Lecture Two

Lecture Two

Warm-up

Part I The Etymological Study of Medical Terms

I.Words from Old English

1. Anatomic words:

Ankle –ancleow ank- = “to bend”

Back, bladder, blood, chest, ear, eye, foot, gum, hair, hand, knee, lip, liver, lung, neck, organ, throat, tongue.

2. Words denoting concepts

ache (v.) acan in old English, meaning

“ache, suffer pain”. –aeche in Middle English.

Blind, breath, bruise, meaning

“crush”.

Cold, fever, heal, mind

II.Words originated from Greek

During and after the first century B. C., Romans borrowed a lot of Greek

words into their own language. Since

the Renaissance, many classical Latin

and Greek words were introduced into

Modern English. The medical

terminology has been greatly

influenced by Greek. From such

words as grammar, logic, arithmetic,

geometry, music in early Modern

English to the words like acme(极期),

anorexia (食欲缺乏,厌食症), colon,

coma, diagnosis, dyspeptic, glaucoma

(青光眼), metastasis(转移), necrosis,

pandemic, paralysis, pneumonia,

psychology.

III.Words from Latin

The two invasions, the Renaissance and the industrial revolution: Before 450 A.D., the Roman Empire invaders brought Latin into British Island for the first time. The

second occurred after William the Conqueror came into the British throne and Norman-French derived from Ancient Latin brought many words into English. English borrowed a lot from Latin once again due to the Renaissance. Certainly, the Industrial Revolution brought about the technological changes in many fields, which inevitably rendered great contributions to the English vocabulary. Abscess, acute, aorta (主动脉), autopsy, bacteria, cell, clinic, cortex, dystrophy, hydrophobia, inflame, medicine, muscle, obstetrics, placebo, panacea, prognosis, tumor.

IV.Words from French

Migrane (a severe form of headache, usually unilateral) is derived from Latin hemicrania, which was borrowed from Greek hemikrania, from the prefix hemi-and kranion (skull).

Hospital, faint, jaundice, doctor, benign, disease, mortuary, embolism, anatomy, artery, ambulance, antibiotic, chronic, lymph, malaise, pathology, surgeon, palpitation (心悸), prostate, rehabilitation. V.Words from German

Starting from 19th century, German made progress in science and technology. Now words were coined in German.

Like: aspirin, barbiturate巴比妥酸盐, biology, chemotherapy, chromosome, gene, genome, leukemia非白血性白血病, neuron, psychoanalysis, schizophrenia精神分裂症, testosterone睾丸酮.

VI.Words from Italian

Influenza, malaria, quarantine…

VII.Words from Spanish

Mosquito, quinine…

VIII.Words from direct coinage Acupuncture, antacid…

Part II Characteristics of Medical Terms

I.Pronunciation

1.Some individual letters

The letter c: cardiac, paracentesis,

placenta,

The letter g: gastral, emergency

The letter x: xacrorin, anthrax炭疽

2.Consonant combinations

The combination ch: choke, chronic

The combination ph: phobia,

The combination rh: rhinal.

3.Double consonants

Cn – cnidoblast, gastrocnemius;

Gn – gnarl, prognosis

Mn – mneme记忆力, amnesia;

Pn – pneophorus, apnea;

Ps – psychalgia, apselaphesia;

Pt – ptyalin, hemoptysis咯血

II.Plural forms of medical terms Plurals of words with Latin endings: Singular plural singular plural -a -ae ampulla ampulae

Vertebra vertebrae -um -a flagellum flagella

Labium labia

-us -i bacillus bacilli

Bronchus bronchi

Focus focci

-us -era genus genera

-us -ora corpus corpora -ex -ices/-es apex

apices/apexes

-ix -ices/-es appendix appendices/appendixes

Cervix

cervices/cervixes

Cortex

cortices/cortexes

-s -sa vas vasa

Plurals of words with Greek endings: Singular plural singular plural -ma -mata/-s enema

enemata/enemas

Fibroma fibromata

Lymphoma lymphomata

-on -a encephalon encephala

Ganglion ganglia

Phenomenon p henomena -is -es analysis analyses

Arthrosis arthroses

Crisis crises

Dermatosis dermatoses

Epiphysis epiphyses

-is -ides epididymis epididymides

Glottis glottides

-ax -aces/-es thorax

thoraces/thoraxes

-inx -inges meninx meninges III.Synonymous phonomenon of medical terms

Overlapping in reference is very common in medical terminology. For example: Body bodig corpus (Latin) soma (Greek)

Corporal somatic

Corpuscle somatocyte

Corpse somatology,

somatoscopy Referent Native origin Latin Origin Greek origin

Body bodig corpus soma Fat fatt adip- lipo-

Hand hond manus- cheiro-, chiro-

Heart heorte cor- cardia-

Joint joint artic- arthr-

Articulation arthrocele Kidney kidenere ren- nephro- Navel nafela umbilicus omphalos

Umbilicular omphalocele

Woman wimman fem- gyn- Exercise

Give the plural form of the following medical terms:

bursa cytolysis calculus diagnosis

cuticula epididymis focus

mouse

helix periodontium

Pronounce the following medical terms. Acid arthritis pneodynamics adentitis

Cholecystectomy pregnancy Rhabdovirus antogonism pheromone

Part III Word-formation in medical terminology

Seven commonly used methods for word-formation, e.g., affixation, composition, conversion, blending, backformation, clipping, and acronym

I.Affixation

1. Prefixation

Autograft, isograft, allograft (homograft) and xenograft (heterograft). Intracranial, antiallergenic, restenosis, asymptomatic, antineoplastic, nondiabetic, hyperlipidemia, heterogeneous

2. Suffixation

Immune, immunity, immunize, immunization

Genomics, eradication, specificity, sensitivity, suckling

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/873713206.html,position

Open compound:

man nurse, woman doctor, brain death, family planning, white matter Hyphenated compound:

high-density, host-specific, deaf-mute, bottle-feed, graft-versus-host;

Solid Compound:

windpipe, sleepwalk, overweight,

nosebleed

Neoclassical compound: (made of Latin and Greek words; productive and powerful)

biocide, lysosome, bio-science, psychanalysis, biophysics, chemotherapy.

III.Conversion

The conversion of a ward to a new class without any change of form. For example: Email originally as a noun is used as a verb or an adjective. – I tried to email you yesterday, only to find I have not got your email address.

In medical English, stent is the case in point. (Charles R. Stent, a dentist).

IV.Blending (拼缀法)

Part + Part –genome (gene + chromosome)

Whole + part -- breathalyzer (breath + analyzer)

Part + Whole -- Medicaid (medical + aid)

-- medicare (medical + care)

-- paramedic (parachute +

medic)

V.Backformation (逆生法)

Chain-smoke -- chain-smoker Automate -- automation Diagnose -- diagnosis

Ovulate -- ovulation

Palpitate -- palpitation

Injure -- injury

Phycoanalyze -- phycoanalysis VI.Clipping (截短法)

Exam, flu

Polio – poliomyelitis

Psych – psychology

Quack – quacksalver

VII.Acronym (首字母简略词)

1. CT, B.P., RBC, C.C (chief complain), BMR (basal metabolic rate)

2. TB -- tuberculosis, OD – overdose, IV –intravenous, NP – neuropsychiatry,

3. Those from Latin or Greek

a.c. (ante cibum = before meal)

p.c. (post cibum = after meal)

b.i.d. (bis in die = twice a day)

O.D. (oculus dexter = right eye)

O.S. (oculus sinister = left eye)

VIII.Analogy (类推)

Neuralgia -- myalgia

Genomics –proteomics, metabomics, transcriptomics

Neurotic – psychotic

Progress – retrogress

Epidemic – pandemic

Exercise 1

1.Give the Chinese equivalent of the

following terms.

Antiallergenic hyperglycemia intracranial

Host-specific restenosis

air-borne

Antineoplastic hyperlipidemia

graft-versus-host contraindication genome Allograft neurotic white matter t.i.d b.i.d

2.Criss-cross puzzle (See the handouts)

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新托福听力场景汇总之LECTURE篇 1.生物学 antibody抗体toxin毒素immunity免疫immunology免疫学vaccine疫苗fungus真菌bacteria细菌fermentation发酵inflection传染 / 感染microorganism / microbe微生物virus病毒disfection消毒sterilization灭菌biology生物学marine biology海洋生物学entomology昆虫学ornithology鸟类学microbiology微生物学genetics遗传学speciology物种学parasitology寄生虫学paleontology古生物学paleontologist古生物学家dinosaur恐龙die out / extinction灭绝mammal 哺乳动物carnivore食肉动物rodent啮齿类动物underwater水下的marine海洋的scuba 水下呼吸器diving潜水 / 跳水one-celled organism单细胞有机体tissue（动植物细胞的）组织protective camouflage保护色predator捕猎者oceanic海洋的snail蜗牛animal adaptation动物适应性survival of the fittest适者生存origin of species物种起源wild environment野生环境insecticide杀虫剂prenatal care产前护理habitat栖息地tentacle触须prey捕食navigate导航tiny receptor接收器nerve 神经/ specimen样品amphibian两栖类动物decline in the number数量减少gene基因genetic基因的，遗传的endangered species濒危动物survival活着的transition转变/过渡microbe 微生物yeast酵母（菌）bacteria 细菌single-cell单细胞reptile爬行类动物hatch孵化incubation 孵化nest巢offspring子孙chew up咀嚼unfertilized eggs未受精卵nutrient营养品nourishment营养品 / 食物feed喂养cannibalism同类相食respiration呼吸ingestion摄食digestion消化digestive enzyme消化酶cell细胞nucleus细胞核cytoplasm细胞质plasma lemma / cell membrane细胞膜cell wall细胞壁protein蛋白质amino acid核酸plankton浮游生物heredity遗传mutation of species物种变异chromosome染色体genetic engineering遗传工程solitary独居social群居bio-diversity生物多样性metamorphosis变态/变形mutation变种variation变异 2.动物学 zoology动物学Darwinism达尔文学说natural selection自然选择phylum门class纲order目suborder亚目family科genus属species 种invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物aquatic life水生动物reptile爬行动物amphibian/amphibious animal两栖动物protozoa原生动物rodent啮齿动物ruminant反刍动物parasitic animal寄生动物primate灵长动物plankton浮游生物mollusk 软体动物coelenterate腔肠动物（如水母、海蜇、珊瑚等）herbivore食草动物mammal哺乳动物homotherm恒温动物cold-blooded animal冷血动物poikilotherm变温动物scavenger食腐动物carnivorous食肉的herbivorous食草的omnivorous杂食的bird鸟类camouflage伪装hibernate冬眠；蛰伏regeneration再生predatory / carnivore食肉的predator捕食者prey捕食hordes/swarms （昆虫等）群flock（牛、羊等）群community动物的群落或人的部落population种群herd兽群hygiene卫生sanitation公共卫生；卫生设施monogamous一夫一妻的/一雌一雄的polygamous一夫多妻的/一雄多雌的polyandrous一妻多夫的/一雌多雄的nomadic游牧的；流浪的trapper诱捕动物者niche小生态环境vestige 退化的器官fertilize使受精metabolism新陈代谢breed（名词）品种；（动词）繁殖multiply / reproduce繁殖spawn（鱼、虾、蛙等）孵anatomy解剖学appetite食欲creature生物scales鳞feathers羽毛armor甲spinal cord脊椎digestive system消化系统excretory system排泄系统reproductive system生殖系统circulatory system循环系统respiratory system呼吸系统hormonal system内分泌系统digestive duct消化管esophagus食管stomach胃small intestine小肠large intestine大肠anus肛门digestive gland消化腺salivary gland 唾液腺liver肝gallbladder胆pancreas胰squirrel松鼠marten貂bat蝙蝠squeak（老鼠等）吱吱otter水獭antelope羚羊gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒

英国部分英美概况汇总题库

The United Kingdom I. Multiple Choice 1. The was “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants—giants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning”(Engels). a. Renaissance b. Industrial Revolution c. Reformation d. Bourgeois Revolution 2. is regarded as the first English Prime Minster. a.D uke of Willington b.William Gladstone c.Benjamin Disraeli d.Sir Robert Walpole 3. The official head of Parliament is . a. the Prime Minister b. the Monarch c. the Speaker d. the Chancellor 4. The present sovereign of Britain is . a. Elizabeth I b. Elizabeth II

c. Elizabeth III d. Edward II 5. is a day to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. a. Christmas b. Good Friday c. Easter Monday d. Boxing Day 6. published his book On the Origin of Species which caused a stir in Victorian times. a. Adam Smith b. Charles Darwin c. Thomas More d. Francis Bacon 7. The largest section of Great Britain is . a. Scotland b. Wales c. England d. Northern Ireland 8. The Lake District is well known for . a. its wild and beautiful scenery b. its varied lakes c. the Lake Poets

英国文学练习题及答案

1.The national epic of the Anglo-Saxons is ____. A Robin Hood B Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C The Canterbury Tales D Beowulf 2. ____was the most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend written in alliterative verse. A The Canterbury Tales B Piers the Plowman C Sir Gawain and the Green Knight D Beowulf 3. ____was famous for The Canterbury Tales. A Geoffrey Chaucer B John Milton C William Shakespeare D Francis Bacon 4. Most of the ballads of the 15th century focused on the legend about ____ as a heroic figure. A Green Nights B Gawain C Robin Hood D Hamlet 5.In the 16th century, Thomas More’s work ____became immediately popular after its publication. A Paradise Lost B A Pleasant Satire of the Three Estates C Of Studies D Utopia 6. ____was Edmund Spencer’s masterpiece which has been regarded as one of the grea t poems in the English language. A Amoretti B The Shepherd’s Calendar C The Faerie Queene D Four Hymns 7. ____ is from Shakespeare’s sonnet No.18. A “Let me not to the marriage of true minds” B “To be or not to be: that is the question” C “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day” D “No longer mourn for me when I am dead” 8. _____, the “father of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of England, was born in London about 1340. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Sir Gawain C. Francis Bacon D. John Dryden 9.The four great tragedies written by Shakespeare are Hamlet, Macbeth, Othello and ___ _. A. Antony and Cleopatra B. Julius Caesar C Twelfth Night D King Lear 10. Which of the following does not belong to Shakespeare’s romantic love comedies? A Twelfth Night B The Tempest C As You Like It D The Merchant of Venice D C A C D C C A D B 1. All of the following are the most eminent dramatists in the Renaissance England except______.

英语期末考试翻译句子

Unit1 A new study shows that dogs can detect if someone has cancer just by sniffing the person’s breath. Ordinary household dogs with only a few weeks of basic training learn to accurately distinguish between breath samples of lung- and breast-cancer patients and healthy subjects.One expert, who led the research, said, “Our study provides compelling evidence that cancers hidden beneath the skin can be detected simply by (dogs’) examining the odors of a person’s breath.” Early detection of cancers greatly improves a patient’s survival chances, and researchers hope that man’s best friend, the dog, can become an important tool in early screening. Unit 2 A research team recently replicated a bacterium’s genetic structure entirely from l aboratory chemicals, moving one step closer to creating the world’s first artificial organism. The researchers said, “It’s the second step of a three-step process to create a synthetic organism. But the final step could prove far more difficult.” Nonetheless, the research is pushing forward at a rapid pace. Last June, the team revealed details of an experiment in which researchers inserted the DNA of one species of bacterium into the cells of another. That process almost magically booted up the inserted genome. The research team hopes to use a similar trick to boot up the artificially created genome, so as to create a man-made living organism. Unit 3 In recent years, the psychologists from many countries banded together to do a research which indicated that continued income growth could make people apply themselves to an ongoing consumption race rather than promote overall happiness. Everyone has to spend more and more money in order to maintain a constant level of happiness. This is because our vanity and jealousy are functioning . The way to sort out them out is to cultivate the noble sentiment of being considerate and serving the society. People shouldn’t pin all their hopes on money. Instead , friends, family and work are also playing a very improtant role . Therefore, hapiness is not an inborn trait, but a talent which everyone can learn. Unit 4 I used to feel excited at teaching my students the elegant economic theories that could supposedly cure societal problems of all types. But what is the good of all my complex theories when people were dying of starvation on the sidewalks and porches across from my lecture hall? My lessons were like the American movies where the good guys always win. But when I emerged from the comfort of the classroom, I was faced with the reality of the city streets. Here good guys were mercilessly beaten and trampled. Daily life ws getting worse, and the poor were growing even poorer. Unit 5 No one thought that shy little Einstein would grow up to a prominent scientist. He was slow in learning to speak, and he often paused to consider what he would say during a conversation.In school, Albert Einstein was singled out by his teachers as a troublesome child because he liked to ask difficult strange questions. He did not like to memorize facts and rules, but was interested in what lay below the surface of things. When he was four or five years old, for instance, his father gave him a compass. Little Einstein was curious about the mysterious force that could keep a compass needle always pointing north, which prompted him to read widely in science. His real studies were mostly done at home by reading books on mathematics, physics, and philosophy. Unit 6 Most Americans have great vigor and enthusiasm. They prefer to discipline themselves rather than be disciplined by others. They pride themselves on their independence, their right to make their own minds. They tend to take the initiatives, even when there is a risk in doing so. They have courage and do not give in easily. They are considered sentimental. When they see a flag on ceremonial occasions, or attend parades celebrating Ame rica’s glorious past, tears may come to their eyes. They tend to be emotional at the reunions with family and friends, too. Sometimes, they can laugh at themselves and their country, while they will always remain intensely patriotic.