英语翻译考试
单选有六十分，一般多是短句，重点看短句翻译。给英语选出正确的汉语翻译（二选一），20分；习语翻译（二选一），20分；颜色词翻译（二选一），10分；九中修辞（四选一），10分，掌握各种修辞的英文名称，或许会有让你选择此句子采用了何种修辞的题目。整段翻译，40分，在翻译时最好不要隔句翻译，遇到不会的根据上下文语境可猜出来，即使不对也要写，这样得分会比隔句翻译高。
In all or most of our dealings with other states, the Charter will be our guiding star.
【译文】在处理我国与其他国家之间的全部或大部分事务时，宪章将成为我们的指路明灯。
【解析】“dealings”是名词，虽然汉译时没改变“对待，处理”的词意，却改变了词性，把名词译成了动词。
He stole her a watch.
A. 他给她偷了一块表。
【解析】答案A. “watch”既有“手表”又有“看，凝视”的意思, 和“steal”搭配成“steal sb. sth.”意思是“为某人偷窃某物”；“steal one’s things”是“偷窃某人的东西”；“偷看某人一眼”，英语应是“steal a glance”。
例2：That girl student is in the green.
B. 那个女生正值青春年少。
【解析】答案B. “be in the green”译为“处于青春期；血气方刚”，去掉其中的冠词“the”，写成“be in green”这样才是“身着绿装”。英语中像这样的词汇很多，比如“be in the red”“负债”；“be in the black”“盈利”；“be in the pink”“身体健康”等等。
例3：He tried to seem angry, but his smile betrayed him.
A. 他装出生气的样子，可是笑容暴露了他的真实情感。
【解析】答案A. 这句话的关背键是对“betrayed”的理解，“betray”本意是“叛”，常可以搭配“背叛事业，背叛祖国，背叛人民”，而这里的意思是指背叛“angry”“情感”，所以就可译成“暴露了他的真实情感”，合情合理，符合汉语表达习惯,合情合理。
例4：Science is a servant of mankind.
D. 科学造福于人类。
【解析】答案D. “servant”意为“仆人，奴隶，工具”，可理解为“服务”“造
福”，科学可改变人类，优化环境，丰富生活，给人类带来许多好处，“造福于人类”。
In an odd way the two leaders diminished each other.
D. 奇怪的是, 这两位领袖站在一起，都不如原来的形象那么伟大了。【解析】答案D. “diminish”是使彼此无意识地形成感觉，如果这两位领导人（丘吉尔Churchill
和罗斯福Roosevelt）在一起就用一种奇怪的方式来“贬低”“排挤”对方，则令人费解，也不是领导、领袖的作风。
例4：He pretends to be as modest as anything.
【译文】他装得极为谦虚。
【解析】“as modest as anything”是形容词比较结构。
例5：We should find truth in the light of science.
【译文】根据科学，探求真理。
【解析】“in the light of”是“根据；按照”。
例1：Any literate person on the face of the globe is deprived if he does not know English.
【译文】世界上任何有文化的人，如果不懂英语就算不上个真正的文化人。【解析】“be deprived of ”是“剥夺某人享有或使用某事物的权利”，若译作“地球上任何有文化的人，如果不懂英语将被剥夺”，让人感到莫名其妙，不明白到底在说什么，因此要补全它的搭配省略部分。
例2：She is forty, if she is a day.
【译文】她至少40岁了。
【解析】“if she is a day”对主语肯定，语气较强，表示“确实”，“肯定”之意。例3：The housewife is not at home to visitors.
【译文】家庭主妇不接待客人。
【解析】不能译为“家庭主妇不在家，去看客人了”。“at home to visitors”意思是“ready to receive visitors”“在家接待客人”,如：Mrs Hill is not at home to anyone except close relatives(希尔夫人不会客，但近亲除外)。
例6：Beyond the light of the fire everything was swallowed up the blackness of darkness.
(Mark Twain: Adventures of Tom Sawyer)
【译文】在火光照不到的地方，一切都被吞没在夜的黑暗之中。
【解析】“the blackness of darkness”是意义相同的词重复强调。
例1：It’s no legend. My father knew the two men involved.
【译文】这可不是瞎说。那两个与本案有关的人我父亲都认识。
【解析】英语分词作后置定语，汉译成前置定语。
例2：They are to send a government trade delegation to China.
【译文】他们将派一个政府贸易代表团到中国来。
【解析】名词词组→汉译成前置定语，英汉一致。
例3：The fundamental way out for agriculture lies in mechanization. 【译文】农业的根本出路在于机械化。
【解析】介词短语→汉译成前置定语。
例4：She was happiness incarnate.
【译文】她是幸福的化身。
【解析】形容词“incarnate”用作后置定语，汉译成名词，作中心词，抽象名词“happiness”译作前置定语。
例1：He left today week.
【译文】她上星期的今天离开了。
【解析】“today week”是“a week from today”,这是个表示时间的惯用语，具体的词义依照句中时态判断来翻译，在此句中译作“上星期的今天”。
例2：He will leave today week.
【译文】他将在下星期的今天离开。
【解析】“today week”在此句中译作“下星期的今天”。
例3：It isn’t half hot today.
【译文】今天热得很。
【解析】“not half”置于形容词前表示“非常；很”，以此来加强语气。
【译文】我非常愿意来。
【解析】副词“only”与“too, just, not”等副词连用，构成固定讲法，用在形容词、副词之前加强语气，起强调作用。
例5：I’m nothing of a scholar.
【译文】我不识字。
【解析】“nothing of ”相当于一个副词短语作状语，表示“根本不”，而“something of”作状语，表示“有点”，比如：Mr Li is something of a philosopher.（李先生略有哲学家的风度）。
例6：Bunyan was sent to school for a short time, where he learned to read and write after a fashion. （Wu Weiren: History and Anthology of English Literature）
【译文】班扬上学少，学习也不怎么好。
【解析】“after a fashion”短语作状语，意思是“not very good”。
例1：This attitude has been described as anything from a “merciful loss of memory”to “escapist therapy”.
【译文】人们对这种态度议论纷纷，有的说是“好心的遗忘”，有的说是“逃避现实的疗法”。
【解析】英语简单句→汉语联合复句.
例2：His superior grades at high school enabled him to enroll at the tuition-free Beijing University.
【译文】由于中学成绩优异，他免费上了北京大学。
【解析】英语简单句→汉语偏正复句的因果句.
例3：His weariness and the increasing heat determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.
【译文】她很疲惫，也感到越来越热，于是决定一遇到有阴凉的地方就坐下来休息。
【解析】英语简单句→汉语偏正复句的因果句.
例1：He doesn’t know what life means to him.
【译文】他不知道人生的意义。
【解析】英语主从复合句→汉语简单句.
例2：What troubles me is that I don’t have much experience in this kind of work.
【译文】使我苦恼的是我做这种工作经验不多。
【解析】英语主从复合句→汉语简单句.
例3：He was very clean and his mind was open.
【译文】他为人单纯而坦率。
【解析】英语并列句→汉语简单句.
1：I enjoy the clean voluptuousness of the warm breeze on my skin and the cool support of water.
【译文】和煦的微风吹拂着我的肌肤，凉爽的海水托浮着我的身体。我享受着那
种纯净的飘飘欲仙的感觉。
【解析】从外到内：肌肤→身体→感觉；微风吹拂→海水托浮→享受；和煦→凉爽→飘飘欲
仙；感觉→享受→飘飘欲仙，都符合空间发展排列顺序。
例1：The young cyclist dashed about madly and was knocked down by a truck.
【译文】那个骑车的青年横冲直撞，结果被一辆卡车撞倒了。
【解析】把英语并列句译成了汉语因果句，虽然语言顺序一致，但其结构发生了变化，前面的“横冲直撞”是因，后边的“被撞倒”是果。
例1：Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
【译文】勇敢过度，即成蛮勇；感情过度，即成溺爱；节约过度，即成贪婪。【解析】在“affection”和“thrift”之后省去了“in excess becomes”, 汉译根据上下文都补译出来，而且译文全都是四字一句，既符合原文意思，又合乎逻辑，结构平行对称，语言符合习惯。
例2：He turned to the columns in which were announced the births, deaths, and marriages.
【译文】他转而去看报上登载添丁得女、红白喜事的专栏。
【解析】“the births, deaths, and marriages”几个词放在一起，很自然地给人一个情景，汉语增译成“添丁得女、红白喜事”，既忠实于原文意思，又符合汉语习惯，表达十分地道。
例3：He stands on the threshold of a distinguished career.
【译文】他前程似锦。
【解析】汉语“前程似锦”正好符合英语“stands on the threshold of a distinguished career”所表达的意思，这样译，既简练又不违背英语原文之意。例1：The love of money is the root of all evils.
【译文】爱财是万恶之源。
【解析】the love of money是兼动名词结构,翻译时可改变词类，把英语名词the love汉译成动词“爱”；兼动名词结构汉译成动宾结构“爱财”或“贪财”。例2：It’s really worrying that a lot of nonsense which is meant merely to be for the entertainment of adults becomes accepted as authoritative by minors.
【译文】这些娱乐成年人的东西，在未成年人心目中却成了向往追求的东西，真让人担心。
【解析】“Authoritative”是形容词“有权威的；可相信的”，却汉译成名词“偶像权威；追求向往的东西”。
例3：In all or most of our dealings with other states, the Charter will be our guiding star.
【译文】在处理我国与其他国家之间的全部或大部分事务时，宪章将成为我们的指路明灯。
【解析】“dealings”是名词，虽然汉译时没改变“对待，处理”的词意，却改变了词性，把名词译成了动词。
1）He is little of a scholar.
【译文】他没有学者的风度。
2）He is very much of a poet.
【译文】他大有诗人之气派。
3）He’s only not a boy.
【译文】他简直是个孩子。
4）Not knowing her telephone number, I can not contact her immediately.
【译文】由于不知道她的电话号码，我无法立刻与她联系。
5) Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.
【译文】无知是恐惧的根源，也是敬佩的根源。
6) With all his achievements he remains modest and prudent.
【译文】她虽有很多成就，但还是谦虚谨慎。
7) Everything considered, your essay seems better written.
【译文】如果各方面都考虑到，你的论文似乎会写得更好些。
8) We maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any country.
【译文】我们认为，如果不尊重一个国家大多数人民的正当愿望，任何和平局面都不会是持久的。
9) It would have been of as much avail to interrogate any stone face outside chateau as to interrogate that face of his.
【译文】从他那张脸上审视不出什么，正如从城堡外面任何一张石脸上审视不出什么一样。（as much …as 在这里相当于as little …as，用以衬托否定含义。）10) Surgeon that Fleming was, he did not know penicillin which kills bacteria and germs.
【译文】虽然弗莱明是外科医生，他当时并不知道杀死细菌和病菌的是青霉素。【解析】英语让步状语从句，从句在前，主句在后，汉语译文和英语结构、意义一致。
习语
I’m all ears. “我洗耳恭听”
pull someone’s leg 开玩笑，戏弄某人
to drain the radiator 上厕所
poke one’s nose into something 某人管闲事
Talk of the devil, and he is sure to appear“说曹操，曹操到”
a die-hard 死硬派think tank 思想库
time frame 时间框架the hot line 热线
paper tiger 纸老虎armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿comfort woman慰安妇to burn one’s boats 破釜沉舟
to fan the flame(s) 煽风点火to turn a deaf ear to 充耳不闻
to have a well-oiled tongue油腔滑调
a gentleman’s agreement君子协定
an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth 以眼还眼，以牙还牙
Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
Example is better than precept. 身教胜于言传。
Long absent, soon forgotten. 久别情疏。
Add fuel to the fire. 火上加油。
Run with the tail between the legs. 夹着尾巴逃跑。
Mark made signs with his hands and moved his mouth soundlessly to show that walls have ears.
马克打着手势，又努努嘴，以示隔墙有耳。
Mary and John were bellowing and shouting enough to wake the dead. 玛丽和约翰大声吼叫，足以把死人吵醒。
castle in the air “空中楼阁”
go through fire and water 赴汤蹈火
to laugh off one’s head 笑掉牙齿
to praise to the skies 捧上天去
the apple of the to eye 掌上明珠
Walls have ears. 隔墙有耳。
Life is but an empty dream. 人生如梦。
Give him an inch and he’ll take an ell. 得寸进尺。
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. 情人眼里出西施。
He spent money like water. 他花钱跟流水似地。
An idle youth，a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
While there is life, there is hope. 留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。
The trouble is you’re too good-natured and people take advantage of it. All lay load on the willing horse. You will have to learn to refuse people who ask too much.
问题是你人太好，反被人欺，所谓“人善被人欺，马善被人骑”，对于那些要求过分的人要学会说“不”。
beltway connections
华盛顿政界的各种关系（Beltway原指华盛顿市的道路环线）
byzantine foreign policy 让人捉摸不透的外交政策
to cross the Rubicon
做出（采取）无可后悔的决定（行动）；破釜沉舟
the Gordian knot 戈尔迪之结（棘手的问题或艰巨的任务）
the heel of Achilles 阿基里斯的脚跟（惟一致命的弱点）
to meet one’s Waterloo 遭到惨败；败走麦城
skeleton in the cupboard（closet）家丑
the sword of Damacles 悬挂在达摩克利斯头顶上的剑（临头的危险）the touch of Midas 点石成金
the Trojan horse 特洛伊木马（内部颠覆者，起内部破坏作用的人或事物) to take French leave 不辞而别；擅自行动
to pull the wool over one’s eyes 掩人耳目
to open Pandora’s box 打开潘多拉盒子（引起疾病、罪恶、疯狂等各种祸患）to beat about (around) the bush 拐弯抹角
to break the ice 打破沉默
to dog-ear a book 折书角
to hold one’s horse 忍耐
to know the rope 内行
a fish out of water 好不自在
Call a spade a spade. 有啥说啥；直言不讳
From the egg to the apple. 自始至终
At breakfast, eat like a king. 早饭吃饱。
At lunch, eat like a prince. 中饭吃好。
At supper, eat like a pauper. 晚饭吃少。
Rolling stone gathers no moss. 滚石不生苔（搬家不聚财）。under the counter (table) 鬼鬼祟祟
Beyond the mountains there are people to be found.
山外有山,天外有天。
2)A book is known in time of need. 书到用时方恨少.
3)Cry for the moon. 海底捞月。
4)Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，富裕、聪明、身体好。
5)Even a worm will turn. 人急造反，狗急跳墙。
6)Feed a cold and starve a fever. 伤风时宜吃，发烧时需饿。
7)Great hopes make a great man. 宏伟抱负造伟人。
8)He that is down, down with him 落井下石。
9)He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.
不犯错误的人一事无成。
10)Like cures like. 以毒攻毒。
11)A lion’s skin is never cheap. 好货不便宜。
12)A fool always rushes to the fore. 愚人总喜强出头。
13)A maid that laughs is half taken. 姑娘露笑脸，婚事成一半。
14)A ragged coat may cover an honest man. 人穷志不短。
15)There’s many a true word spoken in jest.
笑语之中有真话。
16)It is as well to know which way the wind blows.
识时务者为俊杰。
17)Knowledge in youth is wisdom in age.
少时有知识，老来有智慧。
18)Life is not all roses.
人生征途，哪能处处鲜花密布。
19)Life is half spent before we know what it is.
懂得人生时，人生已过半。
20)Gold remain , gold, though it lies in the mud.
即使埋在泥里，黄金还是黄金。
1)baby kisser 为竞选而到处笼络人心的政客
2)backseat driver因瞎指挥而坏事的人
3)bad sailor 晕船的人4)better half 丈夫或妻子
5)blind date 由两人或为两人安排的初次约会
6)bug doctor 精神病医生；心理学专家
7)busy-body 爱管闲事的人8)carry the torch for sb. 单相思，痴恋
9)confidence man 骗子10)dead president 美钞11)dime store 廉价商店12)end paper 衬页
13)goo goo eyes 秋波，媚眼14)goose flesh 鸡皮疙瘩15)gut cours 易得学分的大学课程16)happy money 供零花的钱17)leg show 脱衣舞19)night cart 粪车
20)oil burner 破旧的汽车1)American Beauty 美国四季开花的蔷薇
2)China policy 对华政策3)Dutch courage 酒后之勇
4)Dutch treat 各自付钱的聚餐5)English disease 软骨病
6)French grey 浅灰色7)French window 落地长窗
8)Indian meal 玉米粉9)Robinson Crusoe 孤独的人10)uncle dudley 自己11)Uncle Sam 美国人
12)Uncle Tom 美国黑人
1)to beat a dead horse 枉费心机
2)to bring down the house 赢得满堂喝彩
3)to call somebody names 辱骂某人
4)to cut somebody dead 假装不
认识某人
5)to follow like a sheep 盲从
6)to give sb. a box on the ear 打耳光
7)to pull somebody’s leg 开某人的玩笑
8)to make horseplay 胡闹，搞恶作剧
9)to go fly a kite 滚开
10)to have a fall 被捕11)to know a thing or two about sth精通某事
12)to make a killing 发大财
13)to think a great deal of oneself 过高地估计自己
14)to turn one’s coat 背叛
1)pig head 顽固分子
2)pill pusher/sawbones 医生；毒枭
3)road apple马粪（道路上一堆堆的）
4)red tape 官僚主义
5)salt horse 腌牛肉
6)salad days 最幸福的青春岁月
7)see red 大怒，大发雷霆
8)smoke-eater 消防队员
9)snap course 易得高分的大学课程
10)straight from the shoulder 直接地，坦率地
11)student driver 教练车
12)sweetie-pie /sweet pea爱人，
13)a leak/ wet 小便
14)throw the bull /talk horse
吹牛，闲聊
15)lay an egg 失败
九种修辞占10分，四选一(着重看短句)，并且，各种修辞的英文名称能够认识歧义(Ambiguity)
例1：I didn’t come because of him.
【译文一】我来并不是由于他的缘故才来。
【译文二】由于他的缘故我没来。
例2：We haven’t called the meeting to discuss this problem.
【译文一】我们开会并非为了讨论这个问题。
【译文二】我们没有开会讨论这个问题。
例3：We grumbled a little now and then, to be sure. But there is no love lost between us.
【译文一】有时我俩也会闹点小别扭什么的，但是我俩毫无爱情。
【译文二】我俩有时也会闹点小别扭什么的，不过我俩还是十分相爱的。
例4：Men and women born before 1958 would be excluded entirely; they would not even be asked to register.
【译文一】1958年以前出生的人完全不包括在内，甚至不要求他们注册。【译文二】男人和1958年以前出生的女人都不包括在内，甚至不要求他们注册。例1：He had a book stolen from the library.
【译文一】他让别人从图书馆偷了一本书。
【译文二】他有一本从图书馆偷来的书。
【译文三】他有一本书在图书馆被人偷走了。
例2：The operation troubled him.
【译文一】这一手术让他伤脑筋。（医学）
【译文二】这次军事演习使他烦恼。（军事）
【译文三】这一运算让他伤脑筋。（数学）
【译文四】这一操作让他伤脑筋。（计算机）
双关(Pun)
She’s too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise, and too little for a great praise.
(William Shakespeare: Much Ado About Nothing) 【译文】她太矮，经不起高度的赞扬；皮肤太黝黑，经不起说她白皙的赞扬；个子太瘦小，经不起高大的赞扬。
【解析】“low”既表示“矮”也表示“地位低下”，说人身体矮用“short”，身材高用“tall”，这里故意用“high”和“low”这对反义词，形成对照。“fair”既表示“白皙”，也表示“公正”，这就形成了双关。从字面上看似乎是在谈“she”她的身材容貌问题，实际上是在说“she”的社会地位高低的问题。例2：If we don’t hang together, we shall hang separately.
【译文一】如果我们不紧密地团结在一起，那就会被一个一个地绞死。
【译文二】如果我们不被集体绞死，那也会被一个一个地绞死。
【解析】这是Franklin 1776年在美国独立宣言签字仪式上的讲话。他运用“hang”这一同形异义词构成了双关，语音格外生动有力，说明美国各殖民地除了宣布独立以外，无他路可走
Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man.
【译文一】明天你来找我，你将会发现我已经是一个严肃的人。
【译文二】明天你来找我，你会发现我已经是一个墓中之人了。（死了）
【解析】这是莎士比亚的剧作《罗米欧与朱丽叶》中的人物Mercutio在决斗中负了致命伤时说的话，表现了他的开朗性格，同时也增加了Mercutio之死的悲剧色彩。
例4：——What do lawyers do when they die?
——Lie still.
【译文一】——律师死后干什么？
——静静地躺着。
【译文二】——律师死后干什么？
——仍在撒谎。
【解析】精心选用动词“lie”的“居住”和“撒谎”意义，对善说谎言的律师进行了辛辣而绝妙的讽刺，具有异曲同工之妙。还如“——Why are lawyers all uneasy sleepers? ——Because they lie first on one side and then on the other, and remain wide awake all the time.”可理解为“——为什么律师都睡不好觉？因为他们一会儿躺在这边，一会儿躺在那边，所以整夜睡不安宁。”又可理解为“——为什么律师都睡不好觉？因为他们一会儿在这一方撒谎，一会儿在那一方撒谎，所以他们都是提心吊
例1：——Why do you say the river is rich?
——Because it has two banks.
【译文】——为什么说这条河很富有？
——因为它有两家银行。（河岸）
例2：——What flower does everybody have?
——Tulips.
【译文】——人人都有的花该是什么花？
——郁金香。
【解析】这是因为郁金香“tulip”的读音恰巧和人的双唇“two lips—tulips”的读音相似，此处正好借用这一发音巧妙造成双关。
例3：Once a pretty girl student came to the room for the interview. It was the first time that she had taken the exam. She was so excited and nervous during the interview that she left her bag on the desk. When she came back for it, my colleague, Mr. Smith, handed her the bag.
“Thank you very much,”she said.
“You are welcome,”Mr. Smith replied, smiling.
【译文】一天，有位漂亮的女学生走进考场。这是她第一次参加口试，在面试中太激动，太紧张了，临走时竞忘了拿包。当她再次回来取包时，我同事史密斯先生将包递给了她。
“谢谢你。”那女生说。
“欢迎你再来！”史密斯先生笑着说。
【解析】“You are welcome”在这里有双重意思，一是“不客气，不用谢”，二是“欢迎下次再来”。女学生向史密斯先生表示感谢，是因为他给她递了包，而史密斯先生巧用“You are welcome”向学生表示客气，应译为“不客气”，这样才能和“谢谢你”一致，可译为“不客气”，反倒失去了考官之本意；同时向学生开了个玩笑“欢迎你再来”，让学生也这样理解，两个意思都存在，一语双关。由此可见，这种双关产生的幽默就体现在语境之中。
例4：Bruce hit something hard when eating a meat pie. He found that it was a piece of human nail. He felt annoyed and went to the owner of the snack bar.
“You really surprised me, sir,”he began. “I found something foreign in the food,”Bruce complained.
“What?”the owner looked confused.”We’ve got nothing from other countries.
【译文】布鲁斯吃肉馅儿饼时，咬到一个硬的东西，一看是块人的指甲。他很气愤，马上来到快餐店店主面前。
“这太令人吃惊了，先生，”他说，“我在你的馅儿饼里发现异物（something foreign），”布鲁斯表示不满。
“什么？”店主大惑不解地说，“我们店里没有外国货。”
【解析】“foreign”有两个意思，一个是“外国的”，一个是“异质的”，即不属于某个地方的，不应该在某个地方出现的。店主显然是按第一种意思把“something foreign”理解车成了“外国货”，而顾客指的是“异物”。这种用法在此出现，显得风趣幽默，滑稽可笑。
矛盾修辞(Oxymoron)
例1：His honour rooted in dishonour stood.
And faith unfaithful kept him falsely true.
【译文】他的荣誉生根于不荣誉。
他的不忠诚可靠的忠实使他以真还假。
【解析】象这种修辞汉语译文既要表达原文的思想，又要体现原文的精神和风格，也确实很难。所以，在具体译的过程中，能套译的就套译，不能套译的只要不失原意、不削弱原文的表现力和感染力，可用汉语的其他修辞方法去译。比如“a living death”(半死不活)；“sweet sorrow”(喜忧参半)；“terrible pleased”（喜极欲狂）；“proud humility”(不卑不亢)；“cold fire”（火焰如冰）等都是很好的译例。
例2：
“——That time is past,
And all its aching joys are now no more,
And all its dizzy raptures.”
(Wordsworth: Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey) 【译文】“——快乐的时光已成过去，
这痛苦的喜悦，眩晕的狂欢
都不复存在。”
夸张(Hyperbole)
例1：As for models, she is a girl in a million.
【译文】要是作时装模特的话，她可是百里挑一的好姑娘。
【解析】“in a million”“in a thousand”直译是“百万里挑一”、“千里挑一”的意思，可这样译汉语读者感到很不自然；译为“百里挑一”，虽然在字面上夸张的程度是小了点，但语言功能对等，符合汉语表达习惯，读者自然可以接受。例2：I’ve told you forty times that if you touched that jam I’d skin you. 【译文】你要偷吃果酱，我就剥你的皮。我对你已讲过一百遍了。
【解析】如把“forty times”译为“四十遍”，过于精确，显得非常虚假，反倒不能传情达意；这是个模糊概念，读者也明白不是整整一百遍。
例3：He had an egglike head, froglike jaws and a grey hairy fringe round the lower part of his face, the whole combined with a reddish aquiline nose, two dim narrow eyes and hands that reached a mile out of his sleeves.
【译文】他长着一个蛋形脑袋，一个青蛙下巴，脸的下部长着一圈灰毛，此外，还长着一个发红的鹰钩鼻子，两只狭小暗淡的眼睛，两只手露在袖口外老长老长。【解析】这里借助夸张比喻，活生生地勾画出一幅令人憎恨的丑陋嘴脸。
例1：I am greater than the stars for I know that they are up there and they do not know that I am down here.
【译文】我比星星还伟大。因为我知道星星在天上，而星星却不知道我在地上。【解析】用幽默夸张的手法，讽刺了“我”的无知和渺小，强调了“人贵有自知之明”的道理。
类比(Analogy)
Men are April when they woo, December when they wed, maids are May when they maids, but the sky changes when they are wives.
(William Shakespeare) 【译文】男人在恋爱时犹如和煦的四月，婚后却像寒冬腊月; 闺中少女则宛若温暖的五月，而为人妇后却像易变的天气阴晴莫测。
例2：Before you reprehend another, take heed you are not culpable in what you go about to reprehend. He who cleanses a blot with blotted fingers makes a greater blur. (Quarles )
【译文】在指责别人之前，必须注意自己不要犯所要指责的毛病。用脏手擦污迹，只会把污迹弄得更大。
例3：Beauty is as summer-fruits, which are easy to corrupt, and cannot last: and, for the most part, it makes a dissolute youth, and an age a little out of countenance: but yet certainly again, if it light well, it maketh virtues shine, and vices b1ush. (Francis Bacon: Of Beauty)
【译文】美者犹如夏日蔬果，易腐难存；要之，年少而美者常无行，年长而美者不免面有惭色。虽然，但须托体得人，则德行因美而益彰，恶行见美而愈愧．（王佐良译）
例4：Full many a gem of purest ray serene.
The dark unfathom’d caves of ocean bear;
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen.
And waste its sweetness on the desert air.
(Gray) 【译文】许多最纯洁透明闪光的宝石，
埋藏在海洋的莫测的黑暗中；
许多鲜花开出来就无人看见，
它们的芬芳浪费在荒郊野地。
逻辑关系( Logical Contexts )
例1：World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity.
【正】他的成就驰名世界，而他个人却始终默默无闻，因为他整个一生总是避免抛头露面。
【解析】这是描写诺贝尔其人的一句话，如果用“无人所知”来翻译前半句更能客观地反映出诺贝尔的为人，那么后半句的“publicity”固然有出风头的意思，但是用来形容诺贝尔则显得有失恭敬。
例2：He is an orator, if ever there was one.
【译文】世界上没有演说家则罢了，如有，那就是他。
例3：He is seventy, if a day.
【译文】他该有70岁了。
【解析】“if a day”意为“至少有”“无论如何应该是”。若译为“他总有一天会70岁的”就不对了。
例4：John got sick, then his brothers and sisters all got sick. It never rains but pours.
【译文】约翰病倒了，接着弟弟妹妹都病了，真是祸不单行。
例5: ——“What did you say, dear?”
——“I said that I love you and that I can’t wait until you are mine.”
【译文】——“你说什么来着，亲爱的？”
——“我说我爱你，巴不得你马上嫁给我。”
【解析】如把“I can’t wait until you are mine”译成“要等到你嫁给我的那一天，我等不及了”，译文用字多，句子长，表达啰嗦，说这话占时间比较长，长语言和急心情不相配，“巴不得你马上嫁给我”利索精练，符合此时此刻的急切心情。
例1: A beautiful form is better than a beautiful face; a beautiful behavior than a beautiful form.
【译文】形体美胜于容貌美，行为美胜于形体美。
【解析】如果译成“美丽的外形胜过美丽的脸蛋，美丽的行为胜过美丽的外形”。似乎是把脸蛋看成是人体外形以外的部分，令人费解。大家都知道，脸蛋使人体外表的一个不可缺少的部分，可见译文在逻辑上不通。正文中的“form”应指
“body”，即“形体”，所以原文应译为“形体美胜于容貌美，行为美胜于形体美”则更符合逻辑。
例2: They left me at the gate, not easily or lightly; and it was a strange sight to me to see the cart go on, taking Paggoty away, and leaving me under the elm tree looking at the house in which there was no face to look at me with love or liking any more.
【译文】送到门口，我们就分手了，当时的气氛既不凝重，也不轻松。马车拉着帕格迪走了，我站在老榆树下，望着那没有感情，没有爱的房子，很恍惚。【解析】他们在门口分手时的情景是“not easily or lightly”，要表达这种感觉，用了“当时的气氛”来说明那时的心情“既不凝重，也不轻松”。
3: My first quarter at Lowood seemed an age, and not the golden age either; it comprised an irksome struggle with difficulties in habituating myself to new rules and unwonted tasks. The fear of failure in these points harassed me worse than the physical hardships of my lot, though these were no trifles. （Charlotte Brontee: Jane Eyre）
【译文】我在劳渥德的一个季度似乎有一个时代那么长。而且还不是黄金时代；在这个季度里，我得作令人种种生厌的斗争，来克服困难。使自己习惯于新的规则，习惯于陌生的工作。我一直担心，怕在这方面出什么差错，这可比命中注定要身受艰苦，更叫我苦恼，虽说艰苦也并不是小事。
【解析】从经历上说，“我”在这个季节里→作斗争→克服困难→习惯规则→习惯工作→担心→怕差错；从感觉上说，“我”感到这个季节似乎长→生厌→担心→怕→受苦→苦恼→小事；从逻辑关系上说，符合发展规律，合情合理。
重复(Repetition)
例1：Young men are fitter to invent than to judge, fitter for execution than for counsel, fitter for new projects than settled business.
【译文】年轻人善于发明，不善于判断；善于闯干，不善于协商；乐于实行新计划而不愿因循守旧。
例2：To me, art seems to deal with a vivacity of seeing and looking. About noticing. About not taking things for granted. About how we see the world around us.
【译文】对我来说，艺术是在观赏中享受激情活泼。艺术教我注意观察感知。艺术提醒我不要把事物理所当然。艺术教会我如何领悟周围的世界。
例3：I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers. I remember where a toad may live and what time the birds awaken in the summer—and what trees and seasons smelled like—how people looked and walked and smelled even.
【译文】我记得儿时给各种小草和隐秘的小花取的名字。我记得蛤蟆喜欢在什么地方栖身，鸟雀夏天早晨什么时候醒来——我还记得各种树木和不同季节特有的气息——记得人们的形貌、走路的姿势，甚至身上的气味。
【解析】原文有两个“I remember”的排比句，译文用了三个排比，并加进了一个“还”字。原文第二句中四个宾话从句也形成排比，译文也采取了排比形式，正好和原文对应。从语法结构上把原文中的两个宾语从句调整为句子，从整体上体现了原文的修辞效果；译文的选词用字浅显易懂，如“grasses”“小草”，“live”“栖身”，“smell”“气息”等，体现了原文的文体风格和感情色彩。
例4：I didn’t teach because teaching is easy for me …Nor do I teach because I think I know answers or I have knowledge I feel compelled to share with others.(=I teach not because…/I teach neither because…) 【译文】我当老师，并不是因为我觉得教书轻松，……我当老师，也不是因为我认为自己能够解惑答疑，也不是因为我有满腹学问，非与别人分享不可。【解析】像这类“because”的原因状语从句，主句谓语为否定时，其实意义上否定的是原因状语，是一种特指否定，翻译时要从主句谓语否定转移到状语从句否定，并把状语从句重复翻译。
例1：His mother described him at two as “round and fat and strong as a five-year-old.”
【译文】母亲描绘他两岁时的情景时说: “圆圆胖胖, 结结实实, 象个五岁的孩子”。
例2：I teach because I like the peace of the academic calendar …
I teach because teaching is a profession built on change …
I teach because I like the freedom to make my own mistakes, to learn my own lessons, to stimulate myself and my students …
【译文】我教书，是因为我喜爱校历的步骤。……
我教书，是因为教学是建立在“变”这一基础上的职业。……
我教书，是因为我喜欢有让自己犯错误的自由，有自己吸取教训的自由，有激励自己和激励学生的自由。……
例3：It doesn’t matter what you learn, but once you learn something, you must never give it up until you have mastered it. It doesn’t matter what you look into, but once you look into something, you must never give it up until you have completely understood it. It doesn’t matter what you try to think of, but once you think of something, you must never give it up until you have got what you want. It doesn’t matter what you try to carry out, but once you try to carry out something, you must never give it up until you have done it completely and well.
【译文】你学什么都好，一旦起学，必定掌握，决不放弃；你研究什么都行，一旦开始，必定彻底弄懂，决不放弃；你想什么都可，一旦思想，必定想通，决不放弃；你做什么都成，一旦动手，必定完美，决不放弃。
平行排比(Parallelism)
例1：To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar.（F. Bacon：Of Studies）
【译文】读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰大盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。【解析】培根的散文以结构严谨，对仗工整，尤其以三项式排比著称。王佐良先生运用相应的三段式格式修辞手段，不但传其“神”，而且表其“形”。译文排比结构呈现原意，真是绝妙无比。
例2 ：Their powers of conversation were considerable. They could describe an entertainment with accuracy, relate an anecdote with humour, and laugh at their acquaintance with spirit.
(Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice)
【译文】他们健谈的本领真是吓人，描述起宴会来细毫入微，说讲起故事来风趣横生，讥笑起朋友来也是有声有色。
【解析】“描述起……”，“说讲起……”，“讥笑起……”三个汉语平行结构，在结构、排列、表达、意义上都和英语合拍一致，把“健谈的本领”从三个不同的方面用排比的方法描写证明得令人信服，而且排列整齐，读起来节奏有力。
例3：Spring has no speech, nothing but rustling and whispering. Spring
英语翻译模拟试题
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