自考词汇第四章练习题

第四章自测试题

I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement.

1. The differences between a compound and a free phrase lie in

A. grammatical features

B. phonetic features

C. semantic features

D. all the above

2. Means of English word formation exclude

A. repetition and alliteration

B. clipping, acronymy and blending

C. conversion and back formation

D. affixation and compounding

3. The word "water" in "The peasant watered the trees." belongs to the conversion between

A. adjective and noun B .verb and nounC. adjective and verb D. noun and verb

4. In English words produced through affixation constituteof all the new words.

A.10% to 20%

B.20% to 30%

C.30% to 40%

D.40% to 50%

5. The chief function of suffixation is to

A. change the word-class

B. change the meaning of the stem

C. change the semantic function of the stem

D. all the above

6. The most productive conversion takes place between

A. nouns and adjectives

B. nouns and verbs

C. verbs and adjectives

D. none of the above

7. The chief function of predication is to change

A. the part of speech of the stem

B. the meaning of the stem

C. the grammatical function of the stem

D. the collocation of the stem

8. The overwhelming majority of blends are

A. adjectives

B. adverbials

C. verbs

D. nouns

9. The "de-" in "defrost" is a/an.prefix.

A. reversative

B. orientation

C. negative

D. pejorative

10. Words formed by acronymy can be divided into acronyms and initialisms depending on

A. the pronunciation of the wordsB .the spelling way

C. the grammatical function

D. none of the above

11. Verb compounds are not as common as noun compounds and adjective compounds .The

limited number of verbs are created either throughor

A. blending, clipping

B. conversion, blending

C. backformation, clipping

D. conversion, backformation

12. Conversion is generally considered to be aprocess whereby an item is adapted or converted to

a new class without the addition of an affix.

A. inflectional

B. derivational

C. negative

D. reversative

13. The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of

A. stress

B. function

C. pronunciation

D. spelling

14. The prefix in pseudo-friend is a

A. prefix of degree or size

B. negative prefix

C. pejorative prefix

D. reversative prefix

15. Affixation is the formation of words by adding word-forming oraffixes to stems.

A. derivational

B. inflectional

C. bound

D. locative

16. Nouns partially converted from adjectives do not possess all the qualities a noun does. They

must be used together with

A. definite articles

B. adjectives

C. single forms

D. plural forms

17. Incompounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.

A. noun-adjective

B. adjective-noun

C. verb-adjective

D. adjective-verb

18. In compounds, the word stress usually occurs on

whereas in noun phrases ______--- is generally stressed if there is only one stress.

A. the first element, the second element

B. the second element, the first element

C. the first element, the first element

D. the second element, the second element

19. The most productive word formation is

A. affixation

B. compounding

C. conversion

D. blending

20. The three most productive means of word formation are

A. affixation, compounding and shortening

B. conversion, compounding and shortening

C. affixation, compounding and conversion

D. affixation, compounding and back formation

21. "telex" is a portmanteau word created through

A. head + tail

B. head + headC .head + word D. word + tail

22. "lip-read" belongs to

A. adjective compound

B. verb compound

C. noun compound

D. none of the above

23.are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines.

A. Words from back formation

B. Acronyms

C. Blends

D. Clipped words

24. "law-abiding" is a/an

A. adjective compound

B. noun compound

C. verb compound

D. none of the above

25. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more

A. bound roots

B. derivational morphemes

C. stems

D. inflectional morphemes

26. We shall classify prefixes on a semantic basis intogroups.

A. seven

B. eight

C. nine

D. eleven

27. Most compounds consist of onlystems.

A. two

B. three

C. four

D. five

28. Back formation is the method of creating words by removing the

A. prefixes

B. supposed prefixes

C. suffixes

D. supposed suffixes

29.is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and

political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.

A. Initialism

B. Acronym

C. Acronymy

D. Analogy

30. Back formation is considered to be the opposite process of

A. prefixation

B. compounding

C. clipping

D. suffixation

31. "dorm" is a/an

A. converted word

B. word produced through back formation

C. clipped word

D. blend

32.are words pronounced letter by letter, andare words pronounced as a normal word.

A. Initialisms, archaisms

B. Acronyms, initialisms

C. Initialisms, acronyms

D. Blends, initialisms

33. "loafer" isand "loaf" is _______--.

A. a word produced through suffixation, a free morpheme

B. a free morpheme, a word produced through back formation

C. a blend, a free morpheme

D. a blend, a word produced through back formation

34. "pub", "zoo", "penn" and "pop" are all produced through

A. front clipping

B. front and back clipping

C. phrase clippingD .back clipping

35. Compounds can be written

A. solid

B. hyphenated

C. open

D. all the above

36. "-er" is a suffix of

A. denominal nouns

B. deverbal nouns

C. de-adjective nouns

D. both A and B

37. "-ly" is a

A. deverbal adjective suffix

B. adverb suffix

C. denominal adjective suffix

D. both B and C

38. Words produced through affixation, compounding and conversion constituteof the total

number of new wordsrespectively.

A.30% to 40%; 28% to 30%; 26%

B.40% to 50%; 30% to 40%; 28%

C.20% to 30%; 15%; 10%

D.50% to 60%; 15%; 5%

39. Shortening includesand

A. back formation, blending

B. clipping, blending

C. Acronymy, clipping

D. initialisms, acronyms

40. "dis-" is a/anprefix.

A. pejorative

B. reversative

C. negative

D. both B and C

II. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.

1. In English, suffixes are eitheror derivational morphemes.

2. According to thewhich affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subclasses: prefixation

and

suffixation.

3.We can classify prefixes on abasis into nine groups.

4. The primary function ofis to change the grammatical function of stems.

5. The derived forms from "-er" when "-er" is fixed at the end of a verb are callednouns.

6. On abasis suffixes can be grouped into noun suffixes verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc.

7. Words formed through composition are called

8. The most productive compounds areand adjectives.

9. Conversion is also calledshift.

10. Conversion is to change a word class without the addition of an affix and thus known as

11. Compounds can be written solid, and open.

12. When converted "white", "native" and "republican" have all the characteristics of nouns, so

they are

converted nouns.

13. In back formation, the removed suffixes are not true suffixes butparts of the words.

14. Back formation usually involves the following types of words: abstract nouns, human nouns,

compound nouns and

15. "TV", "c/o" and "GHQ" are allbecause they are pronounced letter by letter.

16. Stylistically, back-formed words are largelyand some of them have not gained public acceptance.

17. "sandwich", "diesel", "cherub" and "protean" are all words fromnames.

18.In the sentence, "Life is full of ups and downs.", "ups" and "downs" are both converted nouns from

19. Words like "hand-out", stand-by , lay-by , teach-in and "shut-down" are all converted

fromverbs.

20. In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes in terms of pronunciation or

spelling or

distribution.

21 .The most common changes in some converted words in terms of pronunciation or spelling or

stress distribution are:

voiceless to voiced consonant, to end stress.

22.It deserves noting that conversion is not only a change of grammatical function of the lexical

item involved but with it

the different range ofthat it originally carried.

23. Both "flu" and "fridge" are results ofclipping.

24. In modem times, people tend to bein writing and speech to keep up with the tempo of new life

style. To

save time one is likely to clip words that are frequently used.

25."medicare", "Eurasia", "autocamp" and "telequiz" are all blends produced through+ word.

26. On a semantic basis, the prefixes such as "de-" and "dis-"areprefixes.

27.Blending is the formation of a new word by combiningof two words or a word plus a part of

another word.

28. On a semantic basis the prefix "un-" can be both a prefix and a reversative prefix.

29. "nylon", "orlon", "dacron" and "rayon" were originallyand now used to denote the four types

of fabric.

30. If the conversion involves the change of a noun into a verb, the stress of the word with two

syllables fall on the

syllable when the word is used as a verb.

III. Match the morphemes or words in Column A with those in Column B according to

(1)types of word formation;(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes; (4)types of blending

and (5)types of clipping.

A B

1. scope A. compounding

2. slurbB. verb suffix

3. mass-productionC. back clipping

4. D Notice D. initialism

5. laze E. partial conversion

6. lunarnautF. front and back clipping

7. -domG. front clipping

8. fore- H. prefix of orientation and attitude

9. arch- I. head + tail blending

10. -entJ. back-formation

11. a given K. head + word blending

12. - (i) fyL. denominal noun suffix

13. sitcomM. word + tail blending

14.stereo N locative prefix

15.p.c. O. prefix of degree or size

16. fridgeP. acronym

17. auto camp Q. full conversion

18.the rich R. head + head blending

19.pro- S. deverbal adjective suffix

20. -able T. deverbal noun suffix

IV. Study the following morphemes or words and identify (1)types of word formation;

(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes;(4)types of blending and (5)types of clipping.

1. uni- ( )

2. -let ( )

3. taxi( )

4.UNESCO ( )

5. record( )

6.NHK ( )

7. copter ( )

8. fore- ( )

9. -ish ( )

10. red tape ( )

11. black(n. ) ( )

12.perm ( )

13. tourmobile ( )

14. tele- ( )

15.-wise ( )

16. contra- ( )

17.flu( )

18. chunnel( )

19. ultra- ( )

20. FORTRAN ( )

V.Define the following terms.

1. Derivation

2. prefixation

3. suffixation

4. compounds

5.functional shift

6. partial conversion

7.full conversion 8. conversion9. compounding 10. blending11. pormanteau words

12. clipping13. acronymy14. acronym15. intialism16. back-formation

VI.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.

1. What is affixation? How do we usually classify it?

2. What is conversion? What are its characteristics?

3. What is blending? What are the four major groups of blending?

4. What are the words from proper names?

5. How do compounds differ from free phrases?

6. How is back-formation classified? What are the characteristics of back-formation?

7. What is the difference between initialisms and acronyms?

8. What are the three major classes of compounds?

9. What are the characteristics of suffixes and how are they classified?

10.How are prefixes classified on a semantic basis?

11 .What are the characteristics of prefixes?

12.What is the difference between partial conversion and full conversion?

13. How is the conversion to nouns classified? What are its characteristics?

14. How is the conversion to verbs classified? What are its characteristics?

VII.Analyze and comment on the following. Write you’re answers in the space given below.

1. Study the following two converted words. If you find anything wrong, please explain the

reasons and correct them. use

(verb) /ju:s/'extract (verb)

2. Study the following words and decide the type (s) of word formation. Explain the differences of

the words in word

formation. WTO G-man GRE NATO ISBN TOEFL

3. Decide the types of the two converted nouns. If you find anything wrong, please explain the

reasons and correct them. the necessarya wounded

4. After he returned home, he watered the flowers.

In the above sentence, which word is a converted one? Decide the type of conversion and explain the effect of the

conversion.

5. Find the blends in the following sentences and decide the types of blending. What are the

advantages of the blending?

The botel is wonderful. We can find some sets of hi-fi there.

6. Point out the types of word formation of the three given words and analyze the morphemes of

the first two antislavery

BASIC motel

参考答案

I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the

statement.

1.D

2.A

3.D

4.C

5.A

6.B

7.B

8.D

9.A 10.A11.D 12.B 13.A 14.C 15.A16.A 17.B 18.A 19.A 20.C21. B 22.B 23.C 24.A

25.C26.C 27.A 28.D 29.C 30. D31.C 32.C 33.B 34.C 35.D36.D 37.D 38.A 39.C 40.D

II. Complete the following statements with proper words orexpressions according to the course book.

1. inflectional

2. positions

3. semantic

4. suffixes

5. deverbal

6. grammatical

7. compounds8. nouns9. functional10. zero-derivation11. hyphenated12. fully

13. inseparable14. adjectives 15. initialisms16. informal17. proper18. adverbs

19. phrasal 20. stress21. initial22. meaning23. front and back 24. economical

25. head26. refractive27. parts 28. negative29. trade names 30. second

III. Match the morphemes or words in Column A with those in Column B according to

(1)types of word formation;2)types of prefixes; (3)types of Scuffles; (4)types of blending

and (5)types ofclipping.

1.G

2.I

3.A

4.P

5.J

6.M

7.L

8.N

9.0 10.T 11.Q

12.B 13.R 14.C 15.D 16.F 17.K 18.E 19.H 20.S

IV. Study the following morphemes or words and identify (1)types of word formation;

(2)types of prefixes; (3)types of suffixes; (4)types of blending and (5)types of clipping.

1. number prefix

2. noun suffix

3. back clipping

4. acronymy (答acronym 给半分)

5. back formation

6. acronymy (答initialism给半分)

7. front clipping

8. prefix of time and order9. adjective suffix https://www.wendangku.net/doc/803277600.html,pounding(答compound 给半分) 11. conversion12. phrase clipping13. word + tail blending14. locativeprefix

15. adverb suffix16. prefix of orientation and attitude17.front and back clipping

18.head + tail blending19. prefix of degree or size20. head + head blending

V. Define the following terms.

1.Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation, for new words created it~ this way are derived film old terms.

2.Prefixation is the fommnon of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning.

3.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Unlike prefixes which primarily change the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems.

4. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems. Words formed in this way are called compounds.

5. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Since the words do not change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as function shift.

6.If the nouns converted from adjectives must be used together with definite articles but do not possess other qualities a noun does, the conversion from an adjective to a noun is partial conversion.

7. If a noun converted from an adjective has all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.

8. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting/changing words of one class to another class

9. Compounding, also called composition, is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.

10. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.

11. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part

of another word. Words formed in this way are called blends or portmanteau words.

12.The way of making a longer word or a phrase short by cutting a part off the original and using

what remains instead is called clipping.

13.Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social

and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.

14. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.

15. If words produced through Acronymy are pronounced letter by letter, they are initialisms.

16. Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.

VI.Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given.

1.Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by ding word-forming or derivational

affixes to steins. This

process is also known as derivation. According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two

subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.

2. Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. This is a method of turning

words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speech. These words are only in a grammatical sense. Since the words do mot change in morphological structure but in function, this process is also known as functional shift. Words produced by conversion are primarily nouns, adjectives, and verbs. The most productive is the conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs.

3. Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. As far as

the structure is concerned, blends fall into four major groups: head + tail, head + head, head + word, word + tail.

4. Words that come from proper nouns include names of people, names of places, names of books and trade names.

5. Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects :

(1) Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in

noun phrases the

second element is generally stressed if there is only one stress.

(2)Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity.

(3) Grammatical features. A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence.

6. Back-formation usually involves the following types of words: abstract nouns; human nouns; compound nouns and others; adjectives. Words created through back-formation are mostly verbs .There are only a few that can be used as nouns or as both nouns and verbs .Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not gained public acceptance.

7. Acronymy is tile process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations

or special noun phrases and technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms, depending on the pronunciation of the words. Initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word.

8.There are three major classes of compounds:

(1)Noun compounds : (1)n + n;(2)n + v;(3)v + n;(4)a+ n;(5)n +v-ing;(6)v-ing + n;(7)n + v +

er: (8)adv + v;

(9)v + adv;(10)v-ing + adv; (11)adv + ring.

(2)Adjective compounds: (1)n + v-ing; (2)a + v-ing; (3)) n + a; (4))a+ a;(5)n+v-ed; (6)a

(adv)+v-ed;(7)n(a)+n-ed;

(8)num+n-ed: (9)hum + n-ed;(10)adv + v-ing;(11)v-ed + adv;

(3)Verb compounds.

9.The primary function of the suffixes being to change the gram martial function of the stem.

Therefore, we shall group suffixes on a grammatical basis into noun suffixes, verb suffices, adjective suffixes.

(1) Noun suffixes include : -eer, -er, -ess,-ette,-let, -age ,-dom ,-ery, -hood, -ing, -ism, -ship, -ant,

-ee. -ent, -ity, -ness, -ese, -an, -ist.

(2)Adjective suffixes include:-ed,-ful,-ish,-less,-like,-ly,-y,-ic, ical ,-able,-ive.

(3) Adverb suffixes : -ly, -ward, -wise.

(4) Verb suffixes :-ate,-en,-fy,-ize.

10. On a semantic basis prefixes are classified into nine groups:

(1) Negative prefixes: a-, dis-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, non-, im-, un-,ab-;

(2)Refractive prefixes: de-, dis-, un-;

(3)Pejorative prefixes: mal-,mis-, pseudo-;

(4)Prefixes of degree or size: arch-,sur-, extra-, hyper-, mac-ro-, micro-, mini-, out-, over-, sub-,

super-, ultra-, under-;

(5)Prefixes of orientation and attitude: anti-, contra-,counter-,pro-;

(6) Locative prefixes : extra-, fore-, inter-, intra-, tele-, for-,trans-;

(7)Prefixes of time and order: ex-,post-,pre-,re-;

(8) Number prefixes : bi-, multi-, semi-, tri-, uni-, mono- ;

(9)Miscellaneous prefixes: auto-,neo-,pan-,vice-.

11.Prefixes do not generally change the word-class of the stem but only modify its meaning. The

majority of prefixes are characterized by their non-class changing nature. Their chief function is to change meanings of the stems.

12. If the nouns converted from adjectives must be used together with definite articles but do not

possess other qualities of a noun does, the conversion is partial conversion. If the nouns converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns, the conversion is full conversion.

13.There are three kinds of conversion to nouns:

(1) Verb to noun. Almost all monomorphemic verbs can be used as nouns, which are semantically

related to the original

verbs in various ways. Many simple nouns converted from verbs can be used with have,

take, make, give, etc. to

form phrases to replace the verb or denote a brief action.

(2) Adjective to noun. Unlike verbs, not all adjectives which are converted can achieve a full noun

status. Some are

completely converted, hence partial conversion. A noun fully converted from an adjective

has all the characteristics

of nouns.

(3) Miscellaneous conversion. This covers nouns converted from conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions, etc.

14.There are three kinds of conversion to verbs.

(1) Noun to verb. Verbs converted from nouns are semantically related to the original nouns in a variety of ways.

(2)Adjective to verb. Conversion of adjectives into verbs is not as productive as that of nouns. The

verbs thus converted

are semantically simple. They can be used either transitively to mean 'to make adjective' or

intransitively 'to become

adjective'. Most verbs converted from adjectives have both transitive and intransitive

functions.

(3) Miscellaneous conversion. In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes in

pronunciation or

spelling or stress distribution.

VII .Analyze and comment on the following. Write you’re an swers in the space given below.

1. (1)In some cases, conversion is accompanied by certain changes in pronunciation or spelling or stress distribution.

(2) The most common changes are:

①V oiceless to voiced consonant

When a noun is converted to a verb, the voiceless consonant ate end of the noun will be a voiced consonant. Therefore, "use" as is not pronounced/ju : s/, but pronounced/ju : z/.

②initial to end stress

This stress shift occurs usually in two syllable words. When used inbound, the stress falls on the first syllable whereas as a verb, the is moves onto the second syllable. As a verb, the word "extract" has its stress not on the first syllable, but on the second syllable: extract.

2. (1)They are all words created through Acronymy.

(2)WTO, GRE and ISBN are initialisms as they are pronounced letter by letter.

(3) G-man, NATO and TOEFL are acronyms as they are pronounced as ordinary words.

3. (1)There are two kinds of conversion from adjective to noun: full conversion and partial conversion.

(2)"necessary", when converted from adjective to noun, has all the characteristics of nouns, so the

conversion is lull. Its plural form is necessaries.

(3) "wounded", when converted from adjective to noun, must be used together with definite

articles and does not have other characteristics of nouns, so the conversion is partial. "a wounded" should be corrected as "the wounded".

4. (1) "water" is a converted word.

(2)It is a word converted from the noun.

(3)The conversion is economical.

5. (1) "boatel" and "hi-fi" are blends.

(2) "boatel" is a head + tail blend, and "hi-finish a head + head blend.

(3) Blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and

magazines. Blends are considered to be slang and informal. They are economical, too.

"boatel" and "hi-fi"

are blends of boat hotel and high-fidelity respectively.

6. (1)"antislavery" is made up of "anti-", a prefix of orientation and attitude, "slave", a free root,

and "-ry", a noun suffix. "antislavery" is produced through "anti-" plus "slavery", and so it is

a wordproduced through prefixation.

(2) "motel" is a blend produced through two free roots, "motor" and "hotel". It is a head + tail blend.

(3)BASIC is an acronym through Acronymy.

自考英语词汇学翻译精华整理

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参考答案 2000年4月份高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试英语词汇学试题参考答案 Ⅰ.1.A 2.C 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.A 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.C 11.D 12.A 13.B 14.B 15.D Ⅱ.(10%) 16.transfer 17.OLD English 18.monolingual 19.semantically 20.extralinguistic/non-linguistic Ⅲ.21.D 22.F 23.A 24.J 25.B 26.C 27.I 28.E 29.G 30.H Ⅳ. 31.bound root 32.（head+tail）blinding 33.inflectional affix/morpheme 34.a+n 35.full conversion 36.suffix 37.reversativ 38.prefix of degree 39.prefix 40.number prefix Ⅴ.41.The process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms. 42.Native words, also known as Anglo-Saxon words, are words brought to Britian in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. 43.The process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance. 44.The distinctive stylistic features of words which make them appropriate for different context. 45.A dictionary written in one language, or a dictionary in which entries are defined in the same language. Ⅵ.46.There are four types of motivation: 1）Onomatopoeic motivation, e.g. cuckoo, squeak, quack, etc. 2）Morphological motivation, e.g. airmail, reading-lamp, etc. 3）Semantic motivation, e.g. the mouth of the river, the foot of the mountain, etc. 4）Etymological motivation, e.g. pen, laconic, etc. 47.Key points:borrowing; dialects and regional English; figurative and euphemistic use of words; coincidence with idiomatic expressions. 48.Key points:definition; explanation; example; synonymy; antonymy; hyponymy; relevant details and word structure. Ⅶ.49. 1）Each of the three words consists of three morphemes, recollection （re+collect+ion）,nationalist（nation+al+ist）,unearthly（un+earth+ly）. 2）Of the nine morphemes, only "collect","nation" and "earth" are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves. 3）All the rest re-,-ion,-al,-ist,un- and -ly are bound as none of them can stand alone as words. 50. 1）the stitch in time ----- a stitch in time saves nine（3分） 2）proverbs are concise, forcible and thought-provoking（1分） 3）using an old saying is more persuasive（2分） 4）the short form saves time, more colloquial（2分） 5）indicates intimacy or close relationship（1分）

自考公共关系学第五章提纲

第五章公共关系传播的模式与媒介 第一节公共关系传播模式 本节主要介绍公共关系的传播模式与理论。主要有拉斯韦尔的“5W'模式、香农模式、两级传播模式，受众选择“ 3s”论与议题设置论等与公共关系紧密相关的传播理论。 一、拉斯韦尔的“ 5W模式 传播学中，总体研究范畴的规划者是美国人哈罗德?拉斯韦尔。1948年，拉斯韦尔发表了《社会传 播的结构与功能》一文，使其成为传播学的始创者之一。在这篇论文里，拉斯韦尔提出了界定社会传播研究范畴的经典模式——5w模式。说明传播行为一个简便的方法是回答下列五个问题： (1)谁传播(Wh?。 (2)传播什么(Says What )。 (3)通过什么渠道( Which Channel )。 (4)向谁传播(to Whom)。 (5)传播的效果怎样( What Effects )。 就此韦尔把传播学的研究内容分成五个部分，即控制分析、内容分析、媒介分析、对象，分析和效果分析。 在对传播的研究中，拉斯韦尔所提出的研究对象的五大部分也完全可以视为传播研究的基本范畴。 传播的控制分析主要包括：传播的法规与政策；传播者的社会控制和自我控制；传播者对传播的影 响；传播者的社会责任。 传播的内容分析主要包括：传播的分类；传播的符号；传播的宣传方法等。 传播的媒介分析主要包括：传播的媒介环境；传播的媒介特点等。 传播的对象分析主要包括：传播对象的心理；传播对象的劝服等。 传播的效果分析主要包括：传播的效果类型；影响传播效果的因素；测定传播效果的定量方法等。 、把关人理论 （一）把关人的概念

“把关人”又称“守门人” （gate keeper）,它是指在信息传播过程中，对信息的提供制作、编辑 和报道能够采取“疏导”与“抑制”行为的关键人物。这个概念原出于德国著名社会心理学家库尔持?卢因在1947年所写的《群体生活的渠道》一文。他在研究群体传播过程时提出，信息总是沿着包含有“门区”的渠道流动着。信息或商品是否被允许进入流通渠道。总是根据某种“守门人”的意见。 传播学学者十分重视这种信息传播过程的枢纽作用，并且认为这是一种信息传播的普遍现象，即在 一个传播系统中，信息总是通过某些决策点和关口来完成传递过程的。在信息与受众之间，存有决定中止或中转信息的把关人。把关人有时指个别人，有时指一个集体。在社会信息的提供、制作、编辑和报道的过程中，就有许多把关人，而编辑取舍新闻和传播媒介对制品的审核则是典型的把关行为。 （二）把关人的传播行为 一般地说，把关人的传播行为包括“疏导”与“抑制”两个方面。把关人对某些信息准予流通的便是疏导行为，对另一些信息不让其流通或暂时搁置的便是抑制行为。 把关人之所以对信息交流采取不同的态度和行为，主要是出于自己的预存立场。所谓“预 存立场”，就是自己原有的意见、经验、兴趣和精神状态的总和。同时，也受到周围信息的影响。 三、两级传播模式 “两级传播论”是由美国著名社会学家拉扎斯菲尔德提出的。 观念总是先从广播和报刊传向‘意见领袖’，然后再由这些人传到人口中不那么活跃的部分。也就是说，信息的传递，是按照“媒介一意见领袖一受众”这种两级传播的模式进行的。这里所提出的中间环节“意见领袖”，其作用与意义举足轻重。意见领袖又称“舆论指导者”，指社会活动中能有较多机会接触来自各种渠道的信息即“消息灵通人士”，或对于某一领域有丰富的知识与经验即“权威专家”，而其态度和意见对广大公众影响较大的那一部分人。 应当意识到：大众传播媒介的力量是巨大的，怛不是法力无边的，人们在进行传播之时，千万不可忽略那些卓有成效的以人际传播和组织传播方式所达到的传播效果，即千万不可忽略“意见领袖”的指 导作用。 在公共关系传播中，人们已十分注重“意见领袖”的作用。例如女影星娇嫩的肌肤使其成为护肤和化妆方面的“意见领袖”；运动员的雄健体魄使其成为运动服装及器材的“意见领袖”；营养专家当然是食品方面的“意见领袖”；医生肯定是药品方面的“意见领袖”……如何发挥“消息灵通人士”或 “权威专家”的舆论指导，对公共关系传播工作都有重要的意义。 四、受众选择“ 3S'论 信息传播者往往把一些符合自己意图的信息编成特定的符号，然后通过一定的渠道到达目的地。这个目的地就是传播者企图与之共享信息的接收对象，即受众。但是，时常发生的结果是信息在受众那里受到冷遇：视而不见、充耳不闻。经过长期的观察和研究，传播学者发现受众在接触媒介和接收信息时有很大的选择性，这就是受众心理上的自我选择过程。这个选择过程表现为三种现象，简称为“3s”： 选择性注意；选择性理解；选择性记忆。 （一）选择性注意 注意是指心理活动对一定事物或活动的指向和集中。而选择性注意就是指在信息接收过程中，人们的感觉器官虽然受到诸多信息的刺激，但是他们不可能对所有信息都作出相应的反应，只能是有选择地加以注意的心理状态。 从选择性注意的角度来看，如何提高信息的竞争能力，有以下几个因素值得关注： （1）对比。在报刊的版面和广播、电视播出的程序上，将内容大不相同的稿件或节目编在一起，表现为强烈的对