less studied.A special issue concerns the e?ects of strain.Given the strong electron-lattice coupling,it can be expected that strained?lms show properties di?erent from the bulk materials.This is the case,for instance,in tensile strained?lms of La0.73Ca0.27MnO3on SrTiO3(STO),where very thin (≈5nm)?lms show a Jahn-Teller-like deformed structure,and are insulating rather than metallic[5].Strain release in thicker?lms then brings back the bulk properties.Strain should also be present in Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3(pseudocubic lattice parameter a=0.381nm)grown on STO(a=0.391nm).Recently reported results on this combination demonstrated strongly reduced melting?elds[6,7]for?lms in a thickness range75nm-100nm,which was ascribed to the fact that the distortions normally induced by the CO state cannot fully develop due to the strain imposed by the substrate.

In the present work,we report on a similar study on Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3(PCMO)thin?lms of varying thickness,deposited on STO-[100]by dc magnetron sputtering,but we come to a di?erent conclusion.At small thickness(25nm)the strained?lms still require high CO melting?elds H m of the order of20T,quite close to the value of bulk single crystals[4]. With increasing?lm thickness,the strain relaxes but the bulk-like behavior is increasingly lost;still,in the thickness range around80nm,H m is signi?cantly higher than found in refs[6,7].At thicknesses around150nm the?lms are almost free of strain and H m at50K has reduced to4T,with a strong increase in the hysteretic behavior and the appearance of a ferromagnetic signal.The data suggest that the strain itself does not impede formation of the CO state,but that the relaxation leads to the observed reduction of H m,presumably due to the generation of lattice defects.This conclusion is supported by the behavior of?lms which are post-annealed or grown on YBa2Cu3O7?δ(YBCO)as template layer:such?lms are more relaxed than when grown directly on STO and shows correspondingly smaller values for H m.

Experimental.–All?lms studied were sputter deposited from ceramic targets of nomi-nally Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3and YBa2Cu3O7on STO substrates,in a pure oxygen atmosphere of 300Pa with a substrate-source on-axis geometry.The high pressure leads to a very low growth rate of0.4nm/min and2.5nm/min for PCMO and YBCO respectively.Bilayers were grown by rotating the sample from one target position to the other.The growth temperature was chosen at840?C,in order to be able to grow high-quality?lms of both materials at identical condition.The samples were cooled to room temperature after deposition without post-annealing,which leads to non-superconducting YBCO7?δwithδ=0.53(as determined from the lattice parameter).Magnetotransport measurements up to9T were performed with an automated measurement platform(called PPMS);magnetization up to5T was measured with a SQUID-based magnetometer(both from Quantum Design).Measurements in?elds above 9T were performed in a Bitter magnet at the High Field Magnet Laboratory(Nijmegen). The crystal structure and lattice parameters were characterized by X-ray di?raction,with the lattice parameters out-of-plane determined from the(010)c,(020)c and(030)c re?ections (c refers to the pseudocubic cell,with the b-axis taken perpendicular to the substrate),and in-plane from the(013)c and(023)c re?ections.

Results and discussion.–The structure of bulk PCMO is orthorhombic(Pnma)with a=0.5395nm,b=0.7612nm and c=0.5403nm[8].In terms of a pseudocubic lattice parameter a c,this means a slight di?erence between the a-c plane(a c=0.3818nm)and the b-axis(a c=0.3806nm).Electron di?raction to determine the?lm orientation showed that for thin?lms(below roughly80nm)the[010]axis of the?lm is perpendicular to the sub-strate,in accordance with the?ndings of ref.[6].For thick?lms(≈150nm)the preferential orientation is the same,but domains with the[010]-axis in the substrate plane are also found. The thickness dependence of in-plane and out-of-plane lattice parameters a c,in,out is plotted

Z.Q.Yang et al.:Strain relaxation induced melting 3

a c , i n / o u t Thickness ( nm )

Fig.1–Lattice parameters (?:out-of-plane a c,out ;△:in-plane a c,in )for ?lms of Pr 0.5Ca 0.5MnO 3with di?erent thickness.The dotted lines show the behavior for a c,in,out as found in ref.[6].The horizontal dashed lines indicate the bulk values.The symbols circle/plus and triangle/cross denote a 1-hour post-annealed ?lm of 80nm;(+,x)denote the same ?lm after a 5-h post-anneal.

in Fig.1.At low thickness a c,in is closer to the (larger)substrate value than to the bulk value,while a c,out is smaller than the bulk value,indicating that the ?lms grow epitaxially and strained.With increasing thickness both lattice parameters tend towards the bulk values.The behavior is quite similar to that reported in ref.[6]as indicated by the dotted lines in Fig.1.The full-width-at-half-maximum of the rocking curve of the (020)peak for all ?lms is smaller than 0.5?,indicating good crystallinity.

All ?lms showed semiconductor-like insulating behavior in zero applied magnetic ?eld,as illustrated in Fig.2a,b for ?lms of 80nm and 150nm.An anomaly is present in the logarithmic derivative dR/d (1/T )around a value expected for the CO transition temperature T co ,but without the jump which is prominently observed in bulk material at 240K.The absence of this jump is probably due to the fact that the increase of the in-plane lattice parameter which accompanies the charge ordering is already accomodated by the substrate strain [9].The CO transition is visible in the magnetization M ,especially for the thicker ?lms.As shown in the inset of Fig.2b,M (T )for the 150nm ?lm in a ?eld of 1T shows a clear shoulder around 240K,reminiscent of the peak in the susceptibility found in the bulk material at T co (and above the magnetic transition)[10].

For ?lms of 25nm,the resistance drop in a magnetic ?eld,which signi?es the CO melting,was found at temperatures below 100K near the maximum available ?eld of 20T for one sample,while a second one did not show a change in R up to 20T.Also,R (H )is hysteretic :upon decreasing the ?eld the resistance jumps back up at a lower ?eld,as expected since the

EUROPHYSICS LETTERS

R ( O h m )H ( T )

H ( T )

R ( a .u . )10

10 10

T (K)

R (O h m )10

80 nm

0 T

5 T

9 T

R (O h m )Fig.2–Resistance R versus temperature T at magnetic ?elds H =0,5,9T for ?lms of Pr 0.5Ca 0.5MnO 3with thickness (a)80nm,(b)150nm;for the same ?lms R versus H at di?er-ent T as indicated,(c)80nm,(d)150nm

melting transition is ?rst order.We denote the upper and lower critical ?elds as H +

c an

d H ?

c respectively.With increasing thickness,both branches shift to lower ?elds.Examples of R (H )for the ?lms of 80nm an

d 150nm ar

e given in Fig.2c,d.For the ?lm o

f 150nm the meltin

g ?eld has dropped to only 5T around 50K.The resistance changes are sharp,making H c well-de?ned,and the curves can be used to construct the temperature-?eld phase diagrams [11]shown in Fig 3,where at zero ?eld the value of the bulk is used.The shape of the phase diagrams changes signi?cantly wit

h increasing thickness.For the 25nm ?lm,hysteresis is only present below 70K in the ?eld region 16T -20T.These large values re-semble the numbers found for bulk single crystals.For the 80nm ?lm hysteresis starts below 130K and the di?erence between the (+,?)-branches increase considerably,especially at low

temperatures;the H +

c branch is still above 12T at all temperatures,which explains the small

MR e?ects seen in Fig.2a.Both H +c and H ?

c are considerably larger than reporte

d in ref [7].In th

e 150nm ?lm hysteresis is found below 175K.Both branches have shifted to lower ?elds :H +c is curved with a minimum value o

f 4T around 50K,while H ?c now lies at zero ?eld for temperatures below 80K.

The melting transition is insulator-metal,but also antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic,and can therefore be seen in the ?eld dependence of the magnetization.Fig.4a shows M (H )of the 150nm ?lm at 100K,for the ?eld sequence 0T →+5T →-5T →+5T,with the dia-magnetic substrate signal subtracted.A small ferromagnetic component is already present in

Z.Q.Yang et al.:Strain relaxation induced melting 5

H ( T )

T ( K )H ( T )

T ( K )Fig.3–Charge order melting ?eld phase diagrams as determined from the magnetoresistance for ?lms of di?erent thickness.The point at zero ?eld is the bulk value for T co .(a)25nm;(b)80nm;(c)150nm;(d)80nm,grown on YBCO template;(e)80nm post-annealed 1h;(f)80nm post-annealed 5h.The dashed line in (c)denotes the temperature of the magnetization measurements given in Fig.4

the virgin state;with increasing ?eld M (H )is constant until 1.8T and then rises signi?cantly when the ?eld is increased to 5T.Upon decreasing the ?eld M now remains constant because

the sample is in the FM state,but starts to drop around 3T when H ?

c is crosse

d as can b

e seen in Fig 3c (dotted line).At zero ?eld,the ferromagnetic component has grown by more than a factor 2.The same behavior is found when continuing the loop to -5T;when going back up to +5T,M merges with the virgin curve above 4T.

The ?rst conclusion we draw is that the CO state in the strained material is hardly less stable (if at all)than in the bulk.This is di?erent from the one reached in Refs.[6,7],but it is in good agreement with the data reported on Cr-doped ?lms [9]:in that case it was found that strain-free ?lms very quickly developed ferromagnetism upon Cr-doping,but that Cr-doped ?lms under tensile strain were still insulating,suggesting that the strain counter-acts the e?ects of the Cr doping and stabilizes the CO state.The decreasing stability of the CO state with increasing ?lm thickness appears due to the strain relaxation rather than the strain itself.The picture arising then is that defects (disorder)induced by the growth and the relaxation destabilize CO,but that the strain itself has no destabilizing e?ect or even the opposite,which is quite reasonable in view of the fact that the necessary lattice distortion is already accommodated (also suggested in ref.[9]).

In order to highlight the e?ects of strain relaxation we performed two more experiments.One 80nm ?lm was annealed in the growth chamber for one hour at 950?C in 1mbar O 2(the sputtering pressure)and slowly cooled;after measuring it was annealed for an additional 5hours in ?owing oxygen at 900?C.Another 80nm ?lm was grown on a 10nm YBCO template layer (called PY)since in previous work [12]we found that YBCO is an e?ective

EUROPHYSICS LETTERS

H ( T )

M ( 10-3 e m u )H ( T )

Fig.4–Magnetization M versus magnetic ?eld H for ?lms of Pr 0.5Ca 0.5MnO 3.In both cases,the magnetization of the substrate has been subtracted.(a)?lm of 80nm at 100K;(b)?lm of 80nm,post-annealed for 5h,at 5K.

strain relaxor for La 0.67Ca 0.33MnO 3.Both methods e?ectively relax the strain in PCMO as https://www.wendangku.net/doc/881474075.html,ttice parameter values (a c,out ,a c,in )are (0.384nm,0.380nm)for the 1-hour post-annealed sample,(0.383nm,0.380nm)for the 5-hour post-annealed sample ,and (0.385nm,0.380nm)for PY,showing that all have undergone relaxion,especially in the out-of-plane axis.The CO-melting phase diagrams for these samples again show a strong decrease of the melting ?elds (see Fig.3d-f),with the 5-hour post-annealed sample reaching the lowest value yet observed in this system (1.5T at about 50K).The ?eld dependence of the magnetization e.g.at 5K (Fig.4b)accordingly shows an increase of M around 3T (due to the bending

back of the H +

c -branch),but no decrease of M from 5T downwar

d until th

e ferromagnetic

hysteresis regime is entered,since H ?

c now lies at 0T.Since relaxation by post-annealing must be accompanie

d by inducing defects in th

e ?lm,the observations reinforce the notion that defects are responsible for the change in melting behavior.In this respect it is important to note that the development o

f the phase diagrams presented in Fig.3closely resembles the changes found in the bulk material when goin

g from x =0.5(small hysteretic regime at a large ?eld)to x =0.3(curved upper branc

h at relatively low ?elds and lower branch going to zero)[1];especially the similarity between the behavior of the 5h post-annealed ?lm and the x =0.3bulk material is striking,with both showing a

minimum H +

c ?el

d of about 2T around 30-40K,and th

e H ?c

-branch at zero ?eld.Still,the physics behind this may not be quite the same.In the bulk case,the change of doping induces discommensurations and a canted antiferromagnetic (c-a-f)state.In the ?lms the amount of carriers is not changed;rather it is the local structure which can vary,which would in?uence the local Jahn-Teller distortions and the concommittant orbital order.This would in turn promote ferromagnetic interactions,possibly leading to ferromagnetic clusters in a phase-separation-like scenario very similar to the disorder-driven phase separation observed in ?lms of La 0.67Ca 0.33MnO 3[13].We observe that the structure relaxation is accompanied by an increasing amount of ferromagnetic component in the magnetization,which could be either due to the c-a-f state or to ferromagnetic clusters.The answer to this question may come from electron microscopy studies,which are now in progress.Finally,we note that dis-

Z.Q.Yang et al.:Strain relaxation induced melting7 order as a major source for reduced melting?elds can also explain the di?erence between our results and those of ref.[6,7]as caused by the di?erent morphology of the sputtered versus the laser-ablated?lms.This suggests that the CO state is more sensitive to disorder than might be assumed in view of the high melting?elds,and that if CO?lms are to be grown, avoiding disorder is the major source of concern.

In summary,we have shown that the melting?elds H m for the insulating CO state in Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3?lms under tensile strain are around20T or even above,rather close to the values found for the bulk material.Strain relaxation strongly reduces H m.With in-creasing?lm thickness,the lattice parameters of the?lm demonstrate relaxation,while H m decreases down to4T at50K for a150-nm?lm.Upon strain relaxation by post-annealing this value becomes even smaller.We suggest this is due to induced defects,which destabilize the antiferromagnetic state and possibly even promote the formation of ferromagnetic clusters.

???

This work is part of the research program of the’Stichting voor Fundamenteel Onderzoek der Materie(FOM)’,which is?nancially supported by NWO.

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The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法）举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法：在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义（二）二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法：定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如：我不喜欢他说话的态度。正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。一、in a way的用法表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。三、by the way的用法

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义（一）有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析：一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.

way 的用法

way 的用法【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；

the-way-的用法讲解学习

t h e-w a y-的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

way的用法总结大全

way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。

way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句

the_way的用法大全教案资料

t h e_w a y的用法大全

The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的

the way 的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.

The way的用法及其含义(三)

The way的用法及其含义（三）三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。

way的用法

一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.

the way的用法大全

在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.

“the-way+从句”结构的意义及用法知识讲解

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。

The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。

定冠词the的12种用法

定冠词the的12种用法定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如：

The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子

Way的用法

Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。没门！这是她的错。再看两个关于no way的例句：（1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！（2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下：一、way的含义 1. 路线

He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边）

way与time的特殊用法

way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D that