船舶实用导航文集(英文)Azimuths
CHAPTER 17 AZIMUTHS AND AMPLITUDES
INTRODUCTION
1700. Compass Checks
At sea,the mariner is constantly concerned about the ac-curacy of the gyro compass.There are several ways to check the accuracy of the gyro.He can,for example,compare it with an accurate electronic navigator such as an inertial nav-igaton https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d4083972.html,cking a sophisticated electronic navigation suite,he can use the celestial techniques of comparing the measured and calculated azimuths and amplitudes of celes-tial bodies.The difference between the calculated value and the value determined by gyro measurement is gyro error. This chapter discusses these procedures.
Theoretically,these procedures work with any celestial body.However,the sun and Polaris are used most often when measuring azimuths,and the sun when measuring amplitudes.
AZIMUTHS
1701. Compass Error By Azimuth Of The Sun
Mariners use Pub229,Sight Reduction Tables for Ma-rine Navigation to compute the sun’s azimuth.They compare the computed azimuth to the azimuth measured with the compass to determine compass error.In computing an azimuth,interpolate the tabular azimuth angle for the difference between the table arguments and the actual val-ues of declination,latitude,and local hour angle.Do this triple interpolation of the azimuth angle as follows:
1.Enter the Sight Reduction Tables with the nearest
integral values of declination,latitude,and local
hour angle.For each of these arguments,extract a
base azimuth angle.
2.Reenter the tables with the same latitude and LHA
arguments but with the declination argument1°
greater or less than the base declination argument,
depending upon whether the actual declination is
greater or less than the base argument.Record the
difference between the respondent azimuth angle
and the base azimuth angle and label it as the azi-
muth angle difference (Z Diff.).
3.Reenter the tables with the base declination and
LHA arguments,but with the latitude argument1°
greater or less than the base latitude argument,de-
pending upon whether the actual(usually DR)
latitude is greater or less than the base argument.
Record the Z Diff. for the increment of latitude.
4.Reenter the tables with the base declination and lat-
itude arguments,but with the LHA argument1°
greater or less than the base LHA argument,de-
pending upon whether the actual LHA is greater or
less than the base argument.Record the Z Diff.for
the increment of LHA.
5.Correct the base azimuth angle for each
increment.
Example:
In DR latitude33°24.0'N,the azimuth of the sun is096.5°pgc.At the time of the observation,the declination of the sun is 20°13.8'N;the local hour angle of the sun is316°41.2'.De-termine compass error.
Solution:
See Figure1701Enter the actual value of declination, DR latitude,and LHA.Round each argument to the nearest whole degree.In this case,round the declination and the lat-itude down to the nearest whole degree.Round the LHA up to the nearest whole degree.Enter the Sight Reduction Ta-bles with these whole degree arguments and extract the base azimuth value for these rounded off arguments.Record the base azimuth value in the table.
As the first step in the triple interpolation process,in-crease the value of declination by1°to21°because the actual declination value was greater than the base declination.Enter the Sight Reduction Tables with the following arguments:(1) Declination=21°;(2)DR Latitude=33°;(3)LHA=317°. Record the tabulated azimuth for these arguments.
As the second step in the triple interpolation process, increase the value of latitude by1°to34°because the actu-al DR latitude was greater than the base latitude.Enter the Sight Reduction Tables with the following arguments:(1) Declination=20°;(2)DR Latitude=34°;(3)LHA=317°.
283
284AZIMUTHS AND AMPLITUDES
Record the tabulated azimuth for these arguments.
As the third and final step in the triple interpolation process,decrease the value of LHA to 316°because the ac-tual LHA value was smaller than the base LHA.Enter the Sight Reduction Tables with the following arguments:(1)Declination =20°;(2)DR Latitude =33°;(3)LHA =316°.Record the tabulated azimuth for these arguments.
Calculate the Z Difference by subtracting the base az-imuth from the tabulated azimuth.Be careful to carry the correct sign.
Z Difference = Tab Z - Base Z
Next,determine the increment for each argument by taking the difference between the actual values of each ar-gument and the base argument.Calculate the correction for each of the three argument interpolations by multiplying the increment by the Z difference and dividing the resulting product by 60.
The sign of each correction is the same as the sign of the corresponding Z difference used to calculate it.In the above example,the total correction sums to -0.1'.Apply this value to the base azimuth of 97.8°to obtain the true azimuth 97.7°.Compare this to the compass reading of 096.5°pgc.The compass error is 1.2°E.
AZIMUTH OF POLARIS
1702. Compass Error By Azimuth Of Polaris
The Polaris tables in the Nautical Almanac list the azi-muth of Polaris for latitudes between the equator and 65°N.Figure 2011in Chapter 20shows this https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d4083972.html,pare a compass bearing of Polaris to the tabular value of Polaris to determine compass error.The entering arguments for the table are LHA of Aries and observer latitude.
Example:
On March 17,1994,at L 33°15.0'N and 045°00.0'W,at 02-00-00GMT,Polaris bears 358.6°T by compass.Cal-culate the compass error.Solution:
Enter the azimuth section of the Polaris table with the calculated LHA of Aries.In this case,go to the column for LHA Aries between 160°and 169°.Follow that column down and extract the value for the given latitude.Since the increment between tabulated values is so small,visual in-terpolation is sufficient.In this case,the azimuth for Polaris for the given LHA of Aries and the given latitude is 359.3°.AMPLITUDES
1703. Amplitudes
A celestial body’s amplitude is the arc between the observed body on the horizon and the point where the
observer’s horizon intersects the celestial equator.See Fig-ure 1703.
Calculate an amplitude after observing a body on either the celestial or visual https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8d4083972.html,pare a body’s measured
Actual Base Arguments Base Z Tab*Z Z Diff.Increments Correction (Z Diff x Inc.÷ 60)
Dec.20?13.8'N 20?
97.8?96.4?–1.4?13.8'–0.3?DR Lar.33?24.0'N 33?(Same)97.8?98.9?+1.1?24.0'+0.4?LHA
316?41.2'317?
97.8?
97.1?
– 0.7?18.8'–0.2?
Base Z 97.8?Total Corr.
–0.1?
Corr.(–)0.1?Z N 97.7?E *Respondent for the two base arguments and 1?
change from third base argument, in vertical order of Dec., DR Lat., and LHA.
Zn 097.7?Zn pgc 096.5?Gyro Error 1.2?E
Figure 1701. Azimuth by Pub. No. 229.
Date 17 March 1994Time (GMT)02-00-00GHA Aries 204° 25.4'
Longitude
045° 00.0'W LHA Aries
161° 25.4'
Tabulated Azimuth 359.3°T Compass Bearing 358.6°T Error
0.7°E
AZIMUTHS AND AMPLITUDES285
amplitude with an amplitude extracted from the Amplitude table.The difference between the two values represents compass error.
Give amplitudes the suffix N if the body from which it was determined has a northern declination and S if it has a southern declination.Give the amplitudes the prefix E if the body is rising and W if the body is setting.
The values in the Amplitude table assume that the body is on the celestial horizon.The sun is on the celestial hori-zon when its lower limb is about two-thirds of a diameter above the visible horizon.The moon is on the celestial ho-rizon when its upper limb is on the visible horizon.Planets and stars are on the celestial horizon when they are approx-imately one sun diameter above the visible horizon.
When using a body on the visible,not celestial,hori-zon,correct the observed amplitude from Table23Apply this table’s correction to the observed amplitude and not to the amplitude extracted from the Amplitude table.For the sun,a planet,or a star,apply this correction to the observed amplitude in the direction away from the elevated pole.If using the moon,apply one-half of the Table23correction in the direction towards the elevated pole.
Navigators most often use the sun when determining amplitudes.The rule for applying the Table23corrections to a sun’s observed amplitude is summarized as follows.If the DR latitude is north and the sun is rising,or if the DR latitude is south and the sun is setting,add the Table23cor-rection to the observed amplitude.Conversely,if the DR latitude is north and the sun is setting,or the DR latitude is south and the sun is rising,then subtract the Table23cor-rection from the observed amplitude.
The following two sections demonstrate the procedure for obtaining the amplitude of the sun on both the celestial and visible horizons.
1704. Amplitude Of The Sun On The Celestial Horizon Example:
The DR latitude of a ship is51°24.6'N.The navigator observes the setting sun on the celestial horizon.Its decli-nation is N19°40.4'.Its observed amplitude is W32.9°N.
(32.9° “north of west,” or 302.9°).
Required:
Compass error.
Solution:
Interpolate in Table22for the sun’s calculated ampli-tude as follows.See Figure1704.The actual values for latitude and declination are L=51.4°N and dec.=N19.67°. Find the tabulated values of latitude and declination closest to these actual values.In this case,these tabulated values are L=51°and dec.=19.5°.Record the amplitude correspond-ing to these base values, 32.0°, as the base amplitude.
Next,holding the base declination value constant at 19.5°,increase the value of latitude to the next tabulated value:N52°.Note that this value of latitude was increased because the actual latitude value was greater than the base value of latitude.Record the tabulated amplitude for L= 52°and dec.=19.5°:32.8°.Then,holding the base latitude value constant at51°,increase the declination value to the next tabulated value:20°.Record the tabulated amplitude for L = 51° and dec. = 20°: 32.9°.
The latitude’s actual value(51.4°)is0.4of the way be-tween the base value(51°)and the value used to determine the tabulated amplitude(52°).The declination’s actual val-ue(19.67°)is0.3of the way between the base value(19.5°) and the value used to determine the tabulated amplitude (20.0°).To determine the total correction to base ampli-tude,multiply these increments(0.4and0.3)by the respective difference between the base and tabulated values (+0.8and+0.9,respectively)and sum the products.The to-tal correction is+0.6°.Add the total correction(+0.6°)to the base amplitude(32.0°)to determine the final amplitude (32.6°).
Calculate the gyro error as follows:
1705. Amplitude Of The Sun On The Visible Horizon Example:
The same problem as section1704,except that the sun is setting on the visible horizon.
Figure1703.The amplitude is the arc(A)between the
observed body on the horizon and the point where the
observer’s horizon intersects the celestial equator.
Amplitude (observed) pgc=W 32.9° N
Amplitude (from Table 22)=W 32.6° N
Compass Error0.3°W
286AZIMUTHS AND AMPLITUDES Required:
Compass error.
Solution:
Interpolate in Table23to determine the correction for the sun on the visible horizon as follows.See Figure1705.. Choose as base values of latitude and declination the tabu-lar values of latitude and declination closest to the actual values.In this case,these tabulated values are L=51°N and dec.=20°.Record the correction corresponding to these base values, 1.1°, as the base correction.
Completing the interpolation procedure indicates that the base correction (1.1°) is the actual correction.
Apply this correction in accordance with the rules dis-cussed in section1703.Since the vessel’s latitude was north and the sun was setting,subtract the correction from the observed amplitude.The observed amplitude was W32.9N. Subtracting the1.1°correction yields a corrected observed amplitude of W31.8°N.From section1704,the tabular amplitude was W 32.6° N.
Calculate the gyro error as follows:
1706. Amplitude By Calculation
As an alternative to using Table22and Table23,use the following formulas to calculate amplitudes:
a) Body on the celestial horizon:
where d=celestial body’s declination and L=observ-er’s latitude.
b) Body on the visible horizon:
where d=celestial body’s declination,L=observer’s latitude, and h = – 0.7°.
Using the same example as in section1704,d= 19.67°N and L=N51.4°.If the sun is on the celestial ho-rizon, its amplitude is:
If the sun is on the visible horizon, its amplitude is:
=W 33.7° N
Amplitude (from Table 22)=W 32.6° N Amplitude (observed)=W 31.8° N Compass Error0.8° E
Amplitude
d
sin
L
cos
---------------
1–
sin
=
Amplitude
d L
sin h
sin
–
sin
L h
cos
cos
-------------------------------------------
1–
sin
=
Amplitude
19.67°
sin
51.4°
cos
-----------------------
1–
W 32.6°N.
=
sin
=
Amplitude
19.67°
sin51.4°
sin0.7°
–
sin
–
51.4°
cos0.7°
–
cos
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1–
sin
=
Actual Base Base Amp.Tab. Amp.Diff.Inc.Correction
L=51.4°N51°32.0°32.8°+0.8°0.4+0.3°
dec=19.67°N19.5°32.0°32.9°+0.9°0.3+0.3°
Total+0.6°
Figure 1704. Interpolation in Table 22 for Amplitude.
Actual Base Base Corr.Tab. Corr.Diff.Inc.Correction L=51.4°N51° 1.1° 1.1°0.0°0.40.0°dec=19.67°N20° 1.1° 1.0°-0.1°0.20.0°Figure 1705. Interpolation in Table 23 for Amplitude Correction.
管理沟通以案例分析为视角英文版第5版教辅文件Hershey Foods Teaching Note
Eugene D. Fanning Center for Business Communication03-03 TN Mendoza College of Business University of Notre Dame Hershey Foods: It’s Time to Kiss and Make Up TEACHING NOTE Purpose of the Case Study 1.To provide students with an appreciation for the impact that a corporation’s culture has on its business operations. 2.To allow students to gain an understanding of how valuable effective crisis management is for corporations who find their reputation tarnishing; 3.To encourage students to improve their critical thinking by establishing business strategies to deal with a crisis situation; 4.To provide students with an appreciation for the value of clear communication to stakeholders about a business issue; 5.To give students an appreciation for the importance of continuing communication, both internally and publicly, to the long-term success of any business enterprise. Identifying the Business Problem In his first year as CEO of Hershey Foods Richard Lenny faced conflict with the community, employees and investors. He had already endured the longest strike in the history of the company, closed plants, and managed to increase profits by 10%. This case was prepared by Research Assistants Michaelyn M. McCoy and Laura A. Castrillo under the direction of James S. O’Rourke, Concurrent Professor of Management, as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright ?2003. Eugene D. Fanning Center for Business Communication. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise – without permission.
常用英文缩写大全(全)
企业各职位英文缩写： GM(General Manager)总经理 VP(Vice President)副总裁 FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁 AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理 CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官，类似总经理、总裁，是企业的法人代表。 COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官，类似常务总经理 CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官，类似财务总经理 CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官，主管企业信息的收集和发布CTO(Chief technology officer)首席技术官类似总工程师 HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监 OD(Operations Director)运营总监 MD(Marketing Director)市场总监 OM(Operations Manager)运作经理 PM(Production Manager)生产经理 (Product Manager)产品经理 其他： CAO: Art 艺术总监 CBO: Business 商务总监 CCO: Content 内容总监 CDO: Development 开发总监 CGO: Gonverment 政府关系 CHO: Human resource 人事总监 CJO: Jet 把营运指标都加一个或多个零使公司市值像火箭般上升的人 CKO: Knowledge 知识总监 CLO: Labour 工会主席 CMO: Marketing 市场总监 CNO: Negotiation 首席谈判代表CPO: Public relation 公关总监 CQO: Quality control 质控总监 CRO: Research 研究总监 CSO: Sales 销售总监 CUO: User 客户总监 CVO: Valuation 评估总监 CWO: Women 妇联主席 CXO: 什么都可以管的不管部部长 CYO: Yes 什么都点头的老好人 CZO: 现在排最后，等待接班的太子 常用聊天英语缩写
船舶常用英文缩写
Common Abbreviation Abbr.Full Name Chinese Explanation AA ALWAYS AFLOAT 永远漂浮 A/C Air Compressor & Air Conditioner 空压机&空调 ACOL AFTER COMPLETION OF LOADING 装货结束之后 ACCU AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEM CERTIFI ED FOR UNATTENDED ENG.ROOM 无人机舱自动控机系统鉴定 A/E ACCEPT/EXCEPT 接受/除外 AFMT AFTER FIXING MAIN TERMS 固定主要条款之后AD AIR DRAFT 水上高度 A/O AND/OR 和/或 AP ADDITIONAL PREMIUM 附加保险费 APS ARRIVAL PILOT STATION 到达引航站 A/R ALL RISKS 一切风险 A/S ACCOUNT SALE 销货账 A/S AFTER SIGHT 远期付款 A.T. American terms( grain trade) 美国条款（谷物交易）AAR AGAINST ALL RISKS 针对所有风险 ABS AMERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING 美国船级社 AMBT ambient temperature 冻柜的环境温度ADDCOM ADDRESS COMMISSION 回扣佣金 AFSP ARRIVAL FIRST SEA PILOT 首次海上引水抵达时间 AGS Aden Gulf Surcharge 亚丁湾附加费（防海盗费）也有称ERS Emergency Risk Surcharge，直译为亚丁湾紧急风险附加费，中海CSCL写成ARS。 AGM Asia gypsy moth(INSPECTION) 无亚洲型舞毒蛾检验AGW ALL GOES WELL 一切顺利 AHL AUSTRALIAN HOLD LADDER 澳梯
船舶英语及船型简称和缩写
船舶英语 船舶英语和基本词汇 改编加整合 目录 一、造船部分------------------------------------------------------------------3 1、船体部分--------------------------------------------------------------------3 2、机舱部分-------------------------------------------------------------------9 3、电气部分-------------------------------------------------------------------13 4、船装部分-------------------------------------------------------------------23 二、造机部分-----------------------------------------------------------------29 三、修造部分-----------------------------------------------------------------31
一、造船部分 1、HULL PART 船体部分 1、1结构S t r u c t u r e 12 船厂 d o c k y a r d/s h i p y a r d船坞 d o c k/b o a t y a r d 船东 s h i p-o w n e r船舷 S h i p's s i d e 船码头 q u a y/d o c k船的栏杆 S h i p's r a i l 船舱 h o l d甲板 D e c k 船籍 S h i p's r e g i s t r y住舱甲板 a c c o m m o d a t i o n d e c k 船首 b o w梁拱甲板 a r c h d e c k 船梯 l a d d e r载货甲板 c a r g o d e c k 船尾 s t e r n首楼甲板 F o r e c a s t l e d e c k 上甲板 U p p e r d e c k 下甲板 L o w e r d e c k 主甲板 M a i n d e c k 货舱甲板 H o l d d e c k 桥楼甲板 B r i d g e d e c k 水密甲板 W a t e r t i g h t d e c k 34 驾驶甲板 N a v i g a t i o n d e c k铜-钢复合板 C o p p e r s h e a t h i n g s t e e l p l a t e 艇甲板 B o a t d e c k甲板边板 D e c k s t r i n g e r p l a t e 罗经甲板 C o m p a s s d e c k斜板 S l o p i n g p l a t e 板 P l a t e加强板 R e i n f o r c e m e n t p l a t e 舭板 B i l g e p l a t e舵板 R u d d e r p l a t e 船底板 B o t t o m p l a t e舷侧外板 S i d e p l a t e 船外板 S h e l l p l a t e裙板 S k i r t p l a t e 船首外板 B o w p l a t e首柱板 S t e m p l a t e 肘板 B r a c k e t p l a t e首柱板 S t e r n p l a t e 舱壁板 B u l k h e a d p l a t e平台 p l a t f o r m 槽形舱壁板 C o r r u g a t e d b u l k h e a d p l a t e机舱平台 E n g i n e-r o o m p l a t f o r m 舷墙板 B u l w a r k p l a t e分段 B l o c k 围板 C o a m i n g p l a t e首段 B o w b l o c k 连续板 C o n n e c t i o n p l a t e中段 M i d s h i p b l o c k
和老外交流最常用英文缩写大全
英语常用句子的简写 btw(by the way)：这个大多数人都会用，就是“顺便再说一句”的意思。 g2g(got to go)：要走了。原句是I've got to go。 omg(oh my god)：我的天啊！有时为了表达更强烈的情感，有人会打：OMGGGGGGG! lol(laugh out loud)：大声地笑。这个缩写已经快被用烂了。 sth(something)：某事某物。 nth(nothing)：什么也没有。 plz(please)：请。please 字尾是z 音，所以按照读音缩写为plz。 thx(thanks)：谢谢。按照发音来看，thanks字尾的ks可以用字母X代替。 数字： 2 = to/too 2B or not 2B = To be or not to be 4 = for 4ever = forever A： ASL = Age/Sex/Location AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It AKA = Also Known As AMBW = All My Best Wishes ANFAWFOWS = And Now For A Word Word From Our Web Sponsor AOTS = All Of The Sudden ASAFP = As Soon As “Friggin” Possible ASAP = As Soon As Possible ATST = At The Same Time AWGTHTGTTA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Again AWGTHTGTTSA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Sh Again AYSOS = Are You Stupid Or Something B： B4 = Before B4N = Bye For Now BBFBBM = Body By Fisher, Brains by Mattel BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit BBIAF = Be Back In A Few BBL = Be Back Later
船舶常用英文缩写大全
1 A/B Above Base Line 基准线以上 2 A/C Anticorrosive Paint 防腐涂料 3 A/F Antifouling Paint 防污漆 4 ABS American Bureau of Shipping 美国船级社 5 Abt Abt (About ) 大约,关于 6 ACCOM. Accommodation 船室,居住区 7 Accommodation Ladder 舷梯 8 ACCU Automatic control system certified for unattended eng. Room 无人机舱自动控制系统鉴定 9 AFRAMAX Average Freight Rate Assessment at the max. of Deadweight 最大负载时平均运费率评估 10 Bhd After Peak Bulkhead 船尖舱舱壁 11 ANSI American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准协会 12 AP After Perpendicular 艉垂线 13 API American Petroleum Institute 美国石油组织 14 APT After Peak Tank 尾尖舱 15 ARPA Automatic Rader Plotting Aids 自动雷达测图仪 16 ASTM American Society of Testing Materials 美国材料实验协会 17 B mld Moulded Breadth 型宽 18 B/C Bulk Carrier 散货船 19 Base line 基线
船体英语缩写
ABS (American Bureau of Standard)美国船级社 ANG (Angle Bar)角钢 BFE (Builder Furnish Equipment)建造商提供设备 BG (Bulk Carrier)散货船 BHD (Bulkhead)舱壁 BHP (Break Horsepower)制动马力| BL (Base Line)基线 BM (Breadth Molded)型宽 BV (Bureau Veritas)法国船级社 CAD (Computer Aided Design)计算机辅助设计 CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)计算机辅助制造 CB (Center of Buoyancy)浮心 CCS (China Classification Society)中国船级社 CF (Center of Floatation)漂心 CFE (Contractor Furnish Equipment)承包商提供设备 CG (Center of Gravity)重心 CH (Channel)槽钢 CM (Metacenter)稳心 CPP (The Controllable Pitch Propeller)可调螺距桨 CS (Carbon Steel)碳素钢 DB (Double Bottom)双层底 DK (Deck)甲板 DM (Depth Molded)型深 DNV (Det Norske Veritas)挪威船级社 DWG (Drawing)图 DWL (Design Waterline)设计水线 DWT (Deadweight)载重量 FAT (Factory Acceptance Test)工厂验收试验 FB (Flat Bar)扁钢 FEM (Finite Element Method)有限元法 FPSO (Floating Production Storage Offloading) 浮（船）式生产储油卸油系统浮Fwd (Forward)向船艏 GL (Germanischer Lloyd)德国船级社 GM (Metacentric Height)初稳心高 HP (Half Bulb Plate)球扁钢 LBP (Length between Perpendiculars)垂线间长 LCG (Longitudinal Center of Gravity)纵向重心 LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas Vessel) 液化石油气船 LOA (Overall Length)总长爱 Long. (Longitudinal)纵骨 LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas Vessel) 液化天然气船 LR (Lloyd's Register)英国劳氏船级社 MDK (Main Deck)主甲板 MODU (Mobile Offshore Drilling Units)移动式近海钻井平台
经济股市常用英文缩写大全
经济股市常用英文缩写大全 学习啦小编为大家整理了经济股市常用英文缩写大全，一起来学习吧! CRB是期货价格指数，反映期货价格的高低。路透商品研究局指数(CRB)是最早创立的商品指数，诞生于1957年，最早由28种商品组成，其中26种在美国和加拿大上市。1986年该指数在纽约商品交易所开始交易(现已并入到NYBOT)。路透社拥有该商品指数的所有权。CRB指数以一揽子的商品价格为组成成分，在此基础上计算而得到的商品指数，反映的是美国商品价格的总体波动，能使机构和个人投资者利用指数交易而获得商品价格综合变动带来的获利机会。CRB指数原来赋予了各构成商品同等权重，因此某一商品价格的反向变动不会导致CRB指数值出现异常巨大的变动。同时，在计算指数值时，CRB指数利用了合约延期和几何平均技术，这对指数价格的波动起到了平抑作用，从而创造了相对平滑的价格走势。ECI是就业成本指数。它是在受薪就业时对在美国所有州及255个地区超过500个行业所提供的工作数量的量度，就业估计是基于大企业的市场调整。而且把在国内企业及政府里全职或兼职的受薪员工数目计算起来。它反映的是就业的难易及其条件的好坏。CBD的全称是Central Business District，我国现有三种译法：中央商务区、商务中心
区或中央商业区，其概念最早产生于1923年的美国，当时定义为'商业会聚之处'。随后，CBD的内容不断发展丰富，成为一个城市、一个区域乃至一个国家的经济发展中枢。一般而言，CBD应该具备以下要素特征：它是城市的功能核心，城市的经济、科技、文化、商业等高度集中;它交通便利，人流、车流、物流巨大;它白天人口密度最高，昼夜间人口数量变化最大;它位于城市的黄金地带，地价最高;它高楼林立，土地利用率最高。NASDAQ，纳斯达克是英文缩写“NASDAQ”的音译名，全称是美国“全国证券交易商协会自动报价系统”。它建于1971年，是世界上第一个电子化证券市场。纳斯达克的发展与美国高技术产业的成长是相辅相成的，被奉为“美国新经济的摇篮”。股市中N、XD、XR、DR、G分别表示什么解释如下：当股票名称前出现了N字，表示这只股是当日新上市的股票，字母N是英语New(新)的缩写。看到带有N字头的股票时，投资者除了知道它是新股，还应认识到这只股票的股价当日在市场上是不受涨跌幅限 制的，涨幅可以高于10%，跌幅也可深于10%。这样就较容易控制风险和把握投资机会。当股票名称前出现XD 字样时，表示当日是这只股票的除息日，XD是英语Exclud(除去)Dividend(利息)的简写。在除息日的当天，股价的基准价比前一个交易日的收盘价要低，因为从中扣除了利息这一部分的差价。当股票名称前出现XR的字样时，表明当日
所有船舶常用地英文缩写
第一部分 1 A/B Above Base Line 基准线以上 2 A/C Anticorrosive Paint 防腐涂料 3 A/F Antifouling Paint 防污漆 4 ABS American Bureau of Shipping 美国船级社 5 Abt Abt (About ) 大约,关于 6 ACCOM. Accommodation 船室,居住区 7 ACCM.L Accommodation Ladder 舷梯 8 ACCU Automatic control system certified for unattended eng. Room 无人机舱自动控制系统鉴定9 AFRAMAX Average Freight Rate Assessment at the max. of Deadweight C.O.T 最大负载时平均运费率评估10 A.P Bhd After Peak Bulkhead 船尖舱舱壁11 ANSI American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准协会12 AP After Perpendicular 艉垂线 13 API American Petroleum Institute 美国石油组织 14 APT After Peak Tank 尾尖舱 15 ARPA Automatic Rader Plotting Aids 自动雷达测图仪16 ASTM American Society of Testing Materials 美国材料实验协会 17 B mld Moulded Breadth 型宽 18 B/C Bulk Carrier 散货船 19 B.L Base line 基线 20 Basic Design 基本设计 21 Ballast Control Room 压载控制室 22 BHP Brake Horse Power 制动马力 23 BOG Boil-off Gas 蒸发气体 24 BOM Bill of Material 材料清单 25 Bkt Bracket 支架,肘板 26 BHD Bulkhead 隔壁, 防水壁 27 C/H Cargo Hold 货舱 28 C.T Cable Trunk 电缆管道 29 CCI Class Comment Item 船级社说明项目 30 CCR Cargo Control 31 C, C/L Center Line 中心线 32 C.G Center of Gravity 重心 33 Cert. Certificate 证书
管理沟通英语期末整理
管理沟通英语期末整理: 1. 管理沟通的五大策略，并且如何用这些策略分析视频或平面广告的沟通效果；Communicator Strategy: Is to analysis Who am I-[credibility]. What’s my object-(why). What style should I choose-(how), in all, is credibility, objective and style Audience Strategy: Techniques for gearing your communication toward your audience’s needs and interests. Containing five parts: Who are they? What do they know? What do they need? What do they feel? How can you motivate them? Message Strategy: 2 basic approaches: Emphasize（强调）and organize（有条理的）: Defining the object \Clear ideas\ contend and structure. Channel choice Strategy: 1. Writing or speaking? ---Writing: keeps a permanent record and more formal; ---Speaking: need a “richer”communication （需要更丰富的沟通） — much more than words, difficult to arrange and unproductive and easier to be forgotten IM’s problem 1.The other person is not always available 2. Not suitable for long conversation and complicated conversation. 3. easy to be forwarded! 4. Informal and bad grammar leads to a bad impression. 5. Too much multitasking and lead to embarrassments; Culture Strategy: How to influence:It affects objective, style, credibility in communicator strategy. And selection and motivation in audience strategy. 2. 成功会议的标准，根据给定的信息撰写会议开场白或者总结发言； The meeting 1.should be prepared well 2.have clear purpose, 3.Everybody should be given a role, 4.has a clear procedure. A successful meeting contain three parts: 1. preparation before the meeting 2. participation and control during the meeting
常用航海英语缩写
ABTabout大约 ABVabove以上 ACCTaccount由…承担,租船人,租家ADVadvise通知 ADDaddress地址 AFMTafterfixmainterms主要条款定下之后AGTagent代理 ARBIarbitration仲裁BBBbeforebreakingbulk开舱卸货前 B.DAYSbankingdays银行工作日 BENDS.BEbothends指装卸两头(港) BGDbagged袋装的 BLKbulk散装(货) BS/Lbillsoflading提单 BSS1/1bases以-个装港一个卸港为基准BWADbrackishwaterarrivaldraft船到卸港的吃水CHOPTcharterers'option租家选择CHRTScharterers租船人,租家COcharterersoption租家选择COMMcommission佣金 COUNTER还盘 CPcharterparty租约
C.Q.Dcustomaryquickdispatch按港口习惯速度尽快装卸CVSconsecutivevoyage DFDdemurrage/ dispatch 滞期/速遣DHDdemurragefreedespatch DOPdroppingoutwardpilot DRRKderrick吊杆 DwATdeadweightalltold DwCCdeadweightcargocapacity EIUevenifused即使使用 ETAexpectedtimeofarrival预抵时间ETDexpectedtimeofdeparture预离时间FHINCFridaysandholidaysincluded FIOfreein&freeout船东不负责装/卸费 FIOSTfreein,out, stowed(理舱) trimmed(平舱) FILOfreein,linerout船东不负责装,但负责卸FLTfulllinerterm全班轮条款,即船东负责装/卸费FLwSfollows下列 FRTfreight运费 FWADfreshwaterarrivaldraft GENCON,GCN金康合同
超实用英语缩写大全
超实用英语缩写大全 无论口语表达还是书面表达，英语中也有很多缩写，如果你不能很好地理解和运用这些英语缩写，那就会大大影响你的英语日常交流水平，令你面临重重困难；反之，熟悉掌握这些英语缩写，能帮助你有效提高表达和沟通能力。 【一】常见的口语缩写 首先是非常简单和常见的，在口语中我们经常碰到一些缩写，诸如 wanna, gonna 之类，那么他们到底是怎么来的呢？又是什么意思呢？ 1.wanna (= want to) 【美国口语】 wanna 是 "want to" 的缩写，意为“想要”“希望” eg: Wanna grab a drink tonight? 今晚喝一杯如何？
wanna的使用范围极广，从日常口语到 歌曲名称都有它的影子，有一首传唱度很高的歌想必大家都听过，歌名就是"Be What U Wanna Be " 2.gonna(= going to) gonna 是"going to" 的缩写，用在将 来时中，一般与 be 动词连用成“be gonna”结构，但在口语中也有省略be 的情况出现。【美国口语】 eg: Who's gonna believe you? 谁会信你呢？ 3.kinda (= kind of) kinda 是"kind of"的缩写，意为“有点”“有几分” eg:
I'm kinda freaking out! 我快疯了！ 4.sorta (=sort of)【美国口语】 sorta 是 "sort of" 的缩写，意为“有几分”“可以说是” eg: I'm sorta excited. 我有点小兴奋！ 5.gotta (=got to)【美国口语】 gotta是"got to"的缩写，意为“不得不”“必须” eg: I gotta go now. 我现在得走了。 【二】常见的书面缩写
船舶英文缩写
HULL(船体): ABS (American Bureau of Standard)美国船级社 ANG (Angle Bar)角钢 BFE (Builder Furnish Equipment)建造商提供设备 BG (Bulk Carrier)散货船 BHD (Bulkhead)舱壁 BHP (Break Horsepower)制动马力 BL (Base Line)基线 BM (Breadth Molded)型宽 BV (Bureau Veritas)法国船级社 CAD (Computer Aided Design)计算机辅助设计 CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)计算机辅助制造CB (Center of Buoyancy)浮心 CCS (China Classification Society)中国船级社 CF (Center of Floatation)漂心 CFE (Contractor Furnish Equipment)承包商提供设备CG (Center of Gravity)重心 CH (Channel)槽钢 CM (Metacenter)稳心 CPP (The Controllable Pitch Propeller)可调螺距桨 CS (Carbon Steel)碳素钢
DB (Double Bottom)双层底 DK (Deck)甲板 DM (Depth Molded)型深 DNV (Det Norske Veritas)挪威船级社 DWG (Drawing)图 DWL (Design Waterline)设计水线 DWT (Deadweight)载重量 FAT (Factory Acceptance Test)工厂验收试验 FB (Flat Bar)扁钢 FEM (Finite Element Method)有限元法 FPSO (Floating ProductionStorageOffloading)浮（船）式生产储油卸油系统FSO (Floating Storage Offloading)浮（船）式储油卸油系统 Fwd (Forward)向船艏 GL (Germanischer Lloyd)德国船级社 GM (Metacentric Height)初稳心高 HP (Half Bulb Plate)球扁钢 LBP (Length between Perpendiculars)垂线间长 LCG (Longitudinal Center of Gravity)纵向重心 LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas Vessel)液化石油气船 LOA (Overall Length)总长 Long. (Longitudinal)纵骨
船舶(制造)常用英语(缩写)
HULL(船体) ABS (American Bureau of Standard)美国船级社 ANG (Angle Bar)角钢 BFE (Builder Furnish Equipment)建造商提供设备 BG (Bulk Carrier)散货船 BHD (Bulkhead)舱壁 BHP (Break Horsepower)制动马力 BL (Base Line)基线 BM (Breadth Molded)型宽 BV (Bureau Veritas)法国船级社 CAD (Computer Aided Design)计算机辅助设计 CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing)计算机辅助制造CB (Center of Buoyancy)浮心 CCS (China Classification Society)中国船级社 CF (Center of Floatation)漂心 CFE (Contractor Furnish Equipment)承包商提供设备CG (Center of Gravity)重心 CH (Channel)槽钢爱我船舶网 CM (Metacenter)稳心 CPP (The Controllable Pitch Propeller)可调螺距桨 CS (Carbon Steel)碳素钢
DB (Double Bottom)双层底 DK (Deck)甲板 DM (Depth Molded)型深 DNV (Det Norske Veritas)挪威船级社 DWG (Drawing)图 DWL (Design Waterline)设计水线 DWT (Deadweight)载重量 FAT (Factory Acceptance Test)工厂验收试验 FB (Flat Bar)扁钢 FEM (Finite Element Method)有限元法 FPSO (Floating Production Storage Offloading)浮（船）式生产储油卸油系统FSO (Floating Storage Offloading)浮（船）式储油卸油系统 Fwd (Forward)向船艏 GL (Germanischer Lloyd)德国船级社 GM (Metacentric Height)初稳心高 HP (Half Bulb Plate)球扁钢 LBP (Length between Perpendiculars)垂线间长 LCG (Longitudinal Center of Gravity)纵向重心 LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas Vessel)液化石油气船 LOA (Overall Length)总长 Long. (Longitudinal)纵骨
所有船舶常用的英文缩写
所有船舶常用的英文缩 写 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998
第一部分 1 A/B Above Base Line 基准线以上 2 A/C Anticorrosive Paint 防腐涂料 3 A/F Antifouling Paint 防污漆 4 ABS American Bureau of Shipping 美国船级社 5 Abt Abt (About ) 大约,关于 6 ACCOM. Accommodation 船室,居住区 7 Accommodation Ladder 舷梯 8 ACCU Automatic control system certified for unattended eng. Room 无人机舱自动控制系统鉴定 9 AFRAMAX Average Freight Rate Assessment at the max. of Deadweight 最大负载时平均运费率评估 10 Bhd After Peak Bulkhead 船尖舱舱壁 11 ANSI American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准协会 12 AP After Perpendicular 艉垂线 13 API American Petroleum Institute 美国石油组织 14 APT After Peak Tank 尾尖舱 15 ARPA Automatic Rader Plotting Aids 自动雷达测图仪 16 ASTM American Society of Testing Materials 美国材料实验协会 17 B mld Moulded Breadth 型宽 18 B/C Bulk Carrier 散货船 19 Base line 基线 20 Basic Design 基本设计 21 Ballast Control Room 压载控制室 22 BHP Brake Horse Power 制动马力 23 BOG Boil-off Gas 蒸发气体 24 BOM Bill of Material 材料清单 25 Bkt Bracket 支架,肘板 26 BHD Bulkhead 隔壁, 防水壁 27 C/H Cargo Hold 货舱 28 Cable Trunk 电缆管道 29 CCI Class Comment Item 船级社说明项目 30 CCR Cargo Control ？ 31C, C/L Center Line 中心线 32 Center of Gravity 重心 33Cert. Certificate 证书 34CFR Code of Federal Regulations 联合代码 35CGT Compensated Gross Tonnage 补偿总吨 36 Chain Locker 锚链舱 37C/Eng. Chief Engineer 轮机长 38C/D Cofferdam 隔离舱,围堰
常用英文缩写大全(全)之欧阳光明创编
企业各职位英文缩写： 欧阳光明（2021.03.07） GM(General Manager)总经理 VP(Vice President)副总裁 FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁 AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理 CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官，类似总经理、总裁，是企业的法人代表。 COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官，类似常务总经理 CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官，类似财务总经理 CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官，主管企业信息的收集和发布 CTO(Chief technology officer)首席技术官类似总工程师 HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监 OD(Operations Director)运营总监 MD(Marketing Director)市场总监 OM(Operations Manager)运作经理 PM(Production Manager)生产经理 (Product Manager)产品经理 其他： CAO: Art 艺术总监 CBO: Business 商务总监 CCO: Content 内容总监 CDO: Development 开发总监 CGO: Gonverment 政府关系 CHO: Human resource 人事总监 CJO: Jet 把营运指标都加一个或多个零使公司市值像火箭般上升的人 CKO: Knowledge 知识总监 CLO: Labour 工会主席 CMO: Marketing 市场总监 CNO: Negotiation 首席谈判代表CPO: Public relation 公关总监CQO: Quality control 质控总监 CRO: Research 研究总监 CSO: Sales 销售总监 CUO: User 客户总监