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语言学试卷 2

语言学试卷 2
语言学试卷 2

Ⅰ. In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or best complete the sentence. (1’ X 30=30’)

1. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human

language is _____.

A. logical

B. non-arbitrary

C. arbitrary

D. non-productive

2. Chomsky uses the term ______to refer to the actual use of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of

his language in concrete situation.

A. langue

B. performance

C. parole

D. competence

3. What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have?

A. Directive

B. Phatic

C. Informative

D. Evocative

4. _____refers to the fact that the language users can understand and produce sentences they have never

heard before.

A. Duality

B. Creativity

C. Displacement

D. Arbitrariness

5. _______ phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds.

A. Auditory

B. Acoustic

C. Articulatory

D. Visional

6. In which way is the vowel [u] described?

A.tense high central rounded vowel

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8c3247271.html,x high back rounded vowel

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8c3247271.html,x mid back rounded vowel

D.tense high central rounded vowel

7. Which of the following pairs belongs to the minimal pair?

A. tink-din

B. vase-case

C. tin-till

D. pea-appear

8. [p] [p h] never occur at the same place of words, that is, [p h] never appears after the sound [s]. They are

said to be in_____.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8c3247271.html,plementary distribution

B. free variation

C. contrastive distribution

D. free distribution

9. In the theory of “ Semantic triangle”, Ogden and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. It is mediated by_______.

A. symbol

B. concept

C. culture

D. thought

10. The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week." obviously violates the

maxim of ______.

A. manner

B. quantity

C. relation

D. quality

11. Speech act theory was first proposed by_____ .

A. John Austin

B. John Searle

C. Noam Chomsky

D. Paul Grice

12. The words “bird” and “black” are called _________because they can occur unattached.

A. derivational morphemes

B. free morphemes

C. bound morphemes

D. inflectional morphemes

13. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are__________.

A.gradable antonymy

B. co-hyponyms

C. synonyms

D. converse antonymy

14. The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as ______.

A.+ANIMATE,+HUMAN,+MALE,-ADULT

B.+ANIMATE+HUMAN-MALE,-ADULT

C.+ANIMATE,+HUMAN,+MALE,+ADULT

D.-ANIMATE,+HUMAN,-MALE,-ADULT

15. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_______.

A. function words

B. grammatical words

C. lexical words

D. form words

16. What is the construction of the sentence “The girl laughed”?

A. Coordinate

B. Endocentric

C. Exocentric

D. Subordinate

17. Of the three speech acts, pragmatists are most interested in the ______ because this kind of speech act

is identical with the speaker’s intention.

A. locutionary act

B. illocutionary act

C. perlocutionary act

D. constative act

18. It is true that there are no absolute synonyms. When we say two words are synonyms with each other,

we usually mean they have the same_____.

A. conceptual meaning

B. reference

C. connotative meaning

D. social meaning

19. The word formation of “motel” is_____.

A. acronym

B. clipping

C. back formation

D. blending

20. The technique of breaking up sentences into smaller units by making successive binary cutting is called

______.

A.Predication analysis

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8c3247271.html,ponential analysis

C.Grammatical analysis

D.Immediate Constituent Analysis

21. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [p][b][m] [w] share the feature of

_______.

A. palatal

B. dental

C. bilabial

D. alveolar

22. Which of the following doesn’t belong t o the phenomenon of assimilation?

A. Nasalization

B. Dentalization

C. Devoicing

D. Metathesis

23. According to Bloomfield, ______ is “the minimum free form”, that is, the smallest unit that can

constitute a complete utterance by itself.

A. word

B. sentence

C. morpheme

D. group

24. In Saussure’s view, language is a system of signs: each sign consists of two parts: ______ ( concept ) and

______ (sound image).

A. signifier signified

B. signified signifier

C. sense symbol

D. symbol sense

25. In these words receive, perceive, conceive, this part -ceive belongs to _____.

A. suffix

B. bound root morpheme

C. free root morpheme

D. affix

26. Such words as but, if, and, dragon, ghost have ________.

A. both sense and reference

B. sense, no reference

C. reference, no sense

D.have no sense or reference

27. The word bead originally meant “prayer”, but now it refers to “small, ball-shaped piece of glass, metal

or wood.” It is the case of ______ of the semantic change in the history.

A. broadening

B. narrowing

C. meaning shift

D. class shift

28. The cooperative principle was proposed by_____ .

A. John Austin

B. Paul Grice

C. Noam Chomsky

D. John Searle

29. In the sentence “The boy is smiling”, “boy” can be replaced by girl, child, student grammatically. This

relation between one element present and the others absent is called ____ relation.

A. horizontal

B. syntagmatic

C. chain

D. paradigmatic

30. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive

phonetic features.

A. phone

B. sound

C. allophone

D. phoneme

Ⅱ. Fill in the blank with the most suitable words. Each blank represents ONE word.( (1’ X 20=20’)

1.The clear * l + and the dark * ? + are variants of the phoneme /l/, and they are called the _____of the

phoneme /l/.

2. A _______ description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Most of grammars are of this kind.

3.____ features refer to those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments such as

syllable, stress, tone and intonation.

4. A linguistic study is _____ if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is _______if it tries to lay down

rules for correct use of language.

5._____morphemes are attached to words, but they never change their syntactic category.

6._____ are produced because of an obstruction of the airstream at some place in the oral cavity. The

produced sounds are called _____ when there is no obstruction, and the airstream can pass through the oral cavity.

7._____ is one kind of word formation, which shows the relation between roots and affixes.

8.In the sentence “The boy is smiling.”, “boy” can be replaced by girl, child, student grammatically. This

relation between one element present and the others absent is called _____ relation.

9.In a syllable, the ____, which is taken by the vowel, must be present; the Onset and th e_____ may be

absent.

10.____, is also known as agreement, may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more

words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.

11.Generally, there are two ways to do IC analysis: bracketing and ____ diagram.

12.Hyponymy is a matter of class membership. The word flower is the _____ to both rose, tulip because of

their meaning inclusiveness; conversely, rose or tulip is the _____ of flower.

13.In Austin’s speech act theory, ______ are statements that either state or describe, and were thus

verifiable. _____ are utterances that are, are part of, the doing of an action such as naming, warning, etc.

14.____ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a

language.

15.___ is concerned with the relation between a word and the thing it refers to.

Ⅲ. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false. ((1’ X 20=20’)

1. The reason why there is no such kind of words as wqick, rpay, lupm is that a sonority scale is

at work.

2. Every word has both sense and reference. We may study meaning in terms of sense and

reference.

3. Entailment is a semantic relation of inclusion; thus the statement "He is honest. " entails "He is

virtuous."

4. The pairs “normal/ abnormal”, “logical/ illogical” belong to gradable antonymy.

5. The word “ungentlemanliness” has five morphemes.

6. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.

7. The feature “nasal” is one distinctive feature distinguishing the sounds *m, n, ?+ from the sounds * b, p, s,

z, g, k ].

8. Language can be used to for the sheer joy, such as verbal dueling, cross talk, etc. This refers to the

recreational function of language.

9. The word "Judo" is a borrowing word from Japan.

10. The semantic feature shared by these words “milk, water, alcohol, oil” is +LIQUID.

11. The conjunctions such as since, when, seldom are invariable words because their numbers are fixed.

12. Time is a universal concept, which every language is capable of expressing; Tense is a linguistic concept,

which varies from language to language.

13. The meaning of the compound word is the sum total of the meaning of its components.

14. The structures as boys and girls, coffee or tea don’t belong to endocentric construction because we

can’t find a word serving as head.

15. The word “holiday” used to mean “holy day in religious English”, but today it means “a day for rest”.

This is an example of broadening in semantic change.

16. Preposition belongs to the closed-class; its membership will never be changed.

17. The narrow transcription is normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.

18. A sentence not only has a linear structure but also a hierarchical structure.

19. Immediate constituents refer to the constituents directly below the level of construction. For example,

the immediate constituents of the word“lovely” are two morphemes: “love” and “ –ly”.

20. In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as

/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.

IV. Choose THREE from the following terms to explain in English (3’x5=15)

1.conversational implicature

2.assimilation.

3.morphology

4.Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

5.endocentric construction

6.back-formation

7.design features

8.morpheme

V. Choose THREE of the following questions and give your brief answers. (5’x3=15’)

1.What does pragmatics study? How does it differ from traditional semantics?

2.Do you think that language is human-specific? Why? Please state your views from the design

features of language.

3. In the case below decide which maxim of the cooperative principle has been flouted, please give your

reason. Can you decide what implicature might be drawn?

(1) Teacher: (towards the end of a lecture) What time is it now?

Student: It's 10:44 and 35.6 seconds.

(2) --- How did the math exam go today, John?

--- We had a basketball match with the other class and we beat them.

4. These two sounds /h/ and /?/ never occur in the same position, one at the beginning of the word,

the other at the end. Can they be assigned to the same phoneme? Why?

5. Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing

the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Draw tree diagrams for the following sentence to support your statement.

The angry manager fired two waiters from the restaurant.

6. According to John Austin, what three kinds of acts are done simultaneously? Please use examples to illustrate.

语言学概论试题及答案

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语言学概论期末考试试卷2

语言学概论期末考试试卷2 一、填空题(每空1分,共15分) 1、人与人的口头交际过程是非常复杂的,从通信理论的角度可以将之理解为和的过程。 2、符号包含的两个方面是、。 3、到目前为止,语言学家的研究主要有三种不同的角度,分别是着眼于语言的、、。 4、共时语法指的是从某一时期存在的语法现象的角度地、 地研究语法,研究的重点是某一语言在特定范围的语法表现形式和语法规则系统。 5、义素分析的要求一是,二是。 6、文字改革有三种不同的情况:一种是;一种是;还有一种是。 二、单项选择题(每小题1分,共10分) 1、下列国家中不是以单一民族,单一语言为基础建立起来的是() A.瑞士B.法国C.西班牙D.英格兰 2、语言是一种() A.形式和内容相统一的视觉符号系统B.音义结合的听觉符号系统C.用于交际的触觉符号系统D.集视觉、听觉、触觉为一体的符号系统 3、普通语言学从理论上讲是研究() A.个别民族语言的特殊规律B.人类各种语言一般与个别的规律 C.几种民族语言的一般与个别的规律D.汉语普通话的发展规律 4、噪音是() A.振幅固定而有规则的声波B.频率最低、振幅最大的音 C.具有周期性重复的复合波形的音D.不具备整数倍的不规则的音 5、把语法分成词法、句法两个部分,是()提出来的。 A.结构语法学B.形式语法学C.现代语法学D.传统语法学 6、语义的基本特征是() A.概括性B.民族性C.模糊性D.同语言形式的结合 7、词的()是词义的基本的和核心的部分 A.通俗意义B.非通俗意义C.理性意义D.非理性意义 8、“我吃光了盘子里的菜”这句话中,“光”的语义指向是() A.我B.吃C.盘子里的菜D.盘子 9、日文的假名是典型的() A.辅音文字B.音节文字C.表意文字D.意音文字 10、四川人在公开场合讲普通话,在家里讲四川话,这是一种()

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《语言学概论》模拟试题含答案

试卷代号:1093 语言学概论(本) 模拟试题 一、举例解释下列名词(每词5分,共10分) 1. 音位变体 2.借词 二、单项选择(每小题2分。共10分) 3.下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语言是人类最重要的交际工具,文字也是人类最重要的交际工具 B.不同的阶级使用语言具有不同的特点,说明语言具有阶级性 C.人类多种多样的语言说明语言具有任意性特点 D.语言是一种纯自然的现象 4. 下列说法只有( )是正确的。 A.语法的组合规则是潜在的 B.语法的聚合规则是潜在的 C.语法的组合规则存在于书面语言中 D.语法的聚合规则存在于口头语言中 5.单纯词就是由一个( )构成的词。 A.词根 B.词干 C.词缀 D.词尾6.下列各种说法只有( )是正确的。 A.词义的模糊性说明词义是不可捉摸的 B.多义词使用不当会产生歧义,如“门没有锁” C.“glass”的本义是玻璃,派生义指玻璃杯,这是隐喻 D.同义词在修辞上具有对比作用,可以利用来突出对立面 7.下列说法只有( )是错误的。 A.语法的规则可以类推,但也有例外,如“wife”的复数不是“wifes” B.}昆合语又叫克里奥尔语,它可以被孩子们作为母语来学习 C.混合语只限于某社会集团使用,缺乏广泛性 D.“墨水”原指黑墨水,现指各种颜色的墨水,这种变化是词义的扩大

三、综合分析题(共40分) 8.描写下列音素的发音特点。(8分) ① [u]: ② Ea]: ③ [m]: ④ [x]: 9.分析下面词语中各个构词语素的类别,是词根、词缀还是词尾。(12分) ① going ②老乡 ⑧绿化 10.指出下列词组的结构类型。(10分) ①学生和老师 ②空气新鲜 ③热烈欢呼 ④摆放整齐 ⑤阅读报纸 11.指出下列句子中画线词语的词尾所表示的语法意义和语法范畴。(10分) He buys many books. 四、问答题(每小题10分,共40分) 12.为什么说语言是一种特殊的社会现象? 13.语言符号是一种分层装置,这种分层的核。g,是ffA?其上层由哪些要素构成? 各要素在数量上有何特点? 14.举例说明基本词汇的特点,并简要说明这些特点之间的相互影响。 15.什么是双语现象?双语现象随着社会的发展会出现怎样的结果?

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