安徽精英专升本英语讲稿

第（1）页

Grammar and Words Without grammar, little can be conveyed Without vocabulary, nothing can be conveyed.

Typical Examples for Grammar

1. The stranger robbed his wife.

2. He was then bright in the eye.

3. Do you have a family?

4. Susan is really a cat, so she is the last person

I want to see in this city.

5. Her mother died of difficult labor.

6. He is anything but a scholar.

7. You could not have made things worse.

8. You cannot be too cautious.

9. It never rains but it pours.

10. James is not so much a writer as a

reporter.Vocabulary

paparazzi encyclopaedia superstitious

vivisectionist countermeasure contaminate telecommunication pajama extracurricular money laundrying 一 构词法 dis → disappear, disagree, dislike, dishonest, discontinue, disconnect, distract mis → mistake, mislead, misguide, misbelief, misunderstand fore → forehead, foreground, forefather, forecast, foretell pseudo →pseudoheart, pseudoscience, pseudoname pre → preview, predict, preface, preheat, prewar,

prehistory

re → review, retell, rewrite, rearrange,

reorganize, re-emphasize, recreate

il/ir → illegal, illogical, irregular, immoral, immortal

ex → ex-husband, ex-president, exwife

mal → malfunction, malnutrition, maltreat

-ist → tourist, artist, communist, dentist

ful/less → careful,careless, useful, useless,

helpful, helpless

-ish → selfish, foolish, bookish, childish/childlike

post → postwar, postgraduate by → byproduct,

bywork, bypass

over → overeat, overdress, oversleep,

overemphasize

-ly → manly, fatherly, scholarly, motherly

二 造词法

1.make →maker →laptop-maker,car-maker,

shoe-maker,watch-maker, TV-maker,

law-maker,trouble-maker

2.-mate →deskmate, classmate, roommate,

schoolmate,teammate, inmate 三 词尾象形归类法 1. light, right, night, flight, tight, might, sight

2. dip, kip, lip, tip, zip, lipstick, the tip of the

iceberg

3. altitude, latitude, attitude, aptitude, fortitude

四 拟声法

carnation cuckoo giggle sofa pudding

coffee golf murmur crash crack meow

bow-woo babble/gurgle

五 形象分析法

tryst trysting place eye bird

六 缩略词

motel → motor and hotel telecast → television

and broadcast

smog → smoke and fog brunch → breakfast

and lunch

七 头脑风暴法 First give a certain topic, and then name all the related words by all people involved such as ―what do you think are qualities of being a good language teacher? Can you find out as many

adjectives as possible which can describe the

qualities of a good teacher?‖ 八 联想法 比如 family 第九 同义法beautiful, pretty, handsome, good-looking ?ugly, plain-looking ?

doctor, physician, surgeon, dentist 十 反义法

optimistic ? pessimistic

maximum ? minimum

active ? passive

positive ? negative

十一 加长法

classic → classical

economic → economical

historic → historical

comic → comical

politic → political

electric → electrical

十二 动词词组

break

~ up, ~ down, ~ through, out

turn

~ on, ~ off, ~ up, ~ down, ~out, ~ over

十三 收集习语法

He is a milkman.

2）持续系动词

用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有

rest, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：

He always keeps silent at meeting.他开会时总保

持沉默。

This matter rests a mystery.此事仍是一个谜。

3）表像系动词

用来表示"看起来像"这一概念，主要有seem, appear,

例如：

He seems (to be) very sad.他看起来很伤心。

4）感官系动词

感官系动词主要有:看起来 look

听起来sound

闻起来smell

尝起来taste

摸起来feel

用法如下: (1)+形容词（不用副词）

(2)like+名词

eg.

1.Bill said that the mixture tasted ________.

(terrible, terribly).

2.The doctor said that the baby didn’t look

________. (healthy, healthily).

3.The gas from the bottle smelled

very_______.(strange, strangely).

4.This kind of cloth feels quite_______. (soft,

softly).

5.Your idea sounds _________. (nice, nicely).

5）变化系动词

这些系动词表示主语变成什么样，变化系动词主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.

例如：

He became mad after that.自那之后，他疯

了。

She grew rich within a short time.她没多长

时间就富了。

6）终止系动词

表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, trun out, 表达"

证实"，"变成"之意，例如：

The rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。

His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于

成功了。（turn out表终止性结果）

第（3）页

句子。位置比较灵活，可在名词前后。

(1)That yellow BMW is Mr.Wu?s.

(2) A very valuable bronze Egyptian cat.

(3) The man who gave us a good lesson

yesterday was a model worker.

(4) After all, he is a five-year-old boy.

(5) Commerce with other countries can bring us

lots of benefits

(6) Please give me a knife to cut with.

7 状语(Adverbial) 用来修饰动

词,形容词,副词或整个句子.它常

由副词或与之相当的结构担任。

(1) Rose speaks English quite fluently.

(2) He went to France to meet his fiancee.

(3) If I have some spare time, I will take up

Korean.

(4) When I grow up, I am going to be a bullfighter.

8. 同位语它位于名词或名词性短语之后，

说明其内容。常由名词、名词性短语或从句

担任。如：

(1) The old lady always murmurs— that is，speaks in a very low voice．

(2) The next night，the blackest he had ever known，the sea became so rough that the boat almost turned over．

句子的种类

按照用途分为四类：

1.陈述句（肯定或否定）如：

(1) We love our motherland.

(2) As they say, when the age is in, the wit is

out.

2. 疑问句用来提出问题，它又可

分为四类:

一般疑问句

(1) Do they like playing PC games?

--- Yes, they do.

(2) Have you a wrist watch?

--- No, I haven’t.

特殊疑问句

(1)Who is singing in the dormitory?

(2)What are you doing now?

(3) Why do they like playing golf?

(4) When did you get the very job?

选择疑问句

(1) Shall we go by bus or by train?

(2) Do you love chess or snooker?

反义疑问句

(3) Peter smokes a lot, doesn’t he?

(4)Linda isn’t a college student, is she?

3. 祈使句

(1) Copy the exercise in your notebook.

(2)Don’t be afraid of making grammatical mistakes.(3) Let’s take the thief to the police!

4.感叹句

(1) What a place it is!

(2) What nonsense!

(3) How foolish they are!

(4) How hard he studies!

(5) How beautiful your T- shirt is!

2. 并列句（Compound Sentence）

它包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其结构为―SP+连词+SP‖。

◆连接两个概念常见的and, so, therefore, not

only… but a lso 不neither… nor等。如：

(1) I think, therefore I am.

(2) She not only writes her own plays, she also acts in them.

◆表示两者选其一常见的有or, otherwise, or else,

either…or.如：

(1) Either he is to blame or I am.

(2) You must go to work or/ or else/ otherwise you will get the bird.

◆表示矛盾或对照常见的有but, yet, still, however, while, whereas 等。

(1) I am ugly, but I am very gentle.

(2) I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream.

3. 复合句（Complex Sentence）

它由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。如：

(1) I was about to leave, when the telephone rang.

(2) The students would have made better grades if they had studied hard.

并列复合句

指的是并列句中含有一个或多个从句。如：

(1) Altogether Beethoven wrote nine symphonies, but most of them were written after he had lost his hearing.

2. I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.

简单句的扩展成份

简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。如下：

1. I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.

2. The dog jumped through the window.

3. He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.

4. He worked like a madman in the garden on

Saturday.

5. A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three

bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before

seven o?clock.

6. The young girl with long black hair seems to be

第（4）页

一、特殊名词怎样变复数

1.复合名词变复数

由c.n+p r e p/p r e p短语构成。变为n s。

p a s s e r-b y→p a s s e r s-b y

l o o k e r-o n→l o o k e r s-o n

e d i t o r-i n-c h i e f→e d i t o r s-i n-c h i e f

f a t h e r-i n-l a w→f a t h e r s-i n-l a w

如果复合名词中没有n中心词，那么再词尾+s就可

以了。如：

a n d-

b y→s t a n d-b y s

e a k-d o w n→b r e a k-d o w n s

t-i n→s i t-i n s

o w n-u p→g r o w n-u p s

如果是由m a n/w o m a n+n构成的复合名词，那

么前后都要变成复数。如：C u s t o m e r s

m a n t e a c h e r→m e n t e a c h e r s

m a n s e r v a n t→m e n s e r v a n t s

w o m a n c u s t o m e r→w o m e n

w o m a n d o c t o r→w o m e n d o c t o r s

2.单复同形的名词

见的有：s h e e p，d e e r,f i s h,m e a n s,s p e c i e s,j i n,l i,

m u,y u a n,j i a o,f e n e t c.

o n e s h e e p→f i v e s h e e p

o n e d e e r→t e n d e e r

3j i n4m u100y u a n

1d o l l a r→20d o l l a r s

3.外来词的复数变法

变s i s为s e s

b a s i s→b a s e s

c r i s i s→c r i s e s

t h e s i s→t h e s e s

a n a l y s i s→a n a l y s e s

d i a g n o s i s→d i a g n o s

e s

变u m/o n为a

a t u m→d a t a

e d i u m→m e d i a

u r r i c u l u m→c u r r i c u l a

r i t e r i o n→c r i t e r i a

e n o m e n o n→p h e n o m e n a

二、容易误用的单复数名词

容易误用为复数的不可数名词。

n f o r m a t i o n,a d v i c e,f u r n i t u r e,

q u i p m e n t,m a c h i n e r y,s c e n e r y,

e w e l r y,s p i r i t,l u g g a g e,l i g h t,

a g g a g e,

b r e a d,p a p e r,a i r,f u n,

o v e r t y,p r o g r e s s,v i r t u e,l u c k,

r a f f i c,f o l i a g e.

以复数形式s结尾，实为单数的名词。

o n o m i c s，p o l i t i c s,p h y s i c s,

e c h a n i c s,e l e c t r o n i c s,

a t i s t i c s,o p t i c s,n e w s,

e a n s,m e a s l e s,d i a b e t e s,

第（5）页

3.有些不可数名词也可作单数或者复数用。意思也相应

的改变。

p a p e r纸张→p a p e r s文件、论文

c o f f e e咖啡→c o f f e e s几杯咖啡

l i g h t光线→l i g h t s灯

g r e e n绿色→g r e e n s青菜

s p i r i t精神→s p i r i t s烈酒、情绪

f o r c e力量→f o r c e s军队

c u s t o m风俗→c u s t o m s海关

4.不可数名词如果要表示数量怎么办？

答：一般用“数字+计量单位+o f+名词”表示。如：

a p i e c e o f n e w s/m e a t/p a p e r/a d v i c e

l u g g a g e/i n f o r m a t i o n

a s u m o f m o n e y

a s e t o f e q u i p m e n t

10s e t s o f e q u i p m e n t

a p a i r o f g l a s s e s/s c i s s o r s/s h o e s

5p a i r s o f g l a s s e s/s c i s s o r s/s h o e s

三、名词修饰名词

1.一名词修饰另外一个名词时，一般用单数。

如：f a m i l y p l a n n i n g，h u m a n r i g h t s，

h e a d n u r s e,b l o o d p r e s s u r e,d r e s s s h o p,

t o m a t o j u i c e,c r e d i t c a r d,f i r e e n g i n e,

h e a l t h c e n t e r,i d e n t i t y c a r d,m i n e r a l w a t e r,

p r e s s c o n f e r e n c e,p a c k a g e h o l i d a y,

p e a c e t a l k s,s c i e n c e f i c t i o n,c o l o r f i l m

e m e r g e n c y r o o m,

2.也有特殊情况，用复数作定语。很少。

s p o r t s m e e t i n g，g o o d s t r a i n

t a l k s t a b l e，c u s t o m s o f f i c e r

c o m m o

d i t i

e s

f a i r，c l o t h e s

b r u s h，s a v i n g s b a n k

四、名词的所有格

有生命的名词用…s格

1.一般的名词后加?s

w o m e n?s c l o t h e s t h e p r o f e s s o r?s s p e e c h

2.以s或e s结尾的复数名词，只需加?

t h e m a s s e s?a d v i c e t h e t w o b o y s?m o t h e r

3.复合名词在最后一个词的词尾加?s

h i s s o n-i n-l a w?s p h o t o

t h e c o m m a n d e r-i n-c h i e f?s r e p o r t

4.如果一样东西为两人共有，在后一名词后加?s,如果

分别所有，则两个名词后都需加?s。

H e l e n a n d T o m?s m o t h e r共有妈妈

M a r y a n d J a n e?s b e d r o o m共有房间

M a r y?s a n d J a n e?s r o o m分别都有各自的房间5.在“店铺”或“某家人”的名词所有格中，通常省略其

后的的名词，以?s结尾即可。

t h e b a r b e r?s t h e t a i l o r?s t h e

d o c t o r?s t h

e g r o c e r?s

t h e b a k e r?s t h e b u t c h e r?s t h e

s t a t i o n e r?s h e r a u n t?s

M r.G r e e n?s

faultless.

2. 以-s 结尾的地理名词

指国名，作单数；指群岛、山脉、海峡、瀑布等作复数。

1>The United States is a country of people with

varied origins.

2>The Himalayas have a magnificent variety of

plant and animal life.

3.成双成对的名词作主语,作复数

常见名词有：shoes, gloves, pajamas, spectacles, chopsticks, scissors, glasses, sunglasses,

compasses, jeans, pliers, scales, shears, 等。

如：Peter?s new trouser are black and white.但如果主语由 a kind of, a pair

of等修饰时,谓语动词一般用单数。如：

1.One pair of scissors isn’t enough.

2. Two pairs of pliers, one large and one small, are missing from my tool box.

4.一些含有特殊意义名词

常见的有： fireworks, minutes, contents, wages, arms, goods, remains, ashes, suburbs, outskirts, thanks, congratulations, regards, dregs, stairs, fumes, funds, particulars, troops等，通常作复数。例如：

The archives of this society are kept in the

basement.

2. High wages often result in high prices.

考点二：集体名词作主语

1.作复数用

常考的是police, folk, youth, people, militia, cattle, poultry, vermin 等

1>Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef and hides.

2>Such vermins as bugs and rats are hard to get rid of.

2.作单数用

这类名词包括：foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture,merchandise等。如：

All the machinery in the factory is made in China.

3.单复数都可以

常见的包括：audience, public, committee, class, government, crew, family, crowd, public, team 等。例如：

1.The government is losing control of the situation.

2.The government are resigning.

考点三：并列结构作主语

?由and/both…and 连接的并列主语如果概念不同，用复数。

1> Baseball and swimming ____ usually summer

sports.

?2> Both bread and butter _____ sold in that

grocery.如果指同一事情或概念。则用单数。

1>Bread and butter is my favorite breakfast.

2>The secretary and treasurer is absent.

3>Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.

1>The writer and translator _______delivering a speech in our school tonight

2> The writer and the translator __ delivering a speech in our school tonight.

3> A black and white dog ___ playing in the yard.

4> A black and a white dog__ playing in the yard.

2.重点考点：

当and 连接的并列名词词组带有each, every, many

a，more than one， no等限定词时，用作单数。

1>Every boy and every girl in this room is entitled

to a copy.

2>More than one student has read the book.

08’考题：

Many a customer _____ about the poor quality of

the washing machines.

A. complains

B. complain

C. are complaining

D. have complained

3. 主语+ as well as /like/with + ns

就远原则

这类词还有：rather than, more than, no less

than ,as well as, in addition to, like, besides, except, with, together with, along with, including, combined with, but,

考题：

1.The father as well as his three children ____

skating on the frozen river every Sunday

afternoon in winter. (2006辽宁) is going

B. go

C. goes

D. are going

2.Professor Smith, along with his assistants, ____

on the project day and night to meet the deadline. (2005上海)

A. work

B. working

C. is working

D. are working

3.The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class,

____ visiting a museum when the earthquake

struck. (2004北京)

?was B. were

C. had been

D. would be

4. A library with five thousand books ___ to the

第（7）页

第（8）页

nation as a gift. A .is offered B .has offered

C. are offered

D. have offered

5. Nobody but Jane ___ the

secret. (86’)

A .know

B. knows

C. have known

D. is known

考点四：数量词做主语

?

如果主语是由数量词+of + n 构成，不管是确定数量（如2/3、3/5等），还是不确定数量（如all of…,

some of…, none of…, half of…, most of…，

lots of…, plenty of 等），其后的动词形式依of-词组中的n 而定。

1>Thirty-five percent of the

doctors were women.

2>Half of the building was

damaged in the explosion. 3>Plenty of the men are already here.

考题：______ of the land in

that district ______ covered

with trees and grass.（上海2000） A ．Two fifth; is B ．Two fifth; are C ．Two fifths; is D ．Two fifths; are

2. 主语是“a portion of, a series of, a pile of, a panel of + n”，用单数。 1>A substantial portion of the reports is missing. 2>A series of accidents hasn’t been reported.

3. 高频考点 a number of (a total of, an average of, a variety of ) +复数名词，谓语 动词用复数；the number of (the total of , the average of, the variety of ) +复数名词，谓语动词用单数。 1> 上个月总共捐了10，000美元。 A total of ten thousand dollars ______(be) donated last month. 2> 上个月的捐款的总数是10，000 美元。 The total of dollars donated last month ______(be) 100,000 dollars.

考题： The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them _____ absent for different reasons. （96’） A ．were; was B ．was; was C ．was; were D ．were; were 4. 重点考点 主语如果是时间、距离、长度、价 值、金额、重量等复数名词时，谓 语动词用单数。

1）Ten years is a long time to wait for an answer ． 2）Five months is needed to find a new cure for

cancer.

考点五：动名词、不定式、从句做主语

?

一个ving ，to do ，clause 做主

语，一般谓语动词用单数。 What we need is patience ． To climb mountains requires courage. Increasing their wages has raised the crew’s morale.

2. 如果2个-ving ，to do ，clause 做主语，如果表示

同一类或者同一概念，用单数；如果表示不同事情，

用复数。 Setting a goal and sticking to it changes everything. Saying and doing are two things. ? Reading three classical novels and making some

social investigations are assignments for the

students during the holiday. ? Where he comes from and what he is doing here are secrets ． ?

When and where to build the new factory ______ yet.（91） A ．is not decided

B ．are not decided

C ．has not decided

D ．have not decided 重点： ―one of + 复数n + 关系分句‖中。 Tom is one of the students who are good at playing football. 2. Tom is the only one of the students who is good

D. seems to be

Beijing once or twice.

A. were

B. have been

C. is

D. has been

afternoon.

The chairman as well as many other people ____

present.

He is the only one of those boys who ____ willing

to take a make –up exam .

is B. were

名词或代词与代词的一致

September arrives on the campus, they are

confused at first by the strangeness of the new

environment.

the styles of them products.

the poem by themselves.

主语与状语逻辑主语的一致

invited to ask questions.

audience to askquestions.

同等成分的一致

formany headaches.

The oxygen in the air we breathe has no tasted,

smell, color.

Perey L. Julian made outstanding contributions

第（9）页

第（10）页

the moment/the minute/the day/the instant; 条件：if, unless, provided.

If he will accept the job, he will get more money soon.

If he accepts the job, he will get more money 在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, ＋宾语从句， 从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

Make sure that all the lights are off before you leave the office. 贴心叮嘱：

在 I hope, I bet 之后的宾语从句中，既可以直接用将来时态，也可以用一般现在时代替将来。所以，要引起重视。如：

越……越……) 句

The harder you study, the better results you will get.

2、现在进行时

表说话这一时间点或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动.

如：He is doing experiments now.

与频率副词，如always ，constantly ，，again, forever 等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。如：

Tom is always coming late for class.

The little boy is always making trouble. 表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。这仅限于表示位移的动词。如：go,come, leave, start, return etc.

Mary is leaving on Friday.

She is flying to America tomorrow.

My parents are coming here next week and 表示动作的短暂性。如：

You are being very polite today.

Tom is very polite.

Eric is now living in Shanghai. Eric lives in Shanghai.

3、现在完成时(★)

常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days, 用法有两：

其一，完成用法。动作发生在过去，到说话时刻已经结

束。如： He has turned off the light. 其二，未完成用法。动作始于过去，持续到现在，也许

还会持续下去。如：

I have lived in Hefei since 2000.

考点一：for + 时间段只修饰延续性动作的动词。

since + 时间点

They have lived in Beijing for five years.

They have lived in Beijing since 1995.

Peter has come to China for five years.

Peter has been in China for five years.

考点二：现在完成时在since分句中的用法。

即 have done since + did

I haven’t seen him since his wedding day.

I haven’t seen her since she wrote to me

last year.

试着翻译下面两个句子：

The house has been in bad repair since he

lived in it.

I haven’t had barbecue since I was a

student at Anhui University.

Since + 短暂性动词翻译为：自从这个动作以来…

Since + 延续性动词翻译为：自从这个动作结束以

―最近几世纪/ 年/ 月以来……‖时间状语

in the past few years/months/weeks/days；over

the past few years; during the last three months;

for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history 等

Prices have been on the rise in the past few months.

They have made amazing

achievements during the last few

years.

―It/This is the first/second/best (worst,

名词＋that-clause‖ 后面跟现

在完成时。

This is my first time that I have visited China.

This is the most interesting film I have ever

seen.

That is the only book that he has written.

4.现在完成进行时

它表示从过去某个时刻起持续到现在仍可能持续下去

的动作。如：

She has been writing a letter all

afternoon.

How long has it been raining?

5．一般过去时(★)

表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动

作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明

过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last

week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war;

before; a few days ago; when 如：

When she was in Hefei, she came

to see me every week.

His father was an English

teacher all his life.

His father has been an English

teacher all his life.

，表示过去经常但现在已不

再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。would

do

He used to smoke a lot.

People used to believe that the earth was

flat.

John would sit for hours without saying a

word

He would go to the park as soon as he was

free.

be/become/get used to + doing，表示习惯于

He has got used to getting up early.

6. 过去进行时 (easy)

表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作.它

通常描述事件发生的背景。一个动作正在进行时另一个

动作突然发生。如：

He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake

when he heard someone shout for help.

7. 过去完成时

表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即―过去

的过去‖，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态

从来不孤立使用 ( before, after, by, until etc. ) .

如：

By the end of last term we had finished the

book.

They finished earlier than we had expected.

用于hardly/scarcely...when; no

句型中，主句用had done，从句用did.

如：

I had hardly finished my work when she came

No sooner had I arrived home than the

（注意主谓倒装）

动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean,

用过去完成时，表示过去未实现

的愿望、打算和意图。可表“失望、惋惜”意味。如：

I had hoped that I could do the job.

I had intended to see you but I was too

第（11）页

busy.

8. 一般将来时

表在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2010等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多种多样、丰富多彩。如：

London will host the 30th Olympic Games in

2012.

考点一：关于―shall／will‖的用法。

传统文法谈得很多，同时各文法学家的理论也不很一致。更重要的是英国人和美国人对―shall／will‖

的用法规则并不很一致，也不太严谨，所以学习时需要技巧，做到中规中矩。

①说或写都尽量使用―I’ll，You’ll，He’ll，She’ll，It’ll，We’ll，They’ll …‖的简缩形。

②要表达主语的―意志‖，通常都用―will‖（文法上称

为意愿将来。）

例A：I won’t see him again.

例B：—— Who will go and help that poor old man?

—— Mary will .

考点二：be going to do cf. be to do

What are you going to do after the tutoring class.

Look at those dark clouds. It is going to rain. Look! The car is going to turn over.

They are to be married in this August.

You are to accomplish the assignments by noon.

I am to play basketball this afternoon.

I am going to play basketball this afternoon. 考点三： be about to do cf. be not about to do He is about to leave.

Please wait a minute. Our boss is about to come out.

John is not about to do that again. (be unwilling to)

判断下面这个句子是否正确？

The new semester is about to start in

等，可用现在进行时形式表示将来。

I am leaving for Beijing to see the closing ceremony of the Olympics tomorrow.

考点五：―祈使句 + and/or + 句子‖，这种结构中and 后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。

Use your head and you will find a way.

Work hard and carefully, or you will get the bird. 考点六：用on the point(verge, brink, eve) of 表“即将”。

He is on the point of making a round-the-world tour.

The country is on the brink of even bigger disaster.

The two countries are on the verge of war.

9、将来进行时

表将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情(客观将来)。

I’ll be giving you the lecture this time the day after tomorrow.

The train will be arriving at 2

o’clock.

10、将来完成时

表在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。

高频考点：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：

by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的副词从句。

例子：

By the end of this month, you will have learned 3,000 English words.

By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.

By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

动词的语态

be done can/must be done be being done have been done

语态考点

1. 不知、不必或不愿说出动作的执行者或发出者。这时就需要用被动语态。

The president was murdered. 总统被谋杀了。

A new supermarket will be built in this district. 这个地区将要建一座新的大型超市。

My wallet has been stolen. 我钱包被人偷了。

2. 及物动词有被动语态，不及物动词没有被动语态。比如：happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed等。

All the people have arrived.

His dream came true at last.

3. 有些动词用主动形式出现，但是意思是被动的。这次词包括：wash, clean, cook, look, sell, read, feel, drive, write等。

第（12）页

The pen doesn’t write well. 这支笔不好写。4. 在need， require， want， be worth (形容词)，deserve后用-ing主动形式代替被动。

This room needs cleaning.

This book is worth reading twice.

2008真题第24题(安徽省)

The old folk song is well worth ____.

A. listening

B. listening to

C. to listen

D. to listen to

2009真题第8题(河南省)

The garden requires _____.

A.watering

B. being

watered

C. to water

D. having watered

5. 特殊结构：

make sb heard / understood (使别人能听见/理解自己)

have/get sth done ( 要某人做某事)

怎样又快又准地做好时态题？

→答：“四大宝典”

1. Scan时间状语。

With the rapid growth of population, the city ______ in all directions in the past five years.

A. spreads

B. has spread

C. spread

D. had spead

At this time tomorrow ______ over the Atlantic.

A. we’re going to fly

B. we’ll be flying

C. we’ll fly

D. we’re to fly

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/864638876.html,e连接词来确定

All morning as she waited for the medical report from the doctor, her nervousness ______.

A.has grown

B. is growing

C. grew

D.

had grown

Let’s keep to the point or we ______ any decision.

A. will never reach

B. have never reached

C. never reach

D. never reached

3. Use句型和搭配

As you all know, it is the second time I _____ your boarding school.

A. visited

B. had visited

C. have visited

D. visit

He _________ to the lab than he set out to do the experiment.

A. has no sooner got

B. no sooner got

C. will no sooner got

D. had no sooner got

--- You’ve made great progress in your studies of

第（

C. he would spend

D. it would take him

7. Whenever Tom knew I was in trouble, he____ always lend me a hand.

A. might

B. would

C. could

D. caught

8When I leave the research institute next Week, I____ there for 18 years.

A. shall be working

B. will work

C. shall have worked

D. have worked

9. He ____ the office when the telephone rang.

A. left

B. has left

C. was leaving

D. has been leaving

10. It’s high time ____ about the traffic problem.

A. something was done

B. everything is done

C. anything will be done

D. nothing to be done

11. The old photo ____ his childhood in the

countryside

A. was reminded of

B. was reminded of him

C. reminded of

D. reminded him of

12. If I___ theopportunity I would not have

missed it.

A. were given

B. was given

C. be given

D. had been given

13. The movie ___ us of thepains brought by World

WarⅡ.

A. was thought of

B. kept

C. reminded

D. remembered

14. I hope ________ my letter.

A.her to answer

B.that she should answer

C.that she will read

D.her answer

河南省08真题

1. John and I ___ friends for 8 years.We first got

to know each other at a Christmas party. But We ___ each other a couple oftimes before

that.

第（

5. If they had known him, ( ) to him?

A. would they have talked

B. would they talk

C. had they talked

D. they would talk

6. Getting up early isn?t difficult if you ___ an alarm

clock.

A. will have

B. have

C. had

D. had had

7. I would have gone to the concert, if I ( )

time.

A. had had

B. have had

C. had

D. would have had

(四）错综时间条件句

有时候，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主、从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做错综时间条件句或混合条件句。遇到此类题时，一要注意时间状语的提示，二要注意事实和虚拟的混合。

I w o u l d h a v e g o n e t o v i s i t h i m i n t h e h o s p i t a l h a d

i t b e e n a t a l l p o s s i b l e,b u t I__________f u l l y

o c c u p i e d t h e w h o l e o f l a s t w e e k.

A. had been

B. was

C. were

D. would be

（五）虚拟语气的倒装－省略“i f”的条件句

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含w e r e,s h o u l d,或

h a d,可将i f省略，再把w e r e,s h o u l d或h a d移到从句

句首，实行倒装。

Some examples

?I n t h e a b s e n c e o f s u n l i g h t,t h e r e n o m o o n l i g h t.

?U n d e r a b e t t e r c o n d i t i o n,w e

m u c h b e t t e r.

?E x c e p t f o r a i r a n d w a t e r,n o t h i n g c o u l d l i v e o n t h e e a r t h.

3.暗含在上下文中

1. Given the opportunity, he might

have become a well-known singer.

2. I would have bought that DVD player.

Some examples

例(1) Without heat and sunlight, plants on the earth ______ well.

A. would not grow

B. will not grow

C. had not grown

D. would not be

grown

例(3) But for the rain, we _____ a nice holiday. A. should have B. would have had

C. would have

D. will have had

【答案】(2003年4月28题)

例(2) But for my classmates' help, I _____ the work in time.

A. did not finish

B. could not finish

C. will not finish

D. would not have finished

【答案】(2004年4月36题)

d e c i d e,s u g g e s t,d e c r e e,

d e m a n d,i n s i s t,m o v e,o r d e r,

p r e f e r,p r o p o s e,r e c o m m e n d,

r e q u e s t,r e q u i r e,v o t e

lest / for fear that/in case从句

1. She walked quietly lest she should wake up her

roommates.

2. The foreign teacher spoke slowly in case we

should misunderstand him.

3. Care must be taken in using this method lest

overflow should occur.

4.She put a blanket over the baby for fear that it

should catch a cold.

17. Long live the People?s Republic of China!

18. God damn you!

19. Heaven forbid!

20. Devil take you!

21. Far be it from me to spoil the fun.

22. He will remain here if need be.

情态动词+ have done的虚拟语气

1. 表示与过去的事实相反

should (ought to) have done

shouldn?t have done

would have done could have done

might have done

need (needn?t) have done

Typical examples

1. Peter would have gone with me, but he was ill.

2. John went to the station with the car to meet

Mary, so she needn?t have walked back home.

3. You ought to / should have studied harder.

2. 表示对过去的推测

Note: 只有must/could/may/might + have done

1. you must have seen the film Titanic.

2. It must have rained last night, for the ground is

wet now.

3. Mr. Smith can't have gone to Beijing, for I saw

him in the library just now.

4.They may not have known it beforehand.

5. You might have read about it in the papers.

Typical examples

【经典考例1】The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I ________ the trouble to carry

my umbrella with me. (2006江西)

A. should have taken

B. could have taken

C. needn't have taken

D. mustn't have taken

【经典考例2】As you worked late yesterday, you ________ have come this morning. （2006陕西）A. mayn't B. can't

C. mustn't

D. needn't

第（15）页

第（16）页

考点透析

1. To think of you makes me old. To know oneself is difficult. To err is human.

To talk to her is to talk to a wall. To love is to be loved. To see her is to love her.

To live is to do sth worthwhile.

Peter was to perish in a car crash and to leave to-do 被置于句末，用It 放在句首充当形式主语。

To spend your vacation at the seaside is quite pleasure.

It requires patience to be a good nurse .

It takes Susan 2 hours to dress herself up each when I was ill.

It was nasty __ Jim to behave like that.

It is important __ us to understand the point. ’s duty, an honor, a shame, a crime, etc.

It is a pity to go without her.

It is a glorious death to die for the people. 考点二:

-ving 作真正的主语，it 为形式主语. 结构为：

It is + n/adj + doing sth

N → no good, no use, no point, no sense, no harm, a waste of time etc.

It is no use crying over spilt milk . It is no good objecting.

It is good playing Chinese chess after supper.

考点三:

To-do 与 –ving(n)作主语和表语时的区别

Sending an e-mail is quite common today. ()

To send an e-mail is my task this afternoon. () My job is teaching English . () My today ’s job is to teach you how to learn English well. ()

（安徽省09’真题5）

___ China Today is a good way of improving our English.

A．Having read B．Have read C．Reading D．Read

2.作宾语

常用to-do作宾语的词有afford,attempt, continue, dare, decide, decline, endeavor, hesitate, hope, intend, prepare, pretend, tend, venture, want, volunteer 等。

I can’t afford to live in a detached house.

to pass the final exam.

it作形式宾语，真正宾语to-do

常用该结构的动词有：find, feel, believe, make,

consider等.

I found it interesting to play snooker.

Do you consider it better not to go?

考点二

: 作but/except的宾语，注意要不要to.

There is no choice but to wait and see.

He did nothing but play PC games every day.

英语中，有的动词或词组后面必须+doing

to-do. 如: avoid, admit, advocate,

feel like, escape, risk, have

difficulty/trouble/problem (in) doing, can’t help

doing sth等

The girl avoid giving her any personal info.

Do you feel like going to the movie?

We had difficulty in carrying out the plan.

（安徽省09’专升本第三题）

I had considerable difficulty ________ her to

go out for a drink with me.

A．to persuade B．to have persuaded C．persuade

persuading

to 是不定式？还是介词？

to, devote oneself to, get down to, look forward to,

object to, stick to, take to 等.

I am looking forward to seeing you again.

My uncle took to smoking years ago.

3. 作宾补

结构为：v + sb + to do 常见的动词有: advise,

ask, compel, direct, enable, expect, force, tell,

want, urge, persuade等。

Tell the kids not to play on the street.

He likes his wife to dress well.

高频考点:使役动词+ sb + do sth

感官动词+ sb + do/doing

We must have someone repair the computer.

She smell sth burning and saw smoke rising.

If she catches me reading her diary, she’ll be

furious.

I saw him swim in the river yesterday.

I saw him swimming in the river yesterday.

4.作定语

to-do作定语需要后置。如:

sth to eat water to drink

There is no need to wake him up.

Did you have a proper reason to say so?

to get a scholarship.

to-do和它前面的修饰词是动宾关系,不

定式是vi, 或是工作对象、工具等，这时不定式后需要

相应的介词。如：

He is looking for a room to live __.

Please give me a knife to cut __ .

She bought a bookshelf to put her books __.

He has a kid to take care__.

She can find no one to make friends __.

He lent me a book to kill time __.

5. 作状语

(1) 表目的. 如：

We eat to live.

To save the child, he laid down his life.

Hurry up so as not to be late for the class.

--- Why was the official meeting called?

--- ___ new officers.

A. Select

B. Selecting

C. To select

D. For selecting

(2) 表结果(learn, find,see, hear etc.)

He survived the crash only to die in the desert.

He studied hard only to fail.

They parted never to see each other.

-ving(adj) / -ved (★★★★★)

一．区别

；过去分词表被动。

；过去分词表完成。

a touched / moved audience

the rising sun a charming girl

the risen sun a charmed girl

the changing world developing countries

the changed world developed countries

二．功能

1. 作表语

The music is pleasing to the ear.

He became discouraged.

第（17）页

The news was disappointing.

2.作宾补

She smelt sth burn.

He’s happy to see her old mother take good care

of at home.

I want this watch repair at once.

3.作定语

(1) 单个分词作定语前置。如:

Boiling water, a grown-up daughter, an escaped prisoner,

(2) 分词短语作定语要后置

I saw a group of students return from the school.

Most of the young teachers work in this university are Ph.D.

Do you know the girl employ by this company?

Suddenly John saw a little girl run up to him.

The book, complete in May, sells well.

1.作状语

(1)

While _____ (cross)the street, you must be careful. →(While you are crossing the street,…)

___ (see) from the top of the mountain, the

city looks more beautiful.

2009真题第32题(河南省)

____ from space, our earth, with water covering 70% of its surface, appears as a ―blue planet‖.

A. Seen

B. Seeing

C. To be seen

D. Having seen

___ (do) all her family chores, the mother began to watch TV.

注意：-ving的时态和否定

一般式 doing 动作同时或者几乎同时

完成式 having done 动作一先一后

否定式 not doing/having done

She sat there reading the book.

Going into the room, he shut the door.

Having lived in Hefei for many years, I knew the

city well.

Not knowing where to go, she went to the police for help.

(2)

Being blind, how could they see an elephant?

→ (Because they were blind,…)

Born into a poor family,he had only two years of

schooling.

第（18）页

rest.

A. Having worked

B. Working

C. Worked

D. Being worked

3. The soldiers marched down the street, ___ their flags.

A. waved

B. waving

C. being waved

D. wave

4. Man must stop ____ the earth’s atmosphere.

A. filling

B. emitting

C. polluting

D. wasting

5. I think that it is no use ____ with this.

A. to continue

B. continue

C. continuing

D. continued

6. If ____ successfully, the plan will completely change the traffic.

A. carrying

B. carried out

C. to carry

D. carry out

7. ___, the students had togo to bed.

A. The lights had gone out

B. The lights having gone out

C. The light went out

D. The lights have gone out

8. Because he was very poor, he couldn’t ____ to rent his flat.

A. spend

B. afford

C. feel

D. think

9. Don’t ____ to let me know if there is anything

I can do for you.

A. reject

B. prevent

C. hesitate

D. refuse

10.The man ____ the Helping Hand Group is a handicapped person himself.

A. organizes

B. organized

C. organizing

D. organize

11. ____ to speak, I shall start making preparation tomorrow. A. Having invited

B. Having been invited

C. Inviting

D. Be invited

12. I keep telling myself to avoid __ the same

mistakes in pronunciation.

A. to make

B. making

C. in making

D. from making

13.The result of the experiment made me __. It

was not so good as I had expected.

A. disappoint

B. be disappointed

C. disappointing

D. disappointed

14. The spaceman found ____ to look at the earth

away from it.

A．a most exciting experience

B。it a most exciting ~

C. that a most exciting ~

D .it most an exciting ~

15. We got to the station only____ that the train

had just left.

A .learned

B .to learn

C .learning

D .having learned

16. ___, she stood at the door waiting for her son

to return from school.

A .Finished preparing dinner

B .Having finished preparing ~

C .Finishing prepared dinner

D .Being finished preparing ~

17. I remember ___ the book to you the other day

when I met you on my way to the library.

A .returning

B .to return

C .returned

D .being returned

18. I won’t be able to go on holiday next month

____.

A .with my mother been ill

B .with my mother to be ill

C .with my mother be ill

D .with my mother being ill

19.The parents were surprised at ____ the tree.

A .his climbing up

第（19）页

I agree with ___ you said at the meeting.

They are now living in ___ was called the ―Big Stone Village‖

考点三：

in that, but that, except that, notwithstanding

that

He differed from his colleagues in that he devotes his spare time to reading.

I would have come to see you but that I had

had sth urgent to do then.

Your composition was perfect except that

there were a few misspellings.

I shall go notwithstanding that I am long

They all went there except Peter.

They looked for it everywhere except in the

kitchen.

The room is very clean except for some

waste paper on the floor.

The book is well written except for the poor

printing.

同位语从句

According to the city road maintenance working group, the collapse, which created a hole

two meters wide, four meters long, and three

meters deep, may have been triggered by heavy

rains in previous days in the city.

在句中起同位语的作用.一般放在名词fact , news , idea , promise, thought , suggestion等之后,

用以说明或解释前面的名词.在专升本考试中引导词通

常是that

如 :

The news that Eric got the scholarship shocked us all.

The lipstick effect is the theory that when facing an economic crisis consumers will be more

willing to buy less costly luxury goods.

The rumor spread here and there ____ it was Tom that killed his step-mother.

A. that

B. where

C. in which

D. at

which

二定语从句

它在句中作定语，修饰一名词或代词，甚至修饰整个句子。引导词有两类：

第一,关系代词→ that,which,who,whom,whose

第二,关系副词→ when, where, why, how等

第（20）页