00831现代英语语法复习资料2

第二部分：教材的学习与使用

一．首先，仔细研读教材后面所附录的《高等教育自学考试英语语法自学考试大纲》，做到学习重点、考试要求了然于心。

二．由于教材涉及的术语较多，考试时所有的考题均用英文表述，学员必须熟记这些术语。可参照书后《课程内容与考核目标》所列出的主要概念中英文对照。如：词素（morphemes），词缀法(affixation), 修饰性状语(adjunct) ，评注性状语(disjunct)等。

三．对于每个概念，术语，都要做到能用简单的英语解释，最好能用书中的定义进行解释。语法考试中就有一部分要检查考生对概念的理解及记忆。如：（1）Morpheme(p4): A morpheme is the minimal distinctive grammatical unit, and is the lowest unit in grammatical hierarchy. Morphemes are actually abstract elements of analysis. What occurs is an orthographic form in writing termed ?morph? which realizes the morpheme.(词素是语法的最小区别性单位,即最低一级的语法单位.词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素.词素是抽象的形式成分，在不同的环境中由若干不同的形素来体现) （2）Mass nouns(p57): Those nouns that can not take plural forms are mass nouns, such as butter, cheese, homework music, etc. (没有复数形式的名词叫物质名词)

四．在理解的基础上，熟记教材上的例句。从以往的试卷分析来看，很多考题就是教材上的原句或略作变动。例如：在全国2003年4月高等教育自学考试英语语法试题第Ⅱ. 多项选择填空题(本大题共8小题，每小题2分，共16分)中，几乎所有的题目均能从书中找出：

Fill in the blanks with one of the items given below:

21. bank, bunch, congregation, pack, series（P65）

A. a _____ of musicians

B. a___ of lectures

22. board, bunch, choir, packet, party（P66）

A. a ______ of guests

B. a______ of keys

23. is, are, was, were, will be, shall be（P344）

Some money _____ carried to the spot and all the food and everything else _____ ready for the picnic.

24. seem, seems, me, I, mine（P59）

Your politics _____ to be entirely different from _____.

25. less, less of, than, as, like（P237）

Mr. Smith is _____ a politician ______ Mr. Lee.

26. more of, many of, much of, than, as, like（P236）

John is as _____ a fool _____ Bill.

27. be, is, was, are, were, will be, shall be

A. That she is still alive ______ sheer luck.

B. Neither his oral statement nor what he wrote _____ true.

28. have, has, had, will have, shall have（P346）

A. She is the only one of her family who ______ trouble making up the mind.

B. This is the only family in the community who ____ different opinions while making up the mind.

五．每一章后面设计的练习题也非常重要，学员要做到每一题都能够理解，作答正确。许多题目被用作以往的考题，将来的试卷同样会从中选择不少题目。

六．勤于动手，加强实践。该教程共分十六章，学习时可以把每一章节的重点概念摘录出来，把重点例句归纳出来，供自己复习巩固。只有这样，才能让自己掌握好各章节的精华。我们不主张大家去找别的语法练习来训练，因为采取不同的语法体系编辑的练习题有可能差距很大。教材上的例句及练习题稍作变动就可以产生无数的新语法题，足以让同学得到充分地训练。

七．善于请教，多方求索。学员对自己学习过程中弄不清楚的问题，可以与别的学员共同商讨，或请教老师。互联网也是一种很好的助学手段，但不要在那上面花太多的精力，因为那里的东西庞杂而良莠不齐。只要通过‘https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8214870288.html,’或‘https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8214870288.html,’，输入你想搜寻的内容的关键词, 如：‘自考语法’；‘语法考试’等，它们就会为你提供大量的网站或网页供你登陆或浏览。

八．学会归纳、总结。学习任何东西都应该多动脑筋。死记硬背得来的东西往往遗忘也很快，理解基础上熟记的东西才能长时间为主人服务。为什么?A book is on the desk..?不对而? On the desk is a book.?正确；为什么?There is a bus over there.?是存在句，?There comes the bus?是倒装句；什么情况下‘family’之后的动词用复数，什么情况下‘family’之后的动词用单数。这些只有在理解的基础上，通过归纳总结才能真正牢记住。

第三部分：教材的重点与难点归纳

Chapter 1 The Structure of the English Sentence

(第一章绪论)

一、难点、重点

1.Present the grammatical units that form a hierarchical order.

(指出构成层次结构的语法单位.)

Answer: The grammatical units that form a hierarchical order are explained and shown as follows:

Higher | A sentence consists of one or more clauses

| A clause consists of one or more phrases

| A phrase consists of one or more words

Lower | A word

From the macro-grammatical point of view, we can come to a hierarchical structure as:

Higher | A text consists of one or more sentences

| A sentence consists of one or more clauses

| A clause consists of one or more phrases

| A phrase consists of one or more words

| A word consists of one or more morphemes

Lower | A morpheme

英语句子的结构层次是：分句(clauses)、词组(phrases)、单词(words)，图示如下：

高级层次句子(由一个或多个分句组成)

分句(由一个或多个词组组成)

词组(由一个或多个词组成)

低级层次词

图1.1语法单位的层次(Leech等，1982：27)

如果从语义的角度来考虑，单词以下还可再分为词素(morphemes)；句子以上还有更大的语言单位，即把句子按一定逻辑规则组织起来的语篇。所以，从超语法的角度来看，语法层次结构可以如下图所示：

高级层次语篇(由广个或多个句子组成)

句子(由一个或多个分句组成)

分句(由一个或多个扣组组成)

词组(由一个或多个词组成)

词(由一个或多个词素组成)

低级层次词素

图1.2 扩大的语法层次结构图

2． Morphemes词素 (Terms: morpheme, morph, allomorph, free morpheme and bound morpheme)

（注：此部分内容的学习可以借鉴‘词汇学’的相关内容，然而必须注意两门课程描述的不同点。）

什么是词素(morpheme)?词素是语法的最小区别性单位，即最低一级的语法单位。

词素的语音或拼写法的体现叫形素(morph)。词素是一种抽象形式的成分，在不同的环境中一个词素可以由若干个不同的形素体现，如英语中的复数词素可以表现为／s，z，iz／。

某一词素在不同的环境中可以用不同的变体或词素变体(allomorph)表示。所谓词素变体是指词素的非区别性变体，几个不同的变体一起构成一个词素。

词素又分为自由词素和粘附词素。自由词素(free morpheme)是指本身具有完整意义，可以独立使用的词素。它可以是简单的单词，如boy，girl，do，so等，也可以是派生词的词根，如im-polite，self-ish等。自由词素具有较强的构词能力。

粘附词素 (bound morpheme)是指没有完整意义不能独立使用的词素。粘附词素只表示一种附加意义或语法意义，这种词素不能单独存在和使用，只有粘附在其他词素(主要是自由词素)上才能表示出它的意义。粘附词素的主要功能是在构词中充当词缀，如unfriendliness中的un-，-ly，-ness等。

3.Finite clauses and infinite clauses (限定性分句与非限定性分句,定义参见下面的简答题部分)

注意这里分句的概念与传统语法的区别，特别是非限定性分句。Finite Clauses

(1)名词性分句

What he said was incredible.

(2)关系分句

This is one of the best books I’ve ever read. (3)状语分句

If I were in your shoes, I wouldn’t quit.

Non-finite clauses：

(1) 非限定性名词性分句：

She didn’t know what to say．

(2)非限定性关系分句：

The man standing by the window is her brother.

(3) 非限定性状语分句：

Published ten years ago，this is still the best dictionary．

二、重要概念

1.morpheme (参见第一部分测试题)

2.parsing：Breaking a sentence into smaller components for analysis and then grouping them into various classes in a systematic way.

把一个句子中的各种词按语法范畴给出名称一如主语、宾语、动词、性、数、格等一叫做句子成分分析(parsing)。

3.Define the complex sentence

The complex sentence is a sentence that contains more than one clause

that are joined together by subordinating one to another．[复杂句是用

从属连词(如if, when, though等)连接的一个以上分句的句子.]

三、典型考题

I. 选择题

1. There are ( ) morphemes in ?gunfighter?.

A. two

B. three

C. four

D. one

2. In ?He downed his beer and punched me on the nose. ??downed? belongs to ( ) . (P13)

A. backformation

B. clipping

C. conversion

D. blending

3. Suffixes basically change ( ) .

A. word meaning

B. word class

C. nothing

D. word formation

4. The prefix?uni-? means ( ) .

A. without

B. self

C. false

D. one

Key: 1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D

II. 简答题

1.In terms of which three factors are words classified? The three factors are: the environment where words occur, their internal structure and their meaning.

2.Define the finite clauses and the non-finite clauses.

The finite clauses are the ones that have subjects and finite verbs as

predicates．The non-finite clauses are the ones that leave subjects

unsaid and verbs in non-finite forms．(限定分句是主语加限定动词作谓语的

分句。非限定分句是省略主语而动词以非限定形式出现(主语省略是因为其前面或

后面已有主语。)

Chapter 2

Sentence Types

(第二章句子类型)

一、难点、重点

1.The four major types of sentences in English and their discourse functions.

The four major types of sentences are declaratives，interrogatives，

imperatives and exclamatives．These four types are respectively associated with giving information，requiring information，requir ing actions and expressing the speaker’s impression of something．英语句子四大类型为陈述句，疑问句，祈使句和感叹句；这四种句型分别表示提供信息，寻求信息，要求动作进行和表达说话者的情感.

2.Explain the conditions in which we need to use non-assertive words in positive statements and assertive words in questions. (解释在肯定句中使用非肯定词和在疑问句中使用肯定句的情况。)

When a positive answer is expected, assertive words can be used in

questions, such as: Would you like some more coffee? Is somebody waiting for me?

And in affirmative sentences in which there are negative import, if-clauses,

putative should-clauses, and comparative clauses, non-assertive words can

be used, such as:

He is too young to take any job.

If anyone calls me at this moment, it must be Xiao Zhang. It’s odd that the hero should say anything like that. He’s better than anyone else in this company.

疑问句中如期望肯定回答,可用肯定词，在含有带否定含义的词，If-分句,should

推定分句,比较分句中也可用非肯定词.

3．Explain the difference between a tag question with a final rising tone

and one with a final falling tone．(解释附加疑问句结尾升调与降调的区别。)

With a rising tone，the question expresses the speaker’s neutral

ex pectation of the hearer’s response and invites the hearer to verify the

truth of the proposition in the statement．With a falling tone，the

speaker asks for the hearer’s confirmation of the statement．It can be

regarded as similar to an exclamation．(念升调，附加疑问句的说话者对对方

的回答不是很确定；念降调，说话者期望对方证实他的陈述，有点类似于感叹句。)

Examples:

Lovely weather, isn’t it?

(Seeing the student’s ID) You are a student, aren’t you? 以上两句，都应该念降调。

另外，在附加疑问句中，HAVE一词也是常考的重点：

You have heard me, haven’t you? (Auxiliary ‘have’)

Mary has to live on her own, doesn’t she?

Tom has coffee with milk, doesn’t he?

(In the sense of ‘possess’, ‘own’, etc.) You have a big house, don’t / haven’t you?

4．Commands

1)Be patient. (Command)

2)You be patient. (Emphatic effect, or to light

a contrast)

3)Do be patient. (To reinforce a command)

4)Be patient, please! (To smooth away abruptness)

5)You be patient, please! (This sentence is incorrect!)

So the following sentences are also commands:

1)Someone take out the rubbish.

2)Anybody help him!

3)Everyone freeze!

二、重要概念

1.Alternative questions: Those questions that suggest two (or more) alternatives and usually imply that one of them could be true.

2.How-exclamations: Exclamations that are led by the adverb ‘how’. It highlights the adjective, adverb, or verb in exclamations.

三、典型考题

I.选择题

1. You have to wait a moment, ______?

A. haven't you

B. do you

C. don't you

D. shouldn't you

2. "Mary wasn't in the reading - room, was she?" "_________."

A. Yes, she wasn't

B. No, she was

C. Yes, she was

D. She wasn't

Key: 1. c 2. c

II.简答题

1.What are the verbs which transferred negation often occurs with? What is their shared semantic feature?(转移否定经常与哪些动词同现?它们有什么共同的语义特征?)

The verbs which transferred negation often occurs with are：think，believe，suppose，imagine and expect．They are the verbs that express ?opinion?．(转移否定经常与think，believe，suppose，imagine和expect等动词连用。这些动词都是表示?意见?的语义。)

2.What are the two major types of exclamations?(感叹句的两大类型是什么?)

The two major types of exclamations are WHAT—exclamations and

HOW-exclamations．The former is followed by a noun phrase；the latter is followed by an adjective or adverb．感叹句分为WHAT-

感叹句和HOW-感叹句。前一种后接名词词组，后者接形容词或副词。

III．完成下列句子

1.You’d rather we didn’t go there,_______

2.I don’t think he will come,________?

3.They must have lost their way,_____?

4.Let’s talk about it later,_____?

5.Everyone is here,________?

Key: 1.hadn’t you 2. will he 3. mustn’t/ didn’t they

4. shall we

5.isn’t here/aren’t they

Chapter 3

Noun and Noun Phrase (1):

Noun and Number

(第三章名词和名词词组(1)：名词和名词的数)

一、难点、重点

1.The functions of noun phrases: In function,

a noun phrase can play such grammatical roles as subject, object, complement, modifier and even adverbial. 名词词组的功能，可以作主语、宾语、补语、修饰语（a tea table），有些的甚至可以作状语(yesterday, last week)。

2.Noun classes

名词可以以多种方法分类,如具体名词(table, water)与抽象名词(happiness, hatred),可数名词(table, girl)与不可数名词(water,

money),有生物名词(boy, monkey)与无生物名词(table, water)等.但名词

通常按以下方式分类:

名词-----|专有名词Proper nouns

(nouns) |可数名词----------|普通名词(common nouns)

(c. nouns) |物质名词(mass nouns)

我们在可数名词和物质名词中还可以再划分具体名词和抽象名词: 名词--|专有名词

|普通名词--|可数名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns)

(common n.)| |抽象名词(abstract nouns

|物质名词--|具体名词(concrete nouns) |抽象名词(abstract nouns) 3.缩略词：加-’s，-s，双写或零形式复数，首字母缩略词，

加-‘s或-s：

MP(议员) MP’s／MPs

POW(战犯) POW’s／POWs

VIP(要人) VIP’s／VIPs

laser lasers

缩略词加-s，双写或用零形式复数：

缩略词加-s

Dr．(医生) Drs．

hr(小时) hrs．(或hr．)

yd．(码) yds．

Yr. (年) yrs．

双写:

ex．(例子) exx．

gal．(加仑) gall．

1. (行) ll．

p．(页) pp

或用零形式复数

ft．(英尺) ft

kg．(公斤) kg．

km．(公里) km

min．(分) min．

sec．(秒) Sec

4.熟记教材（P65）单位名称表

二、重要概念

1.Proper noun: Proper nouns are nouns referring to specific person, place or thing,such as Smith, Mark (persons), Washington D.C., London (places), NATO, United Nations (things)(专有名称是特指人,地方或事物的名词)

2.Mass noun: Those that can not take plural are mass nouns, such as butter, cheese, homework music, etc. (没有复数形式的名词叫物质名词)

3.Unit noun: It is also called "partitive", is a very special class of words that is used to specify the quantities measures and shapes of the modified noun such as: piece, batch, bunch, item, etc. (单位名词亦称?部分词?用于说明所修饰名词的量、大小和形状等)

4.Foreign plurals：They are words borrowed from some other languages which still take their original forms of plural，Most often，they are from-Latin，French，Greek：alumna--alumnae，index--indices，plateau--plateaux，analysis—analyses，etc．(外来词复数是指从外语中借来尚保持原来复数形式的复数名词，多是拉丁语、法语和希腊语等)

三、典型考题

I.选择题

1. _________ plastics are made in this chemical plant.

A. Many kind of

B. Many kinds of

C. Many kinds

D. Many kind

2. "Jack has just moved into a new house."

"Did he have to buy ________for it?"

A. many new furniture

B. much new furnitures

C. much new furniture

D. many new furnitures

3. Michael took _______ as to what he should do.

A. his friend's advise

B. his friend's advises

C. his friend advice

D. his friend's advice

Key: 1. B 2. C 3. D

II.简答题

1.Collective noun: These are generally countable nouns, but even in the singular they refer to groups of people, animals or things, such as family, class, team, government, committee, etc. (集体名词一般是可数名词,但就是单数,也指人, 动物或事物的群体)

2.singular invariables: They are proper nouns like country names, personal names and mass nouns like those denoting sciences, subjects, diseases, and games. For example: the United States，the United Nations，Black，Jones，classics，physics，bronchitis，bowls，et。．(单数名词指的是某些国家名称，人名和表示学科、疾病和运动项目等形式上有以—s结尾的名词，一般用作单数)

3.plural invariables：They are 1)names of tools and articles of dress consisting of two equal parts：binoculars，compasses，jeans，shorts，etc．2)some collective nouns：cattle，people，police，etc．3)geographical names of mountain ranges，waterfalls，groups of islands：the Rockies，the Balkans，Niagara Falls，etc．4)other nouns ending in-s：archives，arms，etc．(复数名词指由两部分构成的工具或服饰；

某些集体名词；山脉、瀑布、群岛等地理名词以及其他以-s结尾

的名词，用作复数)

III.其他题型

Supply the appropriate unit noun from the list below:

company collection troop herd bundle drop piece

ray swarm can school pack fleet crew

1. a ______ of ships

2. a ______ of lies

3. a ______ of firewood

4. a ______ of whales

5. a ______ of sailors

6. a _____ of bees

7. a ______ of tourists 8. a _____ of crude oil 9. a ______ of cattle 10. a _____ of music

11. a _____ of monkeys 12. a _____ of coins

13. a _____ of blood 14. a _____ of sunshine Key:

1. fleet

2. pack

3. bundle

4. school

5. crew

6. swarm

7. company

8. can

9. herd 10. piece 11. troop 12. collection

13. drop 14. ray

新编英语语法教程 复习资料

1.主谓一致 主谓一致Subject-Verb Concord即谓语动词在人称和数上要和主语保持一致，主谓一致包括语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。 指导原则 语法一致 语法一致即谓语动词在单复数形式上要和主语保持一致 eg. A grammar book helps you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是单数形式，谓语也采取单数形式） 语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则. Grammar books help you learn something about the rules of a language. (主语是复数形式，谓语也采取复数形式） 语法书帮助你学习语言的某些规则. 意义一致和就近原则 意义一致就是谓语动词要和主语意义上的单复数保持一致。 补充解释和例句见书P22 就近一致就是谓语动词要和靠近它的主语部分保持一致。 常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or, either…or…，neither…nor …，not only…but also …等. 例句见书P23 英语中，有时几个名词或代词有某些此连接起来一起作句子的主语，此时，谓语动词的形式就须有与之最接近的名词或代词的人称和数决定。如： (1) There is a desk and five chairs in his room. 他房间里有一张办公桌和五把椅子。 There are five chairs and a desk in his room. 他房间里有五把椅子和一张办公桌。 (2) Either you or Li Lei is going to be sent there. 要么是你要么是李蕾将被派到那里去。 Are either you or Li Lei going to be sent there 是你将被派到那里去还是李蕾将被派到那里去 结尾的名词作主语 以-s结尾的疾病名称和游戏名称 以-ics结尾的学科名称 以-s结尾的地理名称 其他以-s结尾的名词 以集合名词作主语 通常作复数的集体名词 见书P27 【注】goods(货物), clothes(衣服)只有复数形式，且只表示复数意义： Such clothes are very cheap. 那样的衣服很便宜。 All the goods have been sent to them. 所有的货物都给他们送去了。 通常作不可数名词的集体名词 clothing(衣服)，poetry(诗歌)，baggage / luggage(行李)， furniture(家具)，machinery(机械)，scenery(景色)，jewelry(珠宝)，equipment(设备)等集合名词通常只用作不可数名词，表示单数意义，用作主语时，其后谓语动词用单数形式。 既可做单数也可作复数的集体名词 family(家庭)，team(队，队员)，class(班，班上的全体学生)，crowd(人群)，government(政府)，crew(乘务员)，committee(委员会)，audience(听众)，public(公众)等集合名词，当它们表示整体意义时，表单数意义，当它们强调个体意义时，表示复数意义。 【注】有时没有特定的语境，用单复数谓语均可以：

【英语】 英语语法填空专题练习(及答案)及解析

【英语】英语语法填空专题练习(及答案)及解析 一、语法填空 1．阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 A hotel chain is employing human bed warmers to help guests get a good night's sleep. ________ (dress) in special all-in-one sleeping suits, the walking electric blankets are sent to warm the beds of guests staying at the Holiday Inn ________ they get under the covers. Dr Chris Idzikowski, ________ (direct) of the Edinburgh Sleep Centre, said the idea could help people get off to sleep. He ________ (explain) that "There's plenty of scientific evidence to show that sleep starts at the beginning of the night ________ body temperature starts to drop. The drop occurs partly because the blood vessels (血管) ________ the hands, face and feet open up and release heat." "A warm bed –approximately 20 to 24 degrees Celsuis –is ________ good way to start this process while a cold bed isn't. It helps people sleep well especially as it's taking much ________ (long) for them to warm up when they come in from the snow." Dr Chris Idzikowski and ________ (he) colleague Jane Bednall said the idea was like "having a giant hot water bottle in your bed". The five-minute free bed warming sessions will be tried out in London and Manchester ________ the end of next month. 【答案】 Dressed；before；director；explained；when；of；a；longer；his；at 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一款新发明的暖床器以及使用暖床器的好处。 （1）考查非谓语动词。句意：行走的电热毯将会穿着特制的连体睡衣被送去假日酒店在客人上床之前给客人进行暖床。动词dress与这句话的主语the walking electric blankets之间是被动关系，故填Dressed。 （2）考查状语从句。句意：行走的电热毯将会穿着特制的连体睡衣被送去假日酒店在客人上床之前给客人进行暖床。根据句意，客人睡觉之前需要暖床，故填before。 （3）考查名词。句意：爱丁堡睡眠中心的主任Chris Idzikowski博士说，这个办法能帮助人们更好地入睡。空格前是一个人名，两个逗号之间的部分是这个人名的同位语，所以应填一个表示人的名词。故填director。 （4）考查时态。句意：他解释，有充分科学依据显示，入夜人体体温开始下降的时候就是睡眠产生的时候。由上一句中said使用的是一般过去时可知，这句话也应使用一般过去时。故填explained。 （5）考查定语从句。句意：他解释，有充分科学依据显示，入夜人体体温开始下降的时候就是睡眠产生的时候。根据句意，这是一个定语从句，先行词为the beginning of the night，并且先行词在从句中做时间状语，故填关系词when。 （6）考查介词。句意：人体温度之所以会下降，部分原因在于，（这时）人的手部、脸部以及脚部的血管开始扩张，散发了热量。空前前后都是名词，所以空格处应填介词，the blood vessels与the hands之间属于所属关系，故填of。 （7）考查冠词。句意：温暖的床（温度大约在20到24摄氏度之间）有助于人们入睡而冰冷的床则会妨碍人们入睡。空格位于谓语动词后，空格后为一个可数单数名词短语，所以空格处应填不定冠词。“good”是以辅音音素开始的，故填a。

(精选)人教版高中英语语法复习资料

语法：是一门研究英语语言构成规律的学科。 词 法 ———— 语法 ————句法 简单句：在句子中只包含一套主谓结构。 并列句：通常由一个连词连接的并列的句子。 复合句：〖大句套小句〗 一气：虚拟语气 二词：非谓语动词、情态动词 三句：名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句 语法 非谓语动词 一、 在句中不能作谓语的动词叫做非谓语动词 二、 啥样呢？ 1. 不定式：To do 2. 动名词：Doing 3. 分词：Done Eg1. The ocean and seas surrounding the islands are deep blue. 围绕着群岛的海洋是深蓝色的 Eg2. My mother ordered the homework to be done. ☆☆非谓语动词的宾补，其逻辑主语为前面宾语 ▲ 方法一：口诀法 非谓语，三要点。 句法 目 的 结 构 形容词 名词 数词 代词 动词 介词 副词 感叹词 冠词 连词 陈述句 疑问句 祈使句 感叹句 简单句 复合句 并列句 时态、语态 非谓语动词 情态动词 词法 名词性从句 状语从句 定语从句

变否定，NOT 前。 哼哈将，时逻关。 七仙女，记心间。 （一） 变否定 （二） 哼哈将 1.动词不定式 主动关系 被动关系 一般式 To do To be done 完成式 To have done To have been done 进行式 To be doing (To be being done) 完成进行式 To have being doing (To have been being done) ▲ 一般式：不定式的动作和谓语动词动作同时发生或在谓语动词之后的动作发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 ▲ 完成式：不定时动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg3. Jay Chou taught us to sing 黄河大合唱 last night. ▲ 进行式：不定时的动作和谓语动词动作同时正在进行 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg4. When his mother entered, the boy pretended to be sleeping. ▲ 完成进行式：不定时的动作在谓语动词动作之前发生，一直持续到谓语动词动作，到谓 语动词动作为止。不定时的动作有可能刚刚结束，还有可能继续延续下去。 A A ：谓语动词 B ：不定式 Eg5. Mr. Zhong is said to have been working as a teacher for 10 years. 时间关系 逻辑关系 B B B B B B B B

【经典】资料大全：英语学习_英语语法基础知识_必备

天才是百分之九十九的勤奋加百分之一的灵感 弃我去者，昨日之日不可留 乱我心者，今日之日多烦忧 英语语法基础知识 第1课： 1、be（是）动词的用法：am接I；is接第三人称单数，即除you、I外；are接表示多个人或事物，即复数。（我是am，你是are，is连接它、她、他，单数is，复数are）。 2、not是表示否定的词：不是的表达，am not，is not（isn’t），are not（aren’t）。 3、“一个”和“几个”的问题：“一个”是a+名词；“多个”是名词后面加s。 4、以元音开头（如O、E等），前面的冠词用an。 第2课： 1、及物动词与不及物动词的区别：及物动词后面接宾语；而不及物动词后面不接宾语。如I like ice cream ，It hurts。 2、主语是he、she、it和单数名词时，动词要发生第三人称的变化，即加s。 3、否定的用法：在动词之前加do not或does not。I、You和复数名词做主语时，否定就用do not；凡是单数名称和he、she、it做主语，否定就用does not。 第3课 1、my（我的）、your（你的）、his（他的）、her（她的）、their（他们的）、our（我们的）、its（它的）+名词，如my love，your love 。 2、名词所有格形式为：名词+’s，表示“……的”，如Sophie’s world，children’s Day，Japan’s tomorrow。 3、用名词+of+名词，一般用在无生命的名词上，表示“……的’’，如The sound of music （音乐之声）。 第4课 1、“have”和“there be”翻译成汉语都可以用一个“有”字来表示，但have是指主观的“所有、拥有”，而there be则是指客观的“存在，某处有某物”。 2、There be的单复数变化与be的变化规则相同，取决于后面所接的主语。主语为单数，就变成there is，主语是复数，就变成there are。 3、“have”在第三人称单数时变成“has”。

(完整)高中英语语法填空20篇

（1） In the United States, there were 222 people ____1____ (report) to be billionaires(亿万富翁) in 2003. The ____2_____ of these is Bill Gates, worth at least $ 41 billion, who made his money ____3____ starting the company Microsoft. Mr. Gates was only 21 years old _____4____ he first helped to set up the company in 1976. He was a billionaire _____5___ the time he was 31. ____6____, there are still some other people who have made lots of money at even ____7____ (young) ages. Other young people who have struck it rich include Jackie Coogan and Shirley Temple. ____8____ of these child actors made over a million dollars ___9____ (act) in movies before they were 14. But ___10___ youngest billionaire is Albert von Thurn und T axis of Germany, who, in 2001, inherited (继承) a billion dollars when he turned 18! (2) Finishing their shopping at the mall, a couple discovered that their new car ____1_____ (steal) .They filed a report____2____ the police station and a detective drove them ____3____ to the parking lot to look for evidence. To their ____4____ (amaze), the car had been returned ___5____ there was a note in it that said: “I apologize for taking your car. My wife was having a baby and I had to rush her to the ____6_____. Please forget the inconvenience. There are two tickets ____7____ tonight's Mania Twain concert.” Their faith in humanity restored. The couple attended ____8____ concert. But when they returned home, they immediately found ____9______their house had been ransacked (洗劫). On the bathroom mirror was ____10_____ note: “I have to put my kid through college somehow, don't I?” (3) People _____1___ (live) in different countries made different kinds of words. Today there are about fifteen hundred _____2_____ in the world. Each contains many thousands of words. A very large dictionary, for example, contains four ___3___ five hundred thousand words. But we do not need ____4____ these. To read short stories you need to know only about two thousand words. ____5_____ you leave school, you will learn only one thousand or more. The words you know are called your vocabulary. You should try to make your vocabulary ______6___ (big). Read as many books as we can. There are a lot of books _____7____ (write) in easy English. You will enjoy them. When you meet _____8____ new word, look it ____9_____ in your dictionary. Your dictionary is your _____10_____ (much) useful book. (4) When you are in England you must be very careful in the streets ____1_____ the traffic drives on the left. Before you cross a street you must look to the right first _____2____ then the left. In the morning and in the evening when people go to or come from ____3____, the streets are very busy. Traffic is most ____4___ (danger) then. When you go by bus in England, you have to be careful, ____5____. Always

小学英语语法总复习知识点归纳

小学英语语法汇总 一、时态 1．一般现在时 （1）表示经常发生的动作或事情，通常用“usually通常, often常常, every…每…, sometimes有时，always总是,”等词。 （2）基本结构： I / You / We / They He / She / It 肯定句动词原形动词第三人称单数形式 否定句don’t + 动原doesn’t + 动原 一般疑问句(Yes/No) Do… ? Yes, I do.Does…(动词原形)…?No,she doesn’t. 特殊疑问句What do …?How does she…(动词原形)…? (3) 动词第三人称单数形式（同名词单数变成复数方法相同） 1 一般情况+s 如：walk-walks 2. 辅音字母+y结尾去y +ies fly-flies 3. 结尾是s, x，sh, ch +es watch-watches 4. 特殊的do-does ,have-has, go-goes 2．现在进行时, （1）表示正在发生的动作，通常用“now现在, look看，linsen听”. （2）基本形式：be + 动词ing eg: I am(not) doing my homework. You/We/They are(not) reading. He/She/It is(not) eating. What are you doing? Is he reading? （3）动词的现在分词形式（动词+ing） 一般情况+ing walk—walking 结尾是不发音的e -e + ing come—coming 重读闭音节双写最后一 个字母+ing run-running swim-swimming 3. 一般过去时 （1）表示过去已经发生的事情,通常用“last …上一个…, just now刚才, a moment ago刚才，yesterday昨天”等词。（2）be 动词的过去式: am/is—was are—were （3）过去式基本结构 肯定句（Positive）动词过去式I went shopping last night. 否定句(Negative) Didn’t + 动词原形I didn’t go shopping last night. 一般疑问句(Yes/No) Did …+ 动词原形…?Did you go shopping last night? 特殊疑问句(wh-) What did…+ 动词原形…?What did you do last night? （4）词过去式的变化： 规则动词的变化： 一般动词+ed planted,watered,climbed 以不发音的e结尾+d liked 辅音字母加y结尾-y+ ied study—studied, cry- cried 重读闭音节单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写最后一个 字母+ed stop –stopped plan - planned

小学英语语法基础知识大全蓝本

小学英语语法汇总（蓝本） 可数名词与不可数名词“分家” 一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别 可数名词是可以按个数来计算的普通名词，分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people, family 等)。不可数名词是不能按个数来计算的普通名词，分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。 强调：不可数名词默认为单数，用is或者was；不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断。 二、可数名词的家务事 可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。指一个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；指两个或多个人或事物时用复数形式。名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下： 1. 一般的名词词尾直接加-s 。如：book → books house → houses day → days 读音：清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和元音后读[z]。 2. 以s,ss,ch,sh, x 结尾的在词尾加-es 。如：bus → buses glass → glasses watch → watches dish → dishes box → boxe s 读音：[iz] 3. 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的，将y改为i再加-es。如city → cities factory → factories 读音：[z] 4. 以f 或fe 结尾的，将f或fe改为v再加-es。如：half → halves leaf → leaves knife → knives wife → wives thief-thieves 读音：[z] 5. 特例（常考） ①child →children mouse→mice ②man →men woman→women policeman →policemen (规律：man →men) ③tomato →tomatoes potato → potatoes [注：黑人英雄土豆西红柿加es其余加-s,,如：photo → photos ] h ero →h eroes negro→negroes 读音：[z] ④foot → feet tooth → teeth [ oo变ee] ⑤sheep, Chinese, Japanese, fish单、复数同形 ⑥people单数形式表示复数意义，要求谓语动词用复数；people的复数形式peoples通常指"多个民族"。 三、不可数名词的家务事 1. 不可数名词没有复数，作句子主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：The food is very fresh. 2. 有的不可数名词也可以作可数名词，有复数形式，但意义发生变化。如：water (水) → waters (水域) orange (橘汁) → oranges (橘子) 3. 很多的不可数名词表示泛指时为不可数，表种类时就可数，意义不发生变化。如：fruit → fruits food → foods fish → fishes hair → hairs 4. 计算不可数名词的数量，要在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”如：a glass of water a piece of paper a bottle of juice 5.判断步骤： ↗如是am、is或was→原形 读句子→读该单词→认识该单词→理解意思→看be动词 ↘如是are或were→加s或es

英语语法练习题大全

英语语法习题 目录 第一讲主谓一致 第二讲名词 第三讲代词 第四讲动词分类 第五讲动词时态 第六讲被动语态 第七讲虚拟语气 第八讲助动词 第九讲不定式 第十讲 V-ing形式 第十一讲 V-ed形式 第十二讲形容词／副词 第十三讲介词 第十四讲连词 第十五讲 It的用法 第十六讲定语从句 第十七讲名词性从句 第十八讲状语从句 第十九讲倒装句 第一讲主谓一致 I.学习重点 从句或非谓语动词作主语时的主谓一致 表示数量的名词词组作主语时的主谓一致 由连接词连接的主语与谓语的一致 集体名词作主语时的主谓一致 “主语+with/as well as 等短语”的主谓一致 Ⅱ．重点讲解 主语和谓语的一致主要指谓语动词必须和作主语的名词或人称代词在人称和数上保持一致。处理主谓一致关系主要遵循以下3条原则。①语法一致原则，即谓语的单、复数形式依主语的单、复数形式而定：主语为复数，谓语动词用复数；主语为单数或是不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。②就近一致原则，即谓语动词的人称和数要与它最邻近的名词或代词保持一致。 ③意义一致原则，即不以语法形式而从意义着眼处理一致关系，若主语形式上为复数，但意义上是单数，谓语动词需用单数；若主语形式上为单数，而意义上是复数，则谓语动词用复数。 Ⅲ、自测题 1．The committee ______(be) unable to agree on the policies．

2．The committee ______ (have) decided to give the workers more financial help．3．Why he entered the house and how he managed to get out of it without being seen by people ______ (remain) a mystery to us all． 4．Three years in a strange land ______(seem) like a long time． 5．He is one of those men who never ______(care) how they look． 6．Law and order ______(mean) different things to people with different political opinions． 7．She’s the only one of these women who ______ (play) bridge well． 8．After the exams ______(be) the time to relax． 9．War and peace ______(be) a constant theme in history． 10．How is it that your answer and your neighbour’s ______(be) identical? 11．If either of you ______(take) a vacation now,we will not be able to finish the work． 12．One third of the population ______(be) working in factories． 13．There ______(be) a bed and two sofas in the room． 14．What he left me ______(be) three small rooms. 15．The crowd at the basketball game ______(be) wild with excitement. 16．None of the students ______(have)finished the exam yet． 17．A large crowd of people ______(have) gathered under the Town Hall clock．18．All but he and I ______(be) going to the Exhibition． 19．Each soldier and sailor ______(be) given a gun． 20．Attending on campus concerts ______ (be) part of the pleasure of college life．21．There ______(be) more than one answer to your question． 22．A number of pages ______(be) found missing． 23．This is one of the books that ______(tell) an authentic story of World War Two．24．The cat with her kittens ______(be) sitting in the sun． 25．What ______(be) your weekly wages? 26．Bacon and eggs ______(make) a hearty breakfast for a growing boy．27．Dancing and skating ______(be) my chief delights． 28．Only one of the students who______(have) read the article can answer the question． 29．John is the only student who ______(have) read the book． 30．The number of secretaries in this company ______(be)never under 100．31．Five hundred dollars ______(be) spent yesterday. 32．It is I who ______(be) responsible for this. 33．To visit the parks and museums ______(be) really enjoyable． 34．Every word and phrase in this dictionary ______(be) important． 35．What he wants ______(be) a recorder and a radio． 36．There ______(be) many a reason why this book sells well． 37．What caused the damage of these cars ______(remain) unknown． 38．Two thirds of my friends ______(have) been abroad． 39．Two thirds of the crop ______(have) been damaged by the storm． 40．The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ______(have) been translated into many languages． 41．A thousand miles no longer ______ much to us today,for modern jets can easily get us over this distance within a few hours． A)meant B)mean C)means D)will mean 42．It is reported that about two-thirds of the factory’s property _______ in the fire． A)are lost B)have been lost

英语语法填空技巧与方法+70篇练习(含答案)

广东高考英语语法填空技巧与方法 真题剖析 广东高考语法填空题究竟考什么？怎么考？请看下面的研究结果吧。只有数据事实最具说服力。 1.考什么？ (1)纯空格题：通常考冠词、介词、代词和连词等四类词。 (2)用括号中所给词填空：通常考谓语动词的时态和语态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较等级、词类转换等。 特别提醒： (1)在纯空格题中，两年都没有要求考生根据上下文填写名词、动词、形容词和副词。我们认为，其原因有二： 一是根据语境推测出要填哪一个名词、动词、形容词或副词，是完形填空要考查的内容，若在语法填空中考查，是越权，是多管闲事； 二是“语法填空”顾名思义是考语法，而根据语境填这四类词同语法规则关系不大，与“语法填空”名不符实。不过，less, more, most等词是可能在纯空格类题中考查的，因为这涉及到到语法——比较等级。 (2)我们认为，倒装句中的助动词和强调谓语动词的助动词(do, does, did)，以及情态动词、强调结构中的it, that等都可能在纯空格题中进行考查，名词的数和所有格也可能在用括号中所给词填空中进行考查，同学们千万不可忽视。 2. 怎么考？ (1)短文来源：都来自网上。 (2)短文长度：170-200词。 (3)短文难度：没有超出课标的生词，但有课标单词的派生词。 (4)短文题材：或体现文化内涵，或给人心灵以启迪等。 (5)考点设置： (1)纯空格题：设6-7个小题。 (2)用括号中所给词填空：设3-4个小题。 (6)答案特点： ①纯空格题：试题要求中已明文规定死了“在空格处填入一个适当的词”，即一个小题或者一个空格只能填一个单词。两年高考题的答案印证了这一点。 ②用括号中所给词填空：试题中要求“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”，这个词的正确形式究竟由几个单词组成？两年高考题的答案填一个或两个单词。 ③所填词(答案)都是一些拼写简单的单词。2007年高考所填词均长4.1个字母，其中，纯空格的答案只有2.4个字母；2008年所填词均长4.45个字母，其中纯空格的答案只有3.8个字母。 ④两年都有所填词位于句首，此时第一个字母要注意大写。 ⑤两年都没有要求考生填像depend on中的介词on这类固定短语中的单词。 特别提醒：尽管两年高考中“使用括号中词语的正确形式填空”的答案只填一个或两个单词，但是我们在平时的训练中应当不局限于此，要训练填一个、两个或多个单词的情况。非谓语动词中，带to的不定式、现在分词的完成式都可能填两个单词；谓语动词的将来时、进行时和完成时等也都可能填两个单词，而现在完成进行时等就可能填三个单词，被动语态至少都要填两个单词。解题高招 1. 通读全文，把握大意。 既然是通过语篇在语境中考语法，那么，我们在解题前，应快速浏览短文，把握全文大意，这一步非常重要。 2. 结合语境，试填空格。 读懂短文之后，要结合短文所提供的特定的语言环境，从句子结构的完整性去分析思考空格所缺

中考英语语法复习资料

第一部分：词法 中考考点一、名词 一、名词的复数： 1.名词变复数的规则形式 1).一般情况下直接加s book------books cup-----cups 2).以辅音字母+y结尾的，先变y为i再加es . city-------cities family-----families 3).以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es . bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------wathes 4).以o结尾的多数加S 初中阶段只有三个单词加es . tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes 5).以f、fe 结尾的，先把f、fe变v 再加es . leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves 2.少数名词的复数形式是不规则的。 man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice 3.单数和复数形式相同。 deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 4.某国人的复数。 1). 中、日不变。Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 2). 英、法变。 Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen 3). 其余s加后面。 American -----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians 二、不可数名词： 1.不可数名词： 1).不能直接用数字表数量 2).不能直接加a或an 3).没有复数形式 4).可用some、any 、lots of、plenty of 、much 修饰 5).可用“量词短语”表示 2.不可数名词的数量的表示方法： a / 数字+ 量词 + of + 不可数名词 a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 三、名词的所有格： 1. ’s 所有格。 1).用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时，这时只在最后一个名词后加“’s.”

(完整版)高中英语语法填空基础练习

词性转换比较等级名词单复数 Ⅰ. 单句练习 1. They are always gathering in their winter food in the middle of summer and they are making _________ (prepare) for the long cold winter. 2. But such a small thing couldn’t _________ (possible)destroy a village. 3. It was _________ (consider)of Michael to inform us of his delay in case we got worried. 4. How beautifully she sings! I have never heard a _________ (good) voice. 5. The girl used to be shy, but is _________ (gradual)getting active in group work and is more willing to express herself. 6. Everything that is about a character can help us to understand him, from his _________ (appear)to the kind of food he eats. 7. In 1971, after nearly two hundred _________ (failure), Tu’s team finally found an extract that was 100% effective against the malaria parasites —artemisinin. Ⅱ. 易错练习 1. They hope it might reduce, or _________ (possible)erase(抹去)the effect of painful memories. 2. People aren’t always those who they declare to be in their online _________ (describe). 3. On our way home, the journey was much _________ (easy)than before as everyone else fell fast asleep. 4. Boxing was the sport that I liked _________ (much), because it’s more challenging and exciting to me.