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Urbanization

Urbanization
Urbanization

Urbanization Helps Improve the Quality of life the world is undergoing the largest wave of urban growth in history. Urbanization refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire industrialization. Economic forces were such that cities became the ideal places to locate factories and their workers (“The Urbanization of the World”).The extent of the urbanization is the important symbol of a nation and region’s development level. Urbanization helps improve the quality of life because it produces more material wealth, provides people better living and working conditions and helps people achieve spiritual satisfaction. First of all, Urbanization produces more material wealth. First, urbanization provides more work opportunities. Cities can offer a wide variety of job opportunities on the grounds that there are very different kinds of businesses in cities. In the rural areas, unemployment level is high and farming is about the only occupation in contrast to countless posts in cities. More and more people move to the cities because there are more job opportunities. Second, Urbanization offers people higher income. China’s current per capita income of rural residents is less than one-third of per capita income of urban residents, and the income gap is widening (Jason). What’s more urbanization can establish an all-sided social welfare system for urban residents. Third, Urbanization produces higher productivity. The concentration of resources, investment and labor which takes place in urbanization he lps people develop their production (“How Urbanization Affect Quality of Life”). Based on this, urban areas will have high productivity. Because of this people can produce more material wealth and enjoy more material comfort. Furthermore, Urbanization provides people better living and working conditions. There are better services in cities. First, a garbage collection system will be built during the urbanization process. Due to this system, garbage is collected and disposed properly. This can keep cities in a tidy condition and create a suitable working and living environment for people. Second, the convenient public transport system is rapidly developed in urban areas so as to make use of time proficiently. It is also very convenient and economical. Third, Medical services are supported with the most advanced technology improvements in urban areas. This helps people a lot, especially for the old who need health care very much (Jino). Last but not the least, Urbanization helps people achieve spiritual satisfaction. First, urbanization provides good quality education. Schools in urban areas own high technological teaching equipment and excellent teachers who teach with up-to-date techniques. Universities and colleges are always located in urban areas. This makes urban areas benefit to construct learning environment of cultivating high quality professional and create a better future for their children (HuiPeng). Second, urban areas have more culture clubs and social groups. There is a greater variety of entertainment places: restaurants, cinema, theaters, theme parks, shopping centers. These places shorten the distance between people, so there is a great many opportunities for people to communicate with each other and exchange ideas. A variety of clubs are built for people who have same interests to enjoy themselves in their social circles. Third, Urban areas are the centers of culture. People in urban areas are from different places, different working areas and different cultural backgrounds so urbanization provides us with great cultural diversity and this helps to enhance cultural prosperity. So urban residents have opportunities to get in touch with different cultures. In Conclusion, The advantages of urbanization show that urbanization does help improve the quality of life. First of all, Urbanization helps people increase their material wealth. Secondly, urbanization provides people with better living and working conditions. Thirdly, urbanization offers people spiritual satisfaction. Quality of life is very much involved with urbanization. To believe in a bright future of urbanization is to believe in a belief that we can

improve our quality of life.

I agree that urbanization can really help improve the quality of life. In the process of urbanization, more buildings are built and more advance facilities are brought in. Of course, it will make the air become polluted at the early time. But after we make more beautiful places, it will really improve the environment of the cities. And it is necessary to develop our country urbanization so that we can face the competitive competion from all over the world.

Urban rail development, and medical and other servicesare likely to lead the Chinese economy in 2013, which isalmost certain to be a year of greater growth than 2012was.

They reflect the stronger-than-ever momentum in the drivefor urbanization, and the governmen t's intention to use it asthe economy's main powerhouse in the coming decades.

All industries that have something to do with thedevelopment of cities and city-based services ar e poised togrow faster.

So are the companies in these industries - so long as theydeliver quality goods and services and s tay away fromcorruption and regulatory offenses.

Urbanization has been a main factor driving the Chinesestock market, as read by the Shanghai Co mposite Index, to rise more than 18 percent fromearly December to Wednesday.

In a number of government conferences, Vice-Premier Li Keqiang said he pins high hopes onthe p otential of urbanization in China.

Many economists argue that urbanization will be the theme of China's change in its businessand social horizon over the next decade and beyond, instead of the export-oriented industry,which n o longer suffices to generate new growth due to the sluggish global market demand inthe post-re cession era.

In 2011, the urbanization rate, the proportion of the people living in cities, just passed 50percent . By 2020, the government aims to have this figure at 60 percent.

In comparison, developed economies in Europe and the United States have an urbanizationrate o f about 80 percent.

According to a research report by BOC International (China) Ltd, the railway industry will seeman y new opportunities in the development of high-speed and intercity train services.

Analysts predict the demand for railway construction will occur in the eastern part of the country before it does in the western and central regions.

Demand for transportation facilities will first emerge in first-tier cities, as they have strongerecon omies and are capable of launching large-scale infrastructure projects, according toCEBM Group Ltd, an independent investment advisory firm.

Urban mass transit and airport construction will have good opportunities for development even with the backdrop of an overall economic slowdown, because the government wants to relievetr affic congestion and provide better transportation services to citizens, according to GuosenSecuri ties Co Ltd.

Liu Heming, a senior official of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, toldchinan https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8215312175.html, in the middle of October that 34 cities have mapped out transportationnetworks stretc hing up to 4,300 kilometers, involving a total investment of 2 trillion yuan ($320billion).

In the next 20 to 30 years, rapid urbanization development is expected to continue and theurban mass transit sector will experience its fastest-ever period of growth, Liu was quoted assaying. Chen Hao, a senior executive at venture capital company Legend Capital, said in an interviewwith Zero2IPO Research Center that for venture capital and private equities in China, theinvestment o pportunities next year and for an extended period will come from urbanization, andthere are thr ee sectors worth paying attention to - modern services, healthcare industries andconsumer good s.

By the end of 2025,

70 percent of the Chinese population will live in cities, and in absoluteterms - that would be abou t 900 million to 1 billion, based on the current population. By the endof 2030, more than 220 citi es will have populations exceeding 1 million, with an increase of 400million city dwellers, Chen sa id.

In Chen's opinion, most of the 400 million new city dwellers will work in and be customers of the service industry. The modern service industry operates with the application of high-techapproac hes such as IT and modern management, and therefore has more advantages overthe general ser vice industry. Services concerning consumption, production and finance arewhat he thinks will fl ourish in the future.

The healthcare industry is more complicated because it involves government administration,med ical system reform and business operating systems. The requirements of investors whoplan to in vest in this field are more demanding.

The healthcare industry has bright prospects with the aging Chinese society. Urbanization willgen erate greater demand for medical services from the public, Chen said.

In China, the medical equipment industry has exceeded 100 billion yuan with an annualaverage g rowth rate of 23 percent. It is estimated that the market scale will reach 340 billionyuan in 2015. Moreover, medical apparatus only takes up 14 percent of the total medical industry while thefigu re of the global market has reached 42 percent.

Li Qiushi, an analyst at Guotai Junan Securities Co, said in a research report that urbanizationis ex pected to drive 250 billion yuan growth in the pharmaceutical market.

A report released by Shenyin & Wanguo Securities Co said that as urbanization deepens, thesales of durable consumer items like home appliances, automobiles and furniture will grow andother i tems such as gas and clothing are expected to increase with the development ofpeople's consum ption habits.

Migrant workers who have been urbanized accounted for 23 percent of the urban population in2 011, and the ratio is growing. By the end of the third quarter last year, migrant workers andtheir family members accounted for 27.5 percent of the urban population.

Lessons from developed economies indicate that the increase of 1 percentage point in theurbani zation rate will cause final consumption to improve 1.6 percent.

In the consumer goods sector, listed companies account for 8.4 percent of the A-sharemarket's v alue, which is rather low in comparison with the rest of the world, Chen said.

The demand for consumer goods will grow along with the reform of income distributionmechani sm, and the change of the consumption structure amid the urbanization offers venturecapital an d private equity a lot of opportunities for investment, according to Chen.

Other city-based services, including smart city-related sectors, energy-saving andenvironmental protection, are also demonstrating a promising outlook.

Cities that are enabled to operate smarter with the technical support of the Internet of thing -clo ud computing, artificial intelligence, data mining and knowledge management - are calledsmart c ities. Industries and companies that provide such services are also worthy of attentionwhen view ing investment.

According to BOC International, as urbanization progresses, a series of problems are expectedto arise, such as traffic congestion, worsening of the environment and energy emergencies.Smart ci ties will be able to deal with all these problems through technology-intensive methodsand the ap plication of urban information resources.

The subsectors include intelligent transportation, green intelligent buildings, e-governancesyste ms, energy-saving construction materials and green lighting, according to the reports ofinvestme nt advisory firms.

Ecological civilization development has been integrated into the general layout of socialism with Chinese characteristics for the first time in the report from the 18th National Congress of theCom munist Party of China in November, a sign that can be interpreted as an ambition by thecentral g overnment to improve the country's environmental and ecological condition.

Bai Pengming, a macroeconomic analyst with the Shenzhen-based CIC Research Center, saidener gy-saving and green industries have increasingly become one of the necessaryapproaches for diff erent economies to realize sustainable development under circumstanceswhere resources beco me limited and environmental conditions deteriorate.

Zhang Yang, an analyst from Sinolink Securities Co Ltd, told China Business News newspaperthat the new urbanization deserves to be a hot topic for investors in the long run, and probablyweigh s more than the previous financial reform in significance, because it covers more aspectsand has a more widespread effect than the financial reform.

BEIJING (Caixin Online) — Urbanization has been a hot-button topic since the Communist Party’s 18th National Congress in November, as it has been identified as the most important public policy direction for the new government.

What policy-makers noticed is that urbanization might hold the key for the next phase of development. In 2011, the country?s urbanization rate hit 51.27%. This means that for the first time in history, more of China?s population lives in cities than in rural areas.

The core of urbanization lies not only in large-scale city building and expansion of industrial parks, but also in the great migration of people from farm villages into cities.

In 2011, the total number of migrant workers moving into cities hit 253 million. The reasons are simple: There are more opportunities, a more comfortable life, better education, better hospitals, more convenient communications and more cultural diversity in cities. And there is more money, too.

The Chinese rural per capita income in 2011 was 6,977 yuan ($1,118), much lower than even the per capita disposable income in urban areas that year, 21,810 Yuan . For these reasons, most rural migrants never plan to return to their villages.

Without plans to turn rural workers into urban citizens, urbanization can only become yet another round of massive land grabbing and city-building that has happened around the country for the last decade.

This will create more people without roots who can neither integrate with their new urban environment nor return to their village. The next phase will no longer be only urbanization of the land, but of people.

Locked land

Many migrants enter cities as low-end laborers. The first thing they lack upon arrival is enough money to set themselves up in the city. Their most important possession — land — cannot be used in their process of turning into an urban dweller.

Under the current land system, farmers have use rights of two kinds of land. The first is land contracted out for agricultural production, and the second is land needed to construct a homestead. The ownership for both of these parcels is held by the village collective. The Contracting of Rural Land Law of 2003 for the first time gave farmers the legal guarantee of contracted use right for 30 years, and it also allowed them to transfer contracted land, transfer titles of land and rent land.

On the other hand, the sale and rental of homesteading land has long been legally restricted. Only if the village collective agrees can a farmer transfer his title, but then only within the village, never on the open market. The property rights of Chinese farmers have thus been confined within their land.

For farmers living near urban areas, the value of their land has grown as cities have expanded. The single method available to these peasants to legally profit from their land is to sell it to the government.

The law stipulates that any land demarcated for urban expansion is the property of the state. Only after peasant land has been expropriated by the government can commercial properties be built upon. In this monopolistic market, city governments buy land cheap and sell high, making massive profits in the transaction.

The low remuneration for expropriated land has come under intense scrutiny of late.

Huang Xiaohu, vice chair of the China Land Science Society, said that when the government takes agricultural land, whether it is slated for a construction of a building for public services or for commercial projects, its original users are compensated based on a multiple of the agricultural output of the plot, not the market price of the land. Prices are fixed by the government, and peasants have no say.

Excessively low compensation for land has become the source of heated conflict. In 2011, approximately half of all collective incidents were set off by local governments forcing people off of their land.

Excessively low land compensation costs have also been a cause of the low efficiency of urban development.

Huang said that as the low costs of expropriating rural land made the government unwilling to tackle urban land with development potential, which involves more expensive spending on relocation. The result is expanding cities — the per capita land area in Chinese cities was 134 in 2008, or 14% larger than in 2008.

“The result of expanding [cities] is wasted or poorly used land,” said Huang, who thinks that urban expansion has resulted not only in the waste of arable land, but also in water scarcity, pressure on electrical grids, environmental pollution, urban areas overrunning into surrounding wilderness and other problems.

Land problem also exist in rural villages.

The urbanization proce ss can solve China?s traditional problem of many people and little land. Academics have often described the happy future of farm villages and agricultural development: as excess labor transitions into cities, land will become continuously concentrated in the hands of professional farmers, who will systematize and modernize their operations.

Some farmers, say those academics, will use their modernized operations to climb into the middle class.

But that is not how things are really going.

“Family farms in som e regions are indeed becoming appropriately systematized,” said Liu Shouying, a researcher in the Rural Department of the State Council?s Development Research Center. In most of the regions Liu has researched, however, peasants who migrate to cities tend to give their land to their parents or other family members to maintain small-scale cultivation. “They do not dare to give [the land] to outsiders,” Liu said.

Behind this mentality is a lack of protection of farmers? use rights. They worry that once land is used by stranger, or temporarily under the guardianship of village collective organizations, the original user won?t be able to get it back, even if they return home to farm on it.

Reforming the land system has become a common discussion topic at executive meetings of the State Council following the 18th party congress.

The draft Amendments to the Land Management Act that has already been discussed in State Council executive meetings aims to increase compensation for land reclamations. Revisions to the Land Contracting Law have been moved ahead on the official agenda. Officials now intend to make the right to contract out land “permanent.”

Liu said that the ultimate direction of reforms to the land expropriation system will include fair compensation for land taken; taxation mechanisms that act to balance the differential distribution of income; and increasing the level of cooperation between farmers and the government, i.e. using part of expropriated land to construct municipal infrastructure, and part of it to sell at profit. Farmers should be allowed to use the rest of their land for

non-agricultural development, so they can directly benefit from urbanization. Also, land contracting rights and land operations rights, which allow commercial activities on the land, should be legally separated, and farmers should be granted the permanent right to contract out their land.

Dysfunctional protections

In principle, when a farmer enters a city and takes up work, he should then be allowed entry into that city?s social welfare system. The reality is that he isn?t.

According to a 2012 report published by the National Population and Family Planning Commission, 25.8% of the population is

self-employed. Whether they own a small mom-and-pop store with no employees, run a small hawker stand or do part-time work, in

theory they should be allowed access to the local social security system as working citizens.

However, many local governments still throw up numerous hurdles in the way of migrant workers with informal jobs based on the fact that their hukou, or household registration, not belong to the city. Governments in other places establish independent commercial insurance systems specifically for migrant workers, but the fees tend to be high.

Take for example a hypothetical migrant laborer who sets up a hawker stall in the historical city of Xi?an, Shanxi Province.

Let?s say his monthly profits equal the city?s legally mandated minimum wage of 860 yuan. Under the “complete coverage” welfare system, he can pay from his own pocket to participate in

Xi?an?s urban retirement pension and medical insurance system. The base number used by insurance is the local average monthly salary, calculated now at 3,473 yuan a month. So for our hypothetical hawker to access pensions and medical insurance, he would have to pay 448 yuan per month, or 52% of his income. “This has led to a …regressive? fee payments,” said vice director of Tsinghua University?s School of Economics and Management

BaiChong?en. According to Bai, the lower one?s income, the higher the proportion of that income that is required for insurance, and the higher base fees are, the heavier the burden on the payers.

In total, 66.2% of migrant laborers are formal employs, and their employers are required to pay part of their insurances coverage, which many usually try to avoid.

In China, three-quarters of migrant workers are employed by private or family-owned businesses. According to the Population and Family Planning Commission 2012 report, fewer than 40% of individual business owners sign labor contracts with their employees.

Problems_of_urbanization

Problems of urbanization Today I want to discuss problems of urbanization / in particular I want to talk about those problems which are peculiar to developing economies and to discuss three possible policies / which could be used to control or uh / to stem / uncontrolled urbanization in developing counties / Certain urban problems of course are common to both developed and developing countries / for example / poor housing, unemployment, problems connected with traffic / for example air pollution, congestion and so on / however there there are problems which are very peculiar to developing economies / and this is due to the fact that developing countries need to create a basic infrastructure / which is necessary for industrialization / and consequently for economic growth / in fact it’s the provision of this infrastructure which constitutes the urbanization process itself / and this uh infrastructure / or rather the / provision of this infrastructure / may have undesired effects on the economy as a whole / now it’s these undesirable consequences of … or effects which I’d like to deal with first / I’m going to talk about five main consequences of this uncontrolled urbanization // in the first instance there’s the problem of the migration of people from the country to the city / people living in the country often see the city as a more desirable place to live / whether they’re living in developing or developed countries / but the problem is much more serious in a developing country / because there are in fact more people who wish to migrate to the city / now the fact of people migrating to the city causes a certain depopulation of rural areas // and a second consequence / is the result / or the result of this is a decrease in the production of food / and in the supply of food to the country as a whole / this in turn can also lead to a rise in prices / because of the law of supple and demand // as a result of people moving to the city / you get a high urban population growth rate / now this isn’t not this isn’t due to only to the fact of more adults moving to the city / but can also be due to traditions of these people from the country / who perhaps from rural areas have a tradition of large families and so on / so the ci…population of the cities increases with these numerous children of large families // this leads to a fourth consequence / which is a dramatic pressure on the supply of social services in urban areas / in particular / services related to health and education / in relation / in relation to health services / we can see that there are endemic diseases which could be made worse by overcrowding / people coming from the country to the city / and for example in the stresses on services in education / with more children there’s a need for more schools and more teachers and so on and so on // a fifth area which is affected by uncontrolled urbanization is that of the labour supply / often uncontrolled urbanization leads to an excess of labour supply in the cities / and this can lead in turn to an informal kind of labour activity / which might be called low-prod…productivity activities / for example people selling things in the streets / or for example you often find in large urban areas in a developing country / children who watch cars while their owners are doing something else / and then they ask for tips when the owners return / this is really a sort of undesirable type of labour / so these are in fact the main consequences of uncontrolled urbanization / now I’d like to move on to three possible policies which could be developed / to stem this kind of uncontrolled urbanization in developing countries / the first one would be to promote a more equal land distribution / in this way farmers would be more motivated to stay on the land / they would be able to work more land and thus be

小蜜蜂的作文100字

小蜜蜂的作文100字 导读:篇一:小蜜蜂 一个阳光灿烂的早晨,小蜜蜂高高兴兴去采蜜。 他想:今天肯定花开得特别多特别美。没想到,刚刚飞过一个荷花池,突然,乌云密布,不一会儿,电闪雷鸣,雷声隆隆,大雨哗哗。小蜜蜂想:来不及回家,我得赶快找个避雨的地方。于是他马上躲在一片荷叶下。这把伞真不错。小蜜蜂一点儿都没有淋到雨。还好不久雨就停了。小蜜蜂大声说:“谢谢太阳公公!” 这个早晨他采的蜜比往日还多。 篇二:一只小蜜蜂 上语文课的.时候,一只小蜜蜂从窗外飞了进来,我想那只小蜜蜂可能是迷了路。蜜蜂在倪瑜跃的头上飞来飞去,好像把倪瑜跃像小花一样,他来采蜜了。 倪瑜跃和蜜蜂玩起了猫抓老鼠的游戏,张老师和同学们看到都笑了。 篇三:快乐的小蜜蜂 周末两天,我每天中午洗碗,擦桌子。 洗碗不难洗,先把碗用水冲一下,然后用海绵擦上洗洁精,最后用清水将泡沫冲干净,把碗翻过来抖一抖,放入盆里晾干。擦桌子也很方便,先用毛巾将桌子上的垃圾收集起来扔到垃圾桶里,冲一冲毛巾,再擦一遍桌子,将毛巾洗干净就可以了。 我好快乐啊,可以帮帮妈妈做家务。

篇四:一只小蜜蜂 上语文课的时候,嗡嗡嗡一只小蜜蜂从窗外飞了进来。只见那只小蜜蜂在倪瑜跃的头上飞来飞去,好像把倪瑜跃当成了小花一样。 倪瑜跃吓坏了,一个劲儿东躲西藏,和蜜蜂玩起了躲猫猫的游戏。他的动作引起了大家的注意。老师和同学们看到都笑了。 篇五:有趣的小蜜蜂 上课了,我们突然发现了一只小蜜蜂飞进了教室。李老师大喊一声:“看!”大家转头一瞧,发现了一只小蜜蜂在教室的窗上爬,不知它在干什么,可真有趣。我仔细地观察,发现它着急地趴在窗户上:“bzzzbzzz”的叫,我想,小蜜蜂在说:“我要飞回大自然,但我爬不出去,谁来帮帮我!”它爬了半天还是没有爬出去。最后,李老师说:“它一定能靠自己的本领爬出去的。” 不一会儿,小蜜蜂不见了,它终于爬出去了,飞回了大自然的怀抱中。 多么有趣的小蜜蜂啊! 有关小蜜蜂的作文100字 1.有关小蜜蜂的作文500字 2.有关写小蜜蜂的作文 3.有关小蜜蜂的作文 4.和小蜜蜂有关的作文 5.《小蜜蜂》作文 6.小蜜蜂的作文

Urbanization in China Policy Issues and Options

China Economic Research and Advisory Programme Urbanization in China: Policy Issues and Options1 J. Vernon Henderson Brown University and NBER 14 November 2009 1 The research assistance of Zhi Wang and Zhichao Wei is gratefully acknowledged. The help of Cai Fang, Du Yang and Wang Meiyan of CASS is gratefully acknowledged. They shared data, ideas and various background papers, which have improved the accuracy and relevance of the report. I am indebted to them but remaining errors are mine. Comments from participants in a seminar hosted by Lu Mai and CDRF on July 2009, as well as meetings with CDRC and DRC, were helpful in preparation of this draft. Ian Porter made helpful comments on a first draft. There was an original version of this report from 2007 with contributions from John Quigley and Edwin Lim. Comments on that draft by Du Yang and Gao Shiji were very helpful in preparing this report. Comments by Mike Spence, Tony Venables, Wu Jinglian, Qiu Baoxing, Lou Jiwei, Li Jiange, and Lin Zhongli in preparation of that original draft are gratefully acknowledged. Parts of that report were were based on two background papers: Managing Urban Development in Chinese Cities by Alain Bertaud, Jan K. Brueckner, and Yuming Fu and Evaluating China's Urbanization Experience and Prospects by J. Vernon Henderson.

小学语文《想象作文》教案设计之一

小学语文《想象作文》教案设计之一 小学语文《想象作文》教案设计之一 一、教学目的 1.启发学生自由地想象,培养学生的创新思维能力。 2.指导学生有序地、重点突出地、主次分明地说和写。 3.培养学生热爱学校、热爱生活、热爱科学的思想感情。 二、教学重点 启迪学生展开大胆、丰富、新奇的想象,并指导学生有序地、主次分明地说和写。 三、课前准备 1.课前学生绘制自己心目中《未来的......》构想图。 2.制作多媒体课件。 四、教学时间 二课时(第二课时为写作及讲评) 五、教学过程 第一课时 (一)导入

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Urbanization in China In recent years, there is an increasing trend about urbanization in China, which is a cause of fast development requirement of a large amount of cities. All kinds of mass media advertisements can read in the daily newspapers and some information can be released by local government. So people living in the countryside continued to find a job in the city formed the situation of urbanization, which not only bring about considerable income in economy but also improve the urban people’s living quality and remit social burden in the long run. Why on earth does urbanization take on such a quick speed? We can analyze it from different aspects and draw a common conclusion. Everything results from some various reasons, objective and subjective. With the rapid development of city, several professions are lack of peculiar personal to deal with some daily ordinary job which urban people are not willing to do. Therefore some people in rural areas walked away from their hometowns and walked towards the city. Urbanization came into being little by little. First and foremost, urbanization, in one side, can meet the requirement of city development. On the contrary, it can also provide some rare working chances to too much laborers. Besides, it is known to all of us that expanding scale of city and the some peculiar job play a vital import role in urbanization. There will be and old-age society in the new future. Last but not least, people always believe that living in the city can eat well, dress fashionable, and enjoy beautiful scenes. All these things can arouse even more rural man to break away from their original lives, Thus they one after another rush into city to seek for their eager lives. Urbanization will take an important role in development of modern city. It is vital to us that we should completely take good use of its challenges and chances to raise our lives in order to have a bright future. Moreover, we have to make ourselves well prepared to accelerate our social process.

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