美国药典USP32-重金属测试
<231> 重金属本试验系在规定的试验条件下，金属离子与硫化物离子反应显色，通过制备的标准铅溶液目视比较测定，以确证供试品中重金属杂质含量不超过各论项下规定的限度（以供试品中铅的百分比表示，以重量计）。（见分光光度法和光散射项下测定法目视比较法<851>）[ 注意:对本试验有响应的典型物质有铅、汞、铋、砷、锑、锡、镉、银、铜和钼等]。除各论另有规定外，按第一法测定重金属。第一法适用于在规定试验条件下，能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质。第二法适用于在第一法规定试验条件下不能产生澄清、无色溶液的物质，或者适用于由于性质复杂，易干扰硫化物离子与金属离子形成沉淀的物质，或者是不易挥发的和易挥发的油类物质。第三法为湿消化法，仅用于第一法、第二法都不适合的情况。特殊试剂特殊试剂特殊试剂特殊试剂硝酸铅贮备液—取硝酸铅159.8mg，溶于100ml水中，加1ml硝酸，用水稀释至1000ml。制备和贮存本溶液的玻璃容器应不含可溶性铅。标准铅溶液—使用当天，取硝酸铅贮备液10.0ml，用水稀释至100.0ml。每1ml的标准铅溶液含相当于10μg的铅。按每克供试品取100μl标准铅溶液制备的对照溶液，相当于供试品含百万分之一的铅。方法方法方法方法IIII pH3.5醋酸盐缓冲液—取醋酸铵25.0g溶于25ml水中，加6N盐酸液38.0ml，必要时，用6N氢氧化铵液或6N盐酸液调节pH至3.5，用水稀释至100ml，混匀。标准溶液准备—精密量取标准铅溶液2ml，（相当于20μg的Pb），置50ml比色管中，加水稀释至25ml，以精密pH试纸作为外指示剂，用1N醋酸液或6N 氢氧化铵液调节pH至3.0~4.0，用水稀释至40ml，混匀。供试品溶液制备—取各论项下规定的供试品溶液25ml，置50ml比色管中，或用各论项下规定用量的酸溶解样品，再用水稀释至25ml，供试品以g计，按下式计算： 2.0/（1000L）式中L是重金属限度（%）。以精密pH试纸作为外指示剂，用1N醋酸液或6N氢氧化铵液调节pH至3.0~4.0，用水稀释至40ml，摇匀。对照溶液制备—取供试品溶液制备项下的溶液25ml，置50ml比色管中，加标准铅溶液2.0ml，以精密pH试纸作为外指示剂，用1N 醋酸液或6N氢氧化铵液调节pH至3.0~4.0，用水稀释至40ml，摇匀。测定法—在上述三试管中，分别加入pH3.5的醋酸盐缓冲液2ml，然后再加硫代乙酰胺—甘油试液1.2ml，用水稀释至50ml，混匀，放置2分钟，在白色平面?自上向下观察：供试品溶液产生的颜色与标准品溶液产生的颜色相比，不得更深。对照溶液产生的颜色比标准溶液深或相当。[注意：如果对照溶液的颜色比标准溶液浅，用方法II代替方法I测定供试品]。方法方法方法方法IIIIIIII pH3.5醋酸盐缓冲液—按方法I配制。标准溶液准备—按方法I配制。供试品溶液制备—供试品以g计，按下式计算： 2.0/（1000L）式中L是重金属限度（%）。取供试品适量，称重，置适宜的坩埚中，加适量的硫酸使湿润，低温小心灼烧，直至全部炭化，（在炭化过程中坩埚不可盖严），加硝酸2ml和硫酸5滴至炭化物上，小心加热直到白烟不再逸出，置马富炉中500~600°灼烧，直至完全灰化，放冷，加6N盐酸液4ml，加盖，置蒸气浴上加热15分钟，去盖，在蒸汽浴上慢慢蒸发至干，用1滴盐酸湿润残渣，加热水10ml，蒸煮2分钟，滴加6N氢氧化铵液，直到溶液对石蕊试纸呈碱性，用水稀释至25ml，以精密pH试纸作为外指示剂，用1N醋酸液调节pH至3.0~4.0，必要时，滤过，用10ml水洗涤坩埚和滤器，合并滤液和洗液，置50ml比色管中，用水稀释至40ml，摇匀。测定法—在上述二试管中，分别加入pH3.5的醋酸盐缓冲液2ml，然后再加硫代乙酰胺—甘油试液1.2ml，用水稀释至50ml，混匀，放置2分钟，在白色平面?自上向下观察：供试品溶液产生的颜色与标准品溶液产生的颜色相比，不得更深。方法方法方法方法IIIIIIIIIIII pH3.5醋酸盐缓冲液——按方法I所示的方法配制。标准溶液的制备——取硫酸8mL和硝酸10mL的混合液，置洁净干燥的100mL凯氏烧瓶中，再加硝酸适量，加入量与供试品溶液中加入的硝酸量相当。加热使产生浓的白烟，冷却，小心加水10mL，若处理供试品需用过氧化氢，则加30%过氧化氢适量，加入量相当于供试品中消耗的过氧化氢量。缓缓煮沸至产生浓的白烟，再冷却，小心地加水5mL，混匀，缓缓煮沸至
产生浓的白烟，浓缩至体积2~3mL，冷却，小心加水数毫升稀释，加标准铅溶液2.0mL（20μ的铅），混匀，移入50mL比色管中，用水洗涤烧瓶，洗液并入比色管中，并稀释至25mL，混匀。供试品溶液的制备—- 若供试品为固体——按各论中的规定称取供试品适量，置洁净干燥的100mL凯氏烧瓶中[注意——若反应泡沫过多，可用300mL的烧瓶]，夹住烧瓶使成45°角，加入硫酸8mL和硝酸10mL的混合液适量，其量应足以使样品完全湿润，缓缓加热，至反应开始后停止加热，待反应平息，再分数次加入上述剩余的酸混合液，每次加酸后再加热，直至18mL酸混合液全部加完。继续加热至微沸，直至溶液变黑，冷却，加硝酸2m L，再加热至溶液变黑。继续加热，再加硝酸，直至溶液不再变黑，然后加强热使产生浓的白烟，冷却，小心地加入水5mL，缓缓加热至产生浓的白烟，继续加热直至体积仅剩数毫升，冷却，小心地加水5mL，观察溶液颜色，若呈黄色，则小心地加入30%的过氧化氢1mL，再蒸发至产生浓的白烟且体积仅剩2~3mL，若溶液仍呈黄色，可重复加水5mL及过氧化氢处理。冷却，小心地加水数毫升稀释，并洗入50mL比色管中，注意合并洗液后的体积不得超过25mL。若供试品为液体——取各论中规定量的供试品，置一洁净干燥的100mL凯氏烧瓶中[注——若反应泡沫过多，可用300mL烧瓶]，夹住烧瓶使成45°角，小心地加入硫酸8mL与硝酸10mL的混合液数毫升，缓缓温热至反应开始，待反应渐止，按固体样品项下自“分数次加入上述相同的酸混合液”起，同法处理。检查法——供试品溶液及标准品溶液制备均按以下方法处理：用氢氧化铵调节pH值为3.0~4.0，用精密pH试纸为外指示剂（当接近规定的pH值时可用稀氨溶液），然后用水稀释至40mL，混匀。每支比色管中加入pH3.5的醋酸盐缓冲液2mL，然后加硫乙酰氨——甘油碱性试液1.2mL，再加水稀释至50mL，混匀，静置2分钟，置白色平面上自上向下观察，供试品溶液的颜色与标准品溶液的颜色相比，不得更深
231 HEA VY METALS This test is provided to demonstrate that the content of metallic impurities that are colored by sulfide ion, under the specified test conditions, does not exceed the Heavy metals limit specified in the individual monograph in percentage (by weight) of lead in the test substance, as determined by concomitant visual comparison (see Visual Comparison in the section Procedure under Spectrophotometry and Light-Scattering 851) with a control prepared from a Standard Lead Solution. [NOTE—Substances that typically will respond to this test are lead, mercury, bismuth, arsenic, antimony, tin, cadmium, silver, copper, and molybdenum.] Determine the amount of heavy metals by Method I, unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph. Method I is used for substances that yield clear, colorless preparations under the specified test conditions. Method II is used for substances that do not yield clear, colorless preparations under the test conditions specified for Method I, or for substances that, by virtue of their complex nature, interfere with the precipitation of metals by sulfide ion, or for fixed and volatile oils. Method III, a wet-digestion method, is used only in those cases where neither Method I nor Method II can be used Special Reagents Lead Nitrate Stock Solution— Dissolve 159.8 mg of lead nitrate in 100 mL of water to which has been added 1 mL of nitric acid, then dilute with water to 1000 mL. Prepare and store this solution in glass containers free from soluble lead salts. Standard Lead Solution— On the day of use, dilute 10.0 mL of Lead Nitrate Stock Solution with water to 100.0 mL. Each mL of Standard Lead Solution contains the equivalent of 10 μg of lead. A comparison solution prepared on the basis of 100 μL of Standard Lead Solution per g of substance being tested contains the equivalent of 1 part of lead per million parts of substance being tested. Method I pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer— Dissolve 25.0 g of ammonium acetate in 25 mL of water, and add 38.0 mL of 6 N hydrochloric acid. Adjust, if necessary, with 6 N ammonium
hydroxide or 6 N hydrochloric acid to a pH of 3.5, dilute with water to 100 mL, and mix. Standard Preparation— Into a 50-mL color-comparison tube pipet 2 mL of Standard LeadSolution (20 μg of Pb), and dilute with water to 25 mL. Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, adjust with 1 N acetic acid or 6 N ammonium hydroxide to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0, dilute with water to 40 mL, and mix. Test Preparation— Into a 50-mL color-comparison tube place 25 mL of the solution prepared for the test as directed in the individual monograph; or, using the designated volume of acid where specified in the individual monograph, dissolve in and dilute with water to 25 mL the quantity, in g, of the substance to be tested, as calculated by the formula: 2.0/(1000L), in which L is the Heavy metals limit, as a percentage. Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, adjust with 1 N acetic acid or 6 N ammonium hydroxide to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0, dilute with water to 40 mL, and mix. Monitor Preparation—Into a third 50-mL color-comparison tube place 25 mL of a solution prepared as directed for Test Preparation, and add 2.0 mL of Standard Lead Solution. Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, adjust with 1 N acetic acid or 6 N ammonium hydroxide to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0, dilute with water to 40 mL, and mix. Procedure— To each of the three tubes containing the Standard Preparation, the Test Preparation, and the Monitor Preparation, add 2 mL of pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer, then add 1.2 mL of thioacetamide–glycerin base TS, dilute with water to 50 mL, mix, allow to stand for 2 minutes, and view downward over a white surface *: the color of the solution from the Test Preparation is not darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation, and the color of the solution from the Monitor Preparation is equal to or darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation. [NOTE—If the color of the Monitor Preparation is lighter than that of the Standard Preparation, use Method II instead of Method I for the substance being tested.] Method II NOTE—This method does not recover mercury. pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer— Prepare as directed under Method I. Standard Preparation— Pipet 4 mL of the Standard Lead Solution into a suitable test tube, and add 10 mL of 6 N hydrochloric acid. Test Preparation— Use a quantity, in g, of the substance to be tested as calculated by the formula: 4.0/(1000L), in which L is the Heavy metals limit, as a percentage. Transfer the weighed quantity of the substance to a suitable crucible, add sufficient sulfuric acid to wet the substance, and carefully ignite at a low temperature until thoroughly charred. (The crucible may be loosely covered with a suitable lid during the charring.) Add to the carbonized mass 2 mL of nitric acid and 5 drops of sulfuric acid, and heat cautiously until white fumes no longer are evolved. Ignite, preferably in a muffle furnace, at 500 to 600, until the carbon is completely burned off (no longer than 2 hours). If carbon remains, allow the residue to cool, add a few drops of sulfuric acid, evaporate, and ignite again. Cool, add 5 mL of 6 N hydrochloric acid, cover, and digest on a steam bath for 10 minutes. Cool, and quantitatively transfer the solution to a test tube. Rinse the crucible with a second 5-mL portion of 6 N hydrochloric acid, and transfer the rinsing to the test tube. Monitor Preparation— Pipet 4 mL of the Standard Lead Solution into a crucible identical to that used for the Test Preparation and containing a quantity of the substance under test that is equal to 10% of the amount required for the Test Preparation. Evaporate on a steam bath to dryness. Ignite at the same time, in the same muffle furnace, and under the same conditions used for the Test Preparation. Cool, add 5 mL of 6 N hydrochloric acid, cover, and digest on a steam bath for 10 minutes. Cool, and quantitatively transfer to a test tube. Rinse the crucible with a second 5-mL portion of 6 N hydrochloric acid, and transfer the rinsing to the test tube.
Procedure— Adjust the solution in each of the tubes containing the Standard Preparation, the Test Preparation, and the Monitor Preparation with ammonium hydroxide, added cautiously and dropwise, to a pH of 9. Cool, and adjust with glacial acetic acid, added dropwise, to a pH of 8, then add 0.5 mL in excess. Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, check the pH, and adjust, if necessary, with 1 N acetic acid or 6 N ammonium hydroxide to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0. Filter, if necessary, washing the filter with a few mL of water, into a 50-mL color-comparison tube, and then dilute with water to 40 mL. Add 2 mL of pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer, then add 1.2 mL of thioacetamide–glycerin base TS, dilute with water to 50 mL, mix, allow to stand for 2 minutes, and view downward over a white surface*: the color of the solution from the Test Preparation is not darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation, and the color of the solution from the Monitor Preparation is equal to or darker than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation. [NOTE—If the color of the solution from the Monitor Preparation is lighter than that of the solution from the Standard Preparation, proceed as directed for Method III for the substance being tested.] Method III pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer— Prepare as directed under Method I. Standard Preparation— Transfer a mixture of 8 mL of sulfuric acid and 10 mL of nitric acid to a clean, dry, 100-mL Kjeldahl flask, and add a further volume of nitric acid equal to the incremental volume of nitric acid added to the Test Preparation. Heat the solution to the production of dense, white fumes; cool; cautiously add 10 mL of water; and, if hydrogen peroxide was used in treating the Test Preparation, add a volume of 30 percent hydrogen peroxide equal to that used for the substance being tested. Boil gently to the production of dense, white fumes. Again cool, cautiously add 5 mL of water, mix, and boil gently to the production of dense, white fumes and to a volume of 2 to 3 mL. Cool, dilute cautiously with a few mL of water, add 2.0 mL of Standard Lead Solution (20 μg of Pb), and mix. Transfer to a 50-mL color-comparison tube, rinse the flask with water, adding the rinsing to the tube until the volume is 25 mL, and mix. Test Preparation— Unless otherwise indicated in the individual monograph, use a quantity, in g, of the substance to be tested as calculated by the formula: 2.0/(1000L), in which L is the Heavy metals limit, as a percentage. If the substance is a solid— Transfer the weighed quantity of the test substance to a clean, dry, 100-mL Kjeldahl flask. [NOTE—A 300-mL flask may be used if the reaction foams excessively.] Clamp the flask at an angle of 45, and add a sufficient quantity of a mixtureof 8 mL of sulfuric acid and 10 mL of nitric acid to moisten the substance thoroughly. Warm gently until the reaction commences, allow the reaction to subside, and add portions of the same acid mixture, heating after each addition, until a total of 18 mL of the acid mixture has been added. Increase the amount of heat, and boil gently until the solution darkens. Cool, add 2 mL of nitric acid, and heat again until the solution darkens. Continue the heating, followed by addition of nitric acid until no further darkening occurs, then heat strongly to the production of dense, white fumes. Cool, cautiously add 5 mL of water, boil gently to the production of dense, white fumes, and continue heating until the volume is reduced to a few mL. Cool, cautiously add 5 mL of water, and examine the color of the solution. If the color is yellow, cautiously add 1 mL of 30 percent hydrogen peroxide, and again evaporate to the production of dense, white fumes and a volume of 2 to 3 mL. If the solution is still yellow, repeat the addition of 5 mL of water and the peroxide treatment. Cool, dilute cautiously with a few mL of water, and rinse into a 50-mL color-comparison tube, taking care that the combined volume does not exceed 25 mL. If the substance is a liquid—Transfer the weighed quantity of the test substance to a clean, dry, 100-mL Kjeldahl flask. [NOTE—A 300-mL flask may be used if the
reaction foams excessively.] Clamp the flask at an angle of 45, and cautiously add a few mL of a mixture of 8 mL of sulfuric acid and 10 mL of nitric acid. Warm gently until the reaction commences, allow the reaction to subside, and proceed as directed for If the substance is a solid, beginning with ―add portions of the same acid mixture.‖ Monitor Preparation— Proceed with the digestion, using the same amount of sample and the same procedure as directed in the su bsection If the substance is a solid in the section Test Preparation, until the step ―Cool, dilute cautiously with a few mL of water.‖ Add 2.0 mL of Lead Standard Solution (20 μg of lead), and mix. Transfer to a 50-mL color comparison tube, rinse the flask with water, adding the rinsing to the tube until the volume is 25 mL, Procedure—Treat the Test Preparation, the Standard Preparation, and the Monitor Preparation as follows. Using a pH meter or short-range pH indicator paper as external indicator, adjust the solution to a pH between 3.0 and 4.0 with ammonium hydroxide (a dilute ammonia solution may be used, if desired, as the specified range is approached), dilute with water to 40 mL, To each tube add 2 mL of pH 3.5 Acetate Buffer, then add 1.2 mL of thioacetamide–glycerin base TS, dilute with water to 50 mL, mix, allow to stand for 2 minutes, and view downward over a white surface*: the color of the Test Preparation is not darker than that of the Standard Preparation, and the color of the Monitor Preparation is equal to or darker than that of the Standard Preparation.
Method Ib (Residual Titration) 方法Ib（残留滴定）Principle—See the information given in the section Principle under Method Ia. In the residual titration, excess Reagent is added to the test specimen, sufficient time is allowed for the reaction to reach completion, and the unconsumed Reagent is titrated with a standard solution of water in a solvent such as methanol. The residual titration procedure is applicable generally and avoids the difficulties that may be encountered in the direct titration of substances from which the bound water is released slowly. 原理：见方法Ia 项下原理部分给出的信息。在残留滴定中，额外的试剂被加入到供试样品中，为反应的完成留下了充分的时间，并且将未消耗掉的试剂与水和某种溶剂（例如，甲醇）的标准溶液一起滴定。残留滴定程序通常是可行的，并避免了可能在直接滴定该物质过程中遇到的困难，这些物质中被束缚水分释放得很缓慢。Apparatus, Reagent, and Test Preparation—Use Method Ia. 仪器、试剂、供试配制液：同方法Ia。Standardization of Water Solution for Residual Titration—Prepare a Water Solution by diluting 2 mL of water with methanol or other suitable solvent to 1000 mL. Standardize this solution by titrating 25.0 mL with the Reagent, previously standardized as directed under Standardization of the Reagent. Calculate the water content, in mg per mL, of the Water Solution taken by the formula: 用于残留滴定的水溶液的标准化：以甲醇或其他适当溶剂将2mL水稀释至1000mL，以配制水溶液。使用此前已经按照试剂的标准化项下规定进行过标准化的试剂，对25mL此溶液进行滴定，从而对其进行标准化。按照下面的公式，计算此水溶液中的水分含量（单位mg/mL）：V′F/25,
n which V′is the volume of the equivalence factor of the Solution weekly, and standardize the needed. 其中，V′是消耗掉的试剂并据此根据需要定期对试剂Procedure—Where the individual monograph specifies that the water content is to be determined by Method Ib,suitable solvent to the titration vessel, and titrate with the electrometric or visual endadd an accurately measured excess of the the reaction to reach completion, and titrate the unconsumed standardized Water Solutionthe water content of the specimen, in mg, taken by the formula: 步骤：当具体各论中规定用方法适当溶剂转移至该滴定容器入供试配制品，混匀，并加入精确称量的额外完成，使用标准化的水溶液按照下面的公式，计算样品中的水分含量in which F is the water
equivalence factor of the mL, of the Reagent added after introduction of the specimen; in mL, of standardized Water SolutionReagent; and R is the ratio, determined from the Standardization of Water Solution for Residual Titration.其中，F是试剂的水平衡因子X是用于中和未消耗试剂is the volume of the Reagent consumed, and F is the water equivalence factor of the Reagent. Determine the water content of the weekly, and standardize the Reagent against it periodically as 试剂，F是试剂的水平衡因子。每周测定水溶液试剂进行标准化。Where the individual monograph specifies that the water content Method Ib, transfer 35 to 40 mL of methanol or other suitable solvent to the titration vessel, and titrate with the Reagentelectrometric or visual endpoint. Quickly add the Test Preparation, add an accurately measured excess of the Reagent. Allow sufficient time for the reaction to reach completion, and titrate the unconsumed ReagentWater Solution to the electrometric or visual endpoint. Calculate the water content of the specimen, in mg, taken by the formula: 当具体各论中规定用方法Ib测定水分含量时，将35至40mL适当溶剂转移至该滴定容器，并用试剂滴定至测电法或视觉观察的终点并加入精确称量的额外试剂。留下充分的时间以使该反应水溶液对未消耗的试剂进行滴定至测电法或视觉观察的终点计算样品中的水分含量（单位mg）：F(X′XR), is the water equivalence factor of the Reagent; X′is the volume, in added after introduction of the specimen; X is the volume, Water Solution required to neutralize the unconsumed is the ratio, V′/25 (mL Reagent/mL Water SolutionStandardization of Water Solution for Residual Titration.的水平衡因子；X′是在放入样品后加入的试剂体积（试剂所必需的已标准化水溶液的体积（单位mLis the water Determine the water content of the Water against it periodically as 水溶液的水分含量，Where the individual monograph specifies that the water content transfer 35 to 40 mL of methanol or other Reagent to the Test Preparation, mix, and Allow sufficient time for Reagent with al endpoint. Calculate the water content of the specimen, in mg, taken by the formula: 40mL甲醇或其他滴定至测电法或视觉观察的终点。快速加留下充分的时间以使该反应进行滴定至测电法或视觉观察的终点。is the volume, in is the volume, required to neutralize the unconsumed Water Solution), Standardization of Water Solution for Residual Titration. （单位mL）；mL）；R是通过用于残留滴定的水溶液的标准化来测定的，V′/25的比值（mL试剂/mL水溶液）。Method Ic (Coulometric Titration) 方法Ic（库仑滴定）Principle—The Karl Fischer reaction is used in the coulometric determination of water. Iodine, however, is not added in the form of a volumetric solution but is produced in an iodide-containing solution by anodic oxidation. The reaction cell usually consists of a large anode compartment and a small cathode compartment that are separated by a diaphragm. Other suitable types of reaction cells (e.g., without diaphragms) may also be used. Each compartment has a platinum electrode that conducts current through the cell. Iodine, which is produced at the anode electrode, immediately reacts with water present in the compartment. When all the water has been consumed, an excess of iodine occurs, which usually is detected electrometrically, thus indicating the endpoint. Moisture is eliminated from the system by pre-electrolysis. Changing the Karl Fischer solution after each determination is not necessary since individual determinations can be carried out in succession in the same reagent solution. A requirement for this method is that each component of the test specimen is compatible with the other components, and no side reactions take place. Samples are usually transferred into the vessel as solutions by means of injection through a septum. Gases can be introduced into the cell by means of a suitable gas inlet tube. Precision in the method is predominantly governed by the extent to which atmospheric moisture is excluded from the system; thus, the introduction of solids into the cell is not recommended, unless elaborate precautions are taken, such as working in a
glove-box in an atmosphere of dry inert gas. Control of the system may be monitored by measuring the amount of baseline drift. This method is particularly suited to chemically inert substances like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and ethers. In comparison with the volumetric Karl Fischer titration, coulometry is a micro-metho原理：库仑滴定法水分测定应用了卡尔·费休反应的原理。但是，碘不是加入到滴定液中，而是通过阳极氧化在含碘溶液中产生。该反应单元通常由一大、一小两个阳极室构成，二者中间以隔膜分开。也可以使用其他适合的反应单元（例如，没有隔膜）类型。每个阳极室有一个白金电极，会穿过该单元导电。在阳极生成的碘立刻与该阳极室内存在的水发生反应。当所有的水都被消耗之后，多余的碘出现了，这一般通过电势滴定来检测，从而显示终点水分被预电解从该系统中消除。没有必要在每次检测后更换卡尔·费休溶液，因为可以在同一个试剂溶液中连续进行若干单个测定。此方法的一项要求是该供试品的每个阳极室均与其他阳极室兼容，并且不发生副反应。样品通常以溶液形态，穿过隔膜注射至该容器中。其他可以使用适当的气体注入管来引入到该单元。该方法的精密程度主要取决于将大气中水分影响从该系统中排除的程度；因此，除非采取了精心设计的预防措施，例如使用手套箱在有干燥入口气体的环境中工作，否则不建议向该单元中加入固体。可以通过测量基线漂移数量，来监测该系统的控制。此方法特别适合于化学性质迟钝的的物质，例如碳氢化合物、醇类、醚类。与定量测定的卡尔·费休滴定法相比，库仑法是一个小方法。Apparatus—Any commercially available apparatus consisting of an absolutely tight system fitted with the necessary electrodes and a magnetic stirrer is appropriate. The instrument's microprocessor controls the analytical procedure and displays the results. Calibration of the instrument is not necessary, as the current consumed can be measured absolutely. 仪器：任何市场上销售的仪器，其中包含一个绝对密闭的系统，并装备了必需的电极和磁性搅拌器。该仪器的微处理器控制着分析程序并显示结果。该仪器不必校准，因为消耗的电流绝对可以被测量到。Reagent—See Reagent under Method Ia. 试剂：见方法Ia项下试剂。Test Preparation—Where the specimen is a soluble solid, dissolve an appropriate quantity, accurately weighed, in anhydrous methanol or othsuitable solvents. Liquids may be used as such or as accurately prepared solutions in appropriate anhydrous solvents. 供试配制品：如果样品为可溶性固体，精密称定若干该样品，溶于无水甲醇或其他适合的溶剂中。这些液体可以这样使用，或者使用在适当的无水溶剂中精密配制溶液。Where the specimen is an insoluble solid, the water may be extracted using a suitable anhydrous solvent from which an appropriate quantity, accurately weighed, may be injected into the anolyte solution. Alternatively an evaporation technique may be used in which water is released and evaporated by heating the specimen in a tube in a stream of dry inert gas, this gas being then passed into the cell. 如果该样品为不溶性样品，其中的水分可以使用适当的无水溶剂提取出来，将一部分精密称定的溶剂注入阳极电解溶液。或者，可以使用蒸发的方法，通过加热该样品将其中的水分释放和蒸发到处于干燥入口气流里的管子中，然后这些气体被传送到该单元中。Procedure—Using a dry syringe, quickly inject the Test Preparation, accurately measured and estimated to contain 0.5 to 5 mg of water, or as recommended by the instrument manufacturer into the anolyte, mix, and perform the coulometric titration to the electrometric endpoint. Read the water content of the Test Preparation directly from the instrument's display, and calculate the percentage that is present in the substance. Perform a blank determination, and make any necessary corrections. 步骤：使用干燥注射器，将供试配制液，其经过精确称量并估计含有约0.5－5mg水，或按照仪器生产商的建议，快速注射入阳极电解液，混匀，并对电势终点作库仑滴定法。直接从仪器显示中读取该供试配制液的水分含量，并计算该物质中存在水分的百分比。进行空白检测，并作任何适当的校正。METHOD II (AZEOTROPIC—TOLUENE DISTILLATION) Apparatus—Use a 500-reflux
condenser C by ground glass joints (see The critical dimensions of the parts of the apparatus are as follows. The connecting tube D is 9 to 11 mm in internal diameter. mm in length. The condenser, if of the straightmm in length and not less than 8 mm in bore diameter. The receiving tube -mL glass flask A connected by means of a trap by ground glass joints (see Figure). Toluene Moisture Apparatus The critical dimensions of the parts of the apparatus are as follows. The is 9 to 11 mm in internal diameter. The trap is 235 to 240 mm in length. The condenser, if of the straight-tube type, is approximately 400 mm in length and not less than 8 mm in bore diameter. The receiving tube connected by means of a trap B to a The critical dimensions of the parts of the apparatus are as follows. The The trap is 235 to 240 tube type, is approximately 400 mm in length and not less than 8 mm in bore diameter. The receiving tube Ehas a 5-mL capacity, and its cylindrical portion, 146 to 156 mm in length, is graduated in 0.1-mL subdivisions, so that the error of reading is not greater than 0.05 mL for any indicated volume. The source of heat is preferably an electric heater with rheostat control or an oil bath. The upper portion of the flask and the connecting tube may be insulated. Clean the receiving tube and the condenser with chromic acid cleansing mixture, thoroughly rinse with water, and dry in an oven. Prepare the toluene to be used by first shaking with a small quantity of water, separating the excess water, and distilling the toluene. Procedure—Place in the dry flask a quantity of the substance, weighed accurately to the nearest centigram, which is expected to yield 2 to 4 mL of water. If the substance is of a pasty character, weigh it in a boat of metal foil of a size that will just pass through the neck of the flask. If the substance is likely to cause bumping, add enough dry, washed sand to cover the bottom of the flask, or a number of capillary melting-point tubes, about 100 mm in length, sealed at the upper end. Place about 200 mL of toluene in the flask, connect the apparatus, and fill the receiving tube E with toluene poured through the top of the condenser. Heat the flask gently for 15 minutes and, when the toluene begins to boil, distill at the rate of about 2 drops per second until most of the water has passed over, then increase the rate of distillation to about 4 drops per second. When the water has apparently all distilled over, rinse the inside of the condenser tube with toluene while brushing down the tube with a tube brush attached to a copper wire and saturated with toluene. Continue the distillation for 5 minutes, then remove the heat, and allow the receiving tube to cool to room temperature. If any droplets of water adhere to the walls of the receiving tube, scrub them down with a brush consisting of a rubber band wrapped around a copper wire and wetted with toluene. When the water and toluene have separated completely, read the volume of water, and calculate the percentage that was present in the substance
METHOD III (GRA VIMETRIC)
Procedure for Chemicals—Proceed as directed in the individual monograph preparing the chemical as directed under Loss on Drying 731— Proceed as directed in the individual monograph. Procedure for Articles of Botanical Origin— Place about 10 g of the drug, prepared as directed (see Methods of Analysis under Articles of Botanical ) and accurately weighed, in a tared evaporating dish. Dry at for 5 hours, and weigh. Continue the drying and weighing at 1intervals until the difference between two successive weighings corresponds to Staff Liaison : Gary E. Ritchie, M.Sc., Scientific Fellow: (GC05) General Chapters 05 85 : Volume No. 31(2) Page 517 -816-835
溶出度检查法美国药典USP-711
<711> DISSOLUTION 溶出度 (USP39-NF34 Page 540) General chapter Dissolution <711> is being harmonized with the corresponding texts of the European Pharmacopoeia and/or the Japanese Pharmacopoeia. These pharmacopeias have undertaken to not make any unilateral change to this harmonized chapter. 通则<711>溶出度与欧盟药典和日本药典中的相应部分相统一。这三部药典承诺不做单方面的修改。 Portions of the present general chapter text that are national USP text, and therefore not part of the harmonized text, are marked with symbols to specify this fact. 本章中的部分文字为本国USP内容，并没有与其他药典统一。此部分以（）标注。 This test is provided to determine compliance with the dissolution requirements where stated in the individual monograph for dosage forms administered orally. In this general chapter, a dosage unit is defined as 1 tablet or 1 capsule or the amount specified. Of the types of apparatus designs described herein, use the one specified in the individual monograph. Where the label states that an article is enteric coated and a dissolution or disintegration test does not specifically state that it is to be applied to delayed-release articles and is included in the individual monograph, the procedure and interpretation given for Delayed-Release Dosage Forms are applied, unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph. 本测试用于检测药品口服制剂的溶出度是否符合各论中的规定。本章中，除另有规定外，单位制剂定义为1片或1粒胶囊。对于本章中所述多种仪器，使用各论中规定的种类。除各论中另有规定外，如果检品是肠溶衣片且各论中的溶出度或崩解时限检查项下没有特别指出适用迟释剂的，使用本章中适用于迟释剂的流程和解释。 FOR DOSAGE FORMS CONTAINING OR COATED WITH GELATIN涂有或包含明胶的剂型 If the dosage form containing gelatin does not meet the criteria in the appropriate Acceptance Table (see Interpretation, Immediate-Release Dosage Forms, Extended-Release Dosage Forms, or Delayed-Release Dosage Forms) because of evidence of the presence of cross-linking, the dissolution procedure should be repeated with the addition of enzymes to the medium, as described below, and the dissolution results should be evaluated starting at the first stage of the appropriate Acceptance Table. It is not necessary to continue testing through the last stage (up to 24 units) when criteria are not met during the first stage testing, and evidence of cross-linking is observed. 如果剂型中含有明胶，其不符合验收表中的标准（见判断，速释制剂，延释制剂，缓释制剂），因为存在明胶交联结合作用，它的溶解过程与外加的媒介酶是重复的，见下面的描述，并且溶解结果可以通过适当的验收表的开始的第一阶段标准进行评估。如果溶出结果不满足第一阶段的测试标准，那么就没有必要继续测试到最后阶段，并且也证明了明胶交联结合作用的存在。
美国药典(USP)规定的色谱柱编号
美国药典(USP)规定的色谱柱编号 L1和L8是美国药典(USP)规定的色谱柱编号，其实就是ODS柱和NH2柱。下面是USP规定的编号所对应的色谱柱类型。 L1：十八烷基键合多孔硅胶或无机氧化物微粒固定相，简称ODS柱 L2：30～50m m表面多孔薄壳型键合十八烷基固定相，简称C18柱 L3：多孔硅胶微粒，即一般的硅胶柱 L4：30～50m m表面多孔薄壳型硅胶柱 L5：30～50m m表面多孔薄壳型氧化铝柱 L6：30～50m m实心微球表面包覆磺化碳氟聚合物，强阳离子交换柱 L7：全多孔硅胶微粒键合C8官能团固定相，简称C8柱 L8：全多孔硅胶微粒键合非交联NH2固定相，简称NH2柱 L9：强酸性阳离子交换基团键合全多孔不规则形硅胶固定相，即SCX柱 L10：多孔硅胶微球键合氰基固定相（CN），简称CN柱 L11：键合苯基多孔硅胶微球固定相，简称苯基柱 L12：无孔微球键合季胺功能团的强阴离子交换柱 L13：三乙基硅烷化学键合全多孔硅胶微球固定相（C1），简称C1柱 L14：10m m硅胶化学键合强碱性季铵盐阴离子交换固定相，简称SAX柱 L15：已基硅烷化学键合全多孔硅胶微球固定相，简称C6柱 L16：二甲基硅烷化学键合全多孔硅胶微粒固定相 C2柱 L17：氢型磺化交联苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物,强阳离子交换柱 L18：3～10m m全多孔硅胶化学键合胺基（NH2）和氰基（CN）柱 L19：钙型磺化交联苯乙烯－二乙烯基苯共聚物，强阳离子交换柱 L20：二羟基丙烷基化学键合多孔硅胶微球固定相（Diol），简称二醇基柱 L21：刚性苯乙烯－二乙烯基苯共聚物微球填料柱
(完整word版)重金属检测方法汇总
重金属检测方法汇总 重金属检测方法及应用 一、重金属的危害特性 从环境污染方面所说的重金属，实际上主要是指汞、镉、铅、铬、砷等金属或类金属，也指具有一定毒性的一般重金属，如铜、锌、镍、钴、锡等。我们从自然性、毒性、活性和持久性、生物可分解性、生物累积性，对生物体作用的加和性等几个方面对重金属的危害稍作论述。 （一）自然性： 长期生活在自然环境中的人类，对于自然物质有较强的适应能力。有人分析了人体中60多种常见元素的分布规律，发现其中绝大多数元素在人体血液中的百分含量与它们在地壳中的百分含量极为相似。但是，人类对人工合成的化学物质，其耐受力则要小得多。所以区别污染物的自然或人工属性，有助于估计它们对人类的危害程度。铅、镉、汞、砷等重金属，是由于工业活动的发展，引起在人类周围环境中的富集，通过大气、水、食品等进入人体，在人体某些器官内积累，造成慢性中毒，危害人体健康。 （二）毒性： 决定污染物毒性强弱的主要因素是其物质性质、含量和存在形态。例如铬有二价、三价和六价三种形式，其中六价铬的毒性很强，而三价铬是人体新陈代谢的重要元素之一。在天然水体中一般重金属产生毒性的范围大约在1～10mg/L之间，而汞，镉等产生毒性的范围在0.01～0.001mg/L之间。 （三）时空分布性： 污染物进入环境后，随着水和空气的流动，被稀释扩散，可能造成点源到面源更大范围的污染，而且在不同空间的位置上，污染物的浓度和强度分布随着时间的变化而不同。（四）活性和持久性： 活性和持久性表明污染物在环境中的稳定程度。活性高的污染物质，在环境中或在处理过程中易发生化学反应，毒性降低，但也可能生成比原来毒性更强的污染物，构成二次污染。如汞可转化成甲基汞，毒性很强。与活性相反，持久性则表示有些污染物质能长期地保持其危害性，如重金属铅、镉等都具有毒性且在自然界难以降解，并可产生生物蓄积，长期威胁人类的健康和生存。 （五）生物可分解性： 有些污染物能被生物所吸收、利用并分解，最后生成无害的稳定物质。大多数有机物都有被生物分解的可能性，而大多数重金属都不易被生物分解，因此重金属污染一但发生，治理更难，危害更大。 （六）生物累积性： 生物累积性包括两个方面：一是污染物在环境中通过食物链和化学物理作用而累积。二是污染物在人体某些器官组织中由于长期摄入的累积。如镉可在人体的肝、肾等器官组织中蓄积，造成各器官组织的损伤。又如1953年至1961年，发生在日本的水俣病事件，无机汞在海水中转化成甲基汞，被鱼类、贝类摄入累积，经过食物链的生物放大作用，当地居民食用后中毒。 （七）对生物体作用的加和性： 多种污染物质同时存在，对生物体相互作用。污染物对生物体的作用加和性有两类：一类是协同作用，混合污染物使其对环境的危害比污染物质的简单相加更为严重；另一类是拮抗作用，污染物共存时使危害互相削弱。 二、重金属的定量检测技术
美国药典USP31 71 无菌检查法中文版
美国药典USP31-NF26无菌检查法《71》.doc 71 STERILITY TESTS 无菌检查法 此通则的各部分已经与欧洲药典和/或日本药典的对应部分做了协调。不一致的部分用符号（）来标明。 下面这些步骤适用于测定是否某个用于无菌用途的药品是否符合其具体的各论中关于无菌 检查的要求。只要其性质许可，这些药品将使用供试产品无菌检查法项下的膜过滤法来检测。如果膜过滤技术是不适合的，则使用在供试产品无菌检查法项下的培养基直接接种法。除了具有标记为无菌通道的设备之外，所有的设备均须使用培养基直接接种法进行检测。在结果的观测与理解项下包含了复验的规定。 由于无菌检查法是一个非常精确的程序，在此过程中程序的无菌状态必须得到确保以实现对结果的正确理解，因此人员经过适当的培训并取得资质是非常重要的。无菌检查在无菌条件下进行。为了实现这样的条件，试验环境必须调整到适合进行无菌检查的方式。为避免污染而采取的特定预防措施应不会对任何试图在检查中发现的微生物产生影响。通过在工作区域作适当取样并进行适当控制，来定期监测进行此试验的工作条件。 这些药典规定程序自身的设计不能确保一批产品无菌或已经灭菌。这主要是通过灭菌工艺或者无菌操作程序的验证来完成。 当通过适当的药典方法获得了某物品中微生物污染的证据，这样获得的结果是该物品未能达到无菌检验要求的结论性证据，即便使用替代程序得到了不同的结果也无法否定此结果。如要获得关于无菌检验的其他信息，见药品的灭菌和无菌保证<1211> 按照下面描述的方法配制实验用培养基；或者使用脱水培养基，只要根据其制造商或者分销商说明进行恢复之后，其能够符合好氧菌、厌氧菌、霉菌生长促进试验的要求即可。使用经过验证的工艺对培养基进行灭菌操作。 下面的培养基已经被证实适合进行无菌检查。巯基醋酸盐液体培养基主要用于厌氧菌的培养。但其也用于检测好氧菌。大豆酪蛋白消化物培养基适合于培养霉菌和好氧菌。 Fluid Thioglycollate Medium 巯基醋酸盐液体培养基
USP《671》美国药典-包装容器——性能检测译文
《671》包装容器——性能检测 本章规定了用来包装的塑料容器及其组件功能性质上的标准(药品、生物制剂、营养补充剂和医疗器械)，定义了保存、包装、存储和标签方面的凡例与要求。本文提供的试验用于确定塑料容器的透湿性和透光率。盛装胶囊和片剂的多单元容器章节适用于多单元容器。盛装胶囊和片剂的单位剂量容器章节适用于单位剂量容器。盛装胶囊和片剂的多单元容器(没有密封) 的章节适用于没有密封的聚乙烯和聚丙烯容器。盛装液体的多元和单元容器的章节适用于多元的和单元的容器。 一个容器想要提供避光保护或作为一个符合耐光要求的容器，由具有耐光的特殊性质的材料组成，包括任何涂层应用。一个无色透明或半透明的容器通过一个不透明的外壳包装变成耐光的(见凡例和要求 )，可免于对光的透射要求。在多单元容器和封盖与水泡的单位剂量容器由衬垫密封情况下，此处使用的术语“容器”指的是整个系统的组成。 盛装胶囊和片剂的多元容器 干燥剂——放置一些颗粒4—8目的无水氯化钙在一个浅的容器里，仔细剔除细粉，然后置于110°干燥，并放在干燥器中冷却。 试验过程——挑选12个类型和尺寸一致的容器，用不起毛的毛巾清洁密闭表面，并打开和关闭每个容器30次。坚决每次应用容器密闭一致。通过扭矩关闭螺旋盖容器，使气密性在附表规定的范围内。10个指定的测试容器添加干燥剂，如果容器容积大于等于20mL，每个填充13mm以内封闭；如果容器的容积小于20毫升，每个填充容器容量的三分之二。如果容器内部的深度超过63mm，惰性填料或垫片可以放置在底部来最小化容器和干燥剂的总重量；干燥剂层在这样一个容器中深度不低于5cm。添加干燥剂之后，立即按附表中规定的扭矩封闭螺旋帽容器。剩余的2个指定为对照容器，每个添加足够数量的玻璃珠，重量约等于每个测试容器的重量，并用附表中规定的扭矩封闭螺旋帽容器。记录各个容器的重量，如果容器的容积小于20毫升，精确到0.1毫克；如果容器容积为20毫升或以上但小于200毫升，精确到毫克；如果容器容积为200毫升及以上，精确到厘克（10毫克）；在相对湿度75±3%和温度23±2°的环境下存储。[注意——浓度为35g/100mL的氯化钠溶液放在干燥器底部的渗透系统来维持指定湿度。其他的方法可以用来维护这些条件。] 336±1小时（14天）后，用同样的办法记录每个容器的重
usp美国药典结构梳理
USP35-NF-30结构整理 vivi2010-10-02 USP总目录： 1 New Official Text修订文件 加快修订过程包括勘误表，临时修订声明（IRAS），修订公告。勘误表，临时修订声明，修订公告在USP网站上New Official Text部分刊出，勘误表，临时修订公告也会在PF上刊出2front matter前言 药典与处方集增补删减情况，审核人员，辅料收录情况 3凡例
药典， 1标题和修订 2 药典地位和法律认可 3标准复合性 4专论和通则 5 专论组成 6 检验规范和检验方法 7 测试结果 8 术语和定义 9 处方和配药 10 包装存储与标签 4通则 4.1章节列表 4.2一般检查和含量测定（章节编号小于1000）
检查和含量分析的一般要求 检查和含量分析的仪器， 微生物检查，生物检查和含量测定， 化学检查和含量测定， 物理检查和测定 4.3一般信息（章节号大于1000） 5食物补充剂通则 6试剂（试剂，指示剂，溶液等） 7参考表 性状描述和溶解性查询表（按字母顺序） 8食品补充剂各论（字母顺序） 9NF各论（辅料标准） 10 USP各论 11术语 附件：通则的章节中文目录（使用起来比较方便，直接找对应章节号即可）一、通用试验和检定 （1）试验和检定的总要求 1 注射剂 11 参比标准物 （2）试验和检定的装置 16 自动分析方法 21 测温仪 31 容量装置，如容量瓶、移液管、滴定管，各种规格的误差限度
41 砝码和天平 （3）微生物学试验 51 抗菌效力试验 55 生物指示剂：耐受性能试验 61 微生物限度试验 61 非灭菌制品的微生物检查：计数试验 62 非灭菌制品的特定菌检查，如大肠杆菌、金葡菌、沙门氏菌等 71 无菌试验 （4）生物学试验和检定 81 抗生素微生物检定 85 细菌内毒素试验 87 体外生物反应性试验：检查合成橡胶、塑料、高聚物对哺乳类细胞培养的影响 88 体内生物反应性试验：检查上述物质对小鼠、兔iv、ip或肌内植入的影响 91 泛酸钙检定 111 生物检定法的设计和分析 115 右泛醇检定 121 胰岛素检定 141 蛋白质——生物适应试验，用缺蛋白饲料大鼠，观察水解蛋白注射液和氨基酸混合物的作用 151 热原检查法 161 输血、输液器及类似医疗装置的内毒素、热原、无菌检查 171 维生素B12 活性检定 （5）化学试验和检定 A 鉴别试验 181 有机含氮碱的鉴别 191 一般鉴别试验 193 四环素类鉴别 197 分光光度法鉴别试验 201 薄层色谱鉴别试验 B 限量试验
USP美国药典 233元素杂质-检查法
á233? ELEMENTAL IMPURITIES—PROCEDURES INTRODUCTION This chapter describes two analytical procedures (Procedures 1 and 2) for the evaluation of the levels of the elemental impuri-ties. The chapter also describes criteria for acceptable alternative procedures. By means of validation studies, analysts will confirm that the analytical procedures described herein are suitable for use on specified material. Use of Alternative Procedures The chapter also describes criteria for acceptable alternative procedures. Alternative procedures that meet the validation re-quirements herein may be used in accordance with General Notices and Requirements 6.30, Alternative and Harmonized Meth-ods and Procedures . Information on the Requirements for Alternate Procedure Validation is provided later in this chapter.Speciation The determination of the oxidation state, organic complex, or combination is termed speciation . Analytical procedures for spe-ciation are not included in this chapter, but examples may be found elsewhere in USP–NF and in the literature. PROCEDURES ? C OMPENDIAL P ROCEDURES 1 AND 2 System standardization and suitability evaluation using applicable reference materials should be performed on the day of analysis. Procedure and detection technique:Procedure 1 can be used for elemental impurities generally amenable to detection by inductively coupled plasma–atomic (optical) emission spectroscopy (ICP–AES or ICP–OES). Procedure 2 can be used for ele-mental impurities generally amenable to detection by ICP–MS. Before initial use, the analyst should verify that the proce- dure is appropriate for the instrument and sample used (procedural verification) by meeting the alternative procedure vali-dation requirements below. Sample preparation:Forms of sample preparation include Neat , Direct aqueous solution , Direct organic solution , and Indi- rect solution . The selection of the appropriate sample preparation depends on the material under test and is the responsibil-ity of the analyst. When a sample preparation is not indicated in the monograph, an analyst may use any of the following appropriately validated preparation procedures. In cases where spiking of a material under test is necessary to provide an acceptable signal intensity, the blank should be spiked with the same Target elements , and where possible, using the same spiking solution. Standard solutions may contain multiple Target elements . [N OTE —All liquid samples should be weighed.]Neat:Used for liquids or alternative procedures that allow the examination of unsolvated samples. Direct aqueous solution:Used when the sample is soluble in an aqueous solvent. Direct organic solution:Used where the sample is soluble in an organic solvent. Indirect solution:Used when a material is not directly soluble in aqueous or organic solvents. Total metal extraction is the preferred sample preparation approach to obtain an Indirect solution . Digest the sample using the Closed vessel diges-tion procedure provided below or one similar to it. The sample preparation scheme should yield sufficient sample to allow quantification of each element at the limit specified in the corresponding monograph or chapter. Closed vessel digestion:This sample preparation procedure is designed for samples that must be digested in a Concen-trated acid using a closed vessel digestion apparatus. Closed vessel digestion minimizes the loss of volatile impurities. The choice of a Concentrated acid depends on the sample matrix. The use of any of the Concentrated acids may be appropri-ate, but each introduces inherent safety risks. Therefore, appropriate safety precautions should be used at all times. [N OTE —Weights and volumes provided may be adjusted to meet the requirements of the digestion apparatus used.] An example procedure that has been shown to have broad applicability is the following. Dehydrate and predigest 0.5 g of primary sample in 5 mL of freshly prepared Concentrated acid . Allow to sit loosely covered for 30 min in a fume hood.Add an additional 10 mL of Concentrated acid , and digest, using a closed vessel technique, until digestion or extraction is complete. Repeat, if necessary, by adding an additional 5 mL of Concentrated acid . [N OTE —Where closed vessel digestion is necessary, follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedures to ensure safe use.] Alternatively, leachate extraction may be appropriate with justification following scientifically validated metal disposition studies, which may include animal studies, speciation, or other means of studying disposition of the specific metal in the drug product. Reagents:All reagents used for the preparation of sample and standard solutions should be free of elemental impurities,in accordance with Plasma Spectrochemistry á730?. ? P ROCEDURE 1: ICP–OES Standardization solution 1: 1.5J of the Target element(s) in a Matched matrix Standardization solution 2:0.5J of the Target element(s) in a Matched matrix Sample stock solution:Proceed as directed in Sample preparation above. Allow the sample to cool, if necessary. For mer-cury determination, add an appropriate stabilizer. Sample solution:Dilute the Sample stock solution with an appropriate solvent to obtain a final concentration of the Target elements at NMT 1.5J . Blank: Matched matrix 298 á233? Elemental Impurities—Procedures / Chemical Tests USP 40
土壤重金属检测内容
土壤重金属检测是常规的环境检测项目之一，土壤与农作物的种植密切相关，一旦土壤的重金属超标，重金属会通过农作物最终流向人们的身体，重金属对人的危害极为重大。 常规土壤重金属检测指标：铜、锌、镍、铅、铬、镉、汞、铁、锰、钼、钴、砷 土壤检测范围：农田重金属检测、果园或花场重金属检测、种植用地土壤重金属检测、等等 污泥检测范围：河流污泥检测、工业污水污泥检测、养殖污泥检测、等等 土壤重金属检测方法：X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱、原子荧光光谱法、激光诱导击穿光谱法、原子吸收光谱法土壤是生态环境必要组成之一，如果土壤受到污染会带来一系列的连环影响，例如：雨水会把土壤中的重金属带到河流污染渔业，污染人类的饮用水，污染农作物等等。定期做土壤重金属检测有利用环境的可持续发展。 土壤重金属检测是土壤的常规监测项目之一。采用合理的土壤重金属检测方法，能快速有效地对土壤重金属检测和污染评价，并满足土壤的管理和决策需要。本文围绕土壤常规重金属检测指标、土壤检测范围、污泥检测范围、土壤重金属检测方法等方面进行讲解。 许多研究表明，种植物的质量安全与产地的土壤环境关系密切。重金属一般先进入土壤并积累，种植物通过根系从土壤中吸收，富集重金属，有时也通过叶片上的气孔从空气中吸收气态或尘态的重金属
元素。 深圳市华太检测有限公司现有场所面积3000多平方米，满足开展相应检验检测工作的需要。注册资金500万，拥有700余万元的固定资产，拥有国内先进的微机控制伺服泵源万能试验机，压力试验机，甲醛测试试件平衡预处理恒温恒湿室，甲醛释放量测试气候箱（智能式）、气相色谱质谱联用仪（GC-MS）、气相色谱仪（GC）、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）、原子吸收光谱仪、原子荧光光谱仪等大型仪器设备280多台，能满足现有检测项目的要求。
美国药典USP31(921)翻译版(上)
921WATER DETERMINATION水分测定 Many Pharmacopeial articles either are hydrates or contain water in adsorbed form. As a result, the determination of the water content is important in demonstrating compliance with the Pharmacopeial standards. Generally one of the methods given below is called for in the individual monograph, depending upon the nature of the article. In rare cases, a choice is allowed between two methods. When the article contains water of hydration, the Method I (Titrimetric), the Method II (Azeotropic), or the Method III (Gravimetric) is employed, as directed in the individual monograph, and the requirement is given under the heading Water. 很多药典物品要么是水合物，要么含有处于吸附状态的水。因此，测定水分含量对于证实与药典标准的符合性是很重要的。通常，在具体的各论中会根据该物品的性质，要求使用下面若干方法中的一个。偶尔，会允许在2个方法中任选一个。当该物品含有水合状态的水，按照具体各论中的规定，使用方法I（滴定测量法）、方法II（恒沸测量法）、或方法III（重量分析法），这个要求在标题水分项下给出。 The heading Loss on drying (see Loss on Drying 731) is used in those cases where the loss sustained on heating may be not entirely water. 在加热时的持续失重可能不全是水分的情况下，使用标题干燥失重（见干燥失重<731>）。 METHOD I (TITRIMETRIC) 方法I（滴定测量法） Determine the water by Method Ia, unless otherwise specified in the individual monograph. 除非具体各论中另有规定，使用方法Ia来测定水分。 Method Ia (Direct Titration) 方法Ia（直接滴定） Principle— The titrimetric determination of water is based upon the quantitative reaction of water with an anhydrous solution of sulfur dioxide and iodine in the presence of a buffer that reacts with hydrogen ions. 原理：水分的滴定法检测是基于水与二氧化硫的无水溶液以及存在于缓冲液中与氢离子反应的碘之间的定量反应。 In the original titrimetric solution, known as Karl Fischer Reagent, the sulfur dioxide and iodine are dissolved in pyridine and methanol. The test specimen may be titrated with the Reagent directly, or the analysis may be carried out by a residual titration procedure. The stoichiometry of the reaction
USP色谱柱解释
L1和L8是美国药典(USP)规定的色谱柱编号，其实就是C18柱和NH2柱。下面是对应的色谱柱类型。 L1：十八烷基键合多孔硅胶或无机氧化物微粒固定相，简称C18或ODS L2：30～50um表面多孔薄壳型键合C18(ODS)固定相 L3：多孔硅胶微粒即一般的硅胶柱 L4：30～50um表面多孔薄壳型硅胶 L5：30～50um表面多孔薄壳型氧化铝 L6：30～50um实心微球表面包覆磺化碳氟聚合物－强阳离子交换固定相 L7：全多孔硅胶微粒键合C8官能团固定相简称C8柱 L8：全多孔硅胶微粒键合非交联NH2固定相简称NH2柱 L9：强酸性阳离子交换基团键合全多孔不规则形硅胶固定相 L10：多孔硅胶微球键合氰基固定相（CN）简称CN柱 L11：键合苯基多孔硅胶微球固定相简称苯基柱 L12：无孔微球键合季胺功能团的强阴离子填料 L13：三乙基硅烷化学键合全多孔硅胶微球固定相（C1）简称C1柱 L14:10um硅胶化学键合强碱性季铵盐阴离子交换固定相简称SAX柱 L15：已基硅烷化学键合全多孔硅胶微球固定相简称C6柱 L16：二甲基硅烷化学键合全多孔硅胶微粒固定相 L17：氢型磺化交联苯乙烯-二乙烯基苯共聚物,强阳离子交换树脂 L18: 3～10um全多孔硅胶化学键合胺基（NH2）和氰基（CN） L19：钙型磺化交联苯乙烯－二乙烯基苯共聚物，强阳离子交换树脂 L20：二羟基丙烷基化学键合多孔硅胶微球固定相（Diol）简称二醇基柱 L21：刚性苯乙烯－二乙烯基苯共聚物微球 L22：带有磺酸基团的多孔苯乙烯阳离子交换树脂 L23：带有季胺基团的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯或聚丙烯酸酯多孔离子交换树脂 L24：表面含有大量羟基的半刚性聚乙烯醇亲水凝胶 L25：聚甲基丙烯酸酯树脂交联羟基醚（表面含有残余羧基功能团）树脂。能分离分子量100～5000MW范围的水溶性中性、阳离子型及阴离子型聚合物（用聚氧乙烯测定）的固定相 L26：丁基硅烷化学键合全多孔硅胶微球固定相 L27：30～50um的全多孔硅胶微粒
美国药典USP气相色谱柱对照表
美国药典USP气相色谱柱对照表 L62 C30硅胶键合于完全多孔球状硅胶，粒径3~15μm。 G48 Highly polar, partially cross-linked cyanopolysiloxane. Rt-2560 G46 14% 氰丙基苯基- 86% 甲基聚硅氧烷 CB-1701MXT?-1701Rtx?-1701VF-1701ms OV-1701CBX-1701DB-1701DB-1701P G43 6% 氰丙基苯基- 94% 二甲基聚硅氧烷 MXT?-624DB-624MXT?-Volatiles CBX-1301 MXT?-1301OV-1301CB-624Rtx?-1301 VF-624ms/VF-1301ms Rtx?-624CB-1301CBX-624 G42 35% 苯基- 65% 二甲基乙烯聚硅氧烷 DB-35Rtx?-35MXT?-35CBX-35 HP-35DB-35MS G38 固定相G1 加减尾剂 MXT-1Rtx?-1MS Rtx?-1 G36 1% 乙烯基- 5% 苯基甲基聚硅氧烷 Rtx?-5MS Rtx?-5CBX-5MXT?-5 G35 聚乙二醇和硝基对苯二甲酸二乙二醇酯 DB-FFAP HP-FFAP CB-FFAP G32 20% Phenylmethyl-80% dimethylpolysiloxane. MXT?-20 G27 5% 苯基- 95% 甲基聚硅氧烷 CB-5XTI?-5Rtx?-5SIL MS VF-5ms Rtx?-5PONA HP-5MS HP-5DB-5MS SE-52DB-5SE-54 G25 聚乙二醇TPA（Carbowax 20M 对苯二酸） FFAP CBX-FFAP G19 25% 苯基- 25% 氰丙基甲基聚硅氧烷 OV-225Rtx?-225VF-23ms CBX-225 G17 75% 苯基- 25% 甲基聚硅氧烷 MXT?-65 G16 聚乙二醇（平均分子量15,000） DB-WAX CBX-Wax CB-WAX Stabilwax?PEG-20M Stabilwax?-DB Stabilwax?-DA MXT?-WAX
美国药典USP40-左氧氟沙星API
USP 40 Official Monographs / Levofloxacin 4831 Acceptance criteria: See Table 1. Sample solution: 1mg/mL of Levofloxacin in Mobile phase Chromatographic system Table 1(See Chromatography ?621?, System Suitability .)Relative Relative Acceptance Mode: LC Retention Response Criteria,Detector: UV 360 nm Name Time Factor NMT (%) Column: 4.6-mm × 25-cm; 5-μm packing L1Levodopa related Column temperature: 45°compound A 0.90.830.1Flow rate: 0.8mL/min Injection size: 25μL Levodopa 1.0——System suitability Levodopa related Sample: Standard solution compound B 2.8 0.83 0.5 Suitability requirements 5,6-Dihydroxy-in-Tailing factor: 0.5–1.5 dole-2-carboxylic Relative standard deviation: NMT 1.0%acid 6.0 2.5 0.1Analysis 0.1Samples: Standard solution and Sample solution individual Calculate the percentage of levofloxacin (C 18H 20FN 3O 4)— 0.3 total in the portion of Levofloxacin taken: Unknown impurities 1.0unknown Total impurities — — 1.1 Result = (r U /r S ) × (C S /C U ) × 100 r U = peak response of levofloxacin from the Sample ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS solution ?P ACKAGING AND S TORAGE : Preserve in tight, light-resistant r S = peak response of levofloxacin from the containers, in a dry place, and prevent exposure to ex-Standard solution cessive heat. C S = concentration of USP Levofloxacin RS in the ?USP R EFERENCE S TANDARDS ?11?Standard solution (mg/mL) USP Levodopa RS C U = concentration of Levofloxacin in the Sample USP Levodopa Related Compound A RS solution (mg/mL) 3-(3,4,6-Trihydroxyphenyl)alanine.Acceptance criteria: 98.0%–102.0% on the anhydrous C 9H 11NO 5213.19 basis USP Levodopa Related Compound B RS 3-Methoxytyrosine.IMPURITIES C 10H 13NO 4211.22 ?R ESIDUE ON I GNITION ?281?: NMT 0.2%. Use a platinum crucible. Delete the following: Levofloxacin ??H EAVY M ETALS , Method II ?231?: NMT 10ppm ?(Official 1-Jan-2018) ?O RGANIC I MPURITIES , P ROCEDURE 1 [N OTE —Procedure 1 is recommended if levofloxacin N -ox-ide is a potential organic impurity. Procedure 2 and Pro-cedure 3 are recommended if levofloxacin related com-pound B is a potential organic impurity.] Solution A, Mobile phase, Sample solution, and Chro-matographic system: Proceed as directed in the C 18H 20FN 3O 4·1/2H 2O 370.38Assay . 7H -Pyrido[1,2,3-de ]-1,4-benzoxazine-6-carboxylic acid, System suitability solution: 1mg/mL of USP Levoflox-9-fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-acin RS in Mobile phase 7-oxo-hydrate (2:1), (S )-; Sensitivity solution: 0.3μg/mL of USP Levofloxacin RS (?)-(S )-9-Fluoro-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-10-(4-methyl-1-piper-in Mobile phase azinyl)-7-oxo-7H -pyrido[1,2,3-de ]-1,4-benzoxazine-6-car-System suitability boxylic acid, hemihydrate [138199-71-0].Samples: System suitability solution and Sensitivity Anhydrous [100986-85-41]. solution Suitability requirements DEFINITION Relative standard deviation: NMT 1.0%, System suit-Levofloxacin contains NLT 98.0% and NMT 102.0% of ability solution C 18H 20FN 3O 4, calculated on the anhydrous basis.Signal-to-noise ratio: NLT 10, Sensitivity solution IDENTIFICATION Analysis ?A . I NFRARED A BSORPTION ?197K ? Sample: Sample solution ?B . The retention time of the major peak of the Sample Calculate the percentage of each individual impurity in solution corresponds to that of the Standard solution , as the portion of Levofloxacin taken: obtained in the Assay.Result = (r U /r S ) × (1/F ) × 100 ASSAY ?P ROCEDURE r U = peak response of each impurity Buffer: 8.5g/L of ammonium acetate, 1.25g/L of cu-r S = peak response of levofloxacin pric sulfate, pentahydrate, and 1.3g/L of L -isoleucine in F = relative response factor (see Table 1)water Acceptance criteria: See Table 1. Mobile phase: Methanol and Buffer (3:7) Standard solution: 1mg/mL of USP Levofloxacin RS in Mobile phase USP Monographs