大学英语快速阅读College English.1附习题8RATS HAVE HEAD FOR LANGUAGE.

RATS HAVE HEAD FOR

Researchers in Spain reported that animals, especially mammals ( nf^L^D), evolved some of the skills underlying the use and development of language long before language itself ever evolved.

It is the first time that an animal other than a human or monkey has been shown to have this skill.

For their study neuroscientist Juan Toro and his colleagues at Barcelona's Scientific Park tested 64 adult male rats.

They used Dutch and Japanese because these languages were used in earlier, similar tests, and because they are very different from one another in use of words, rhythm and structure.

The rats were trained to respond to either Dutch or Japanese using food as a reward. Then they were separated into four groups —one that heard each language spoken by a native, one that heard synthesized (

) speech, one that heard sentences read in either language by different speakers and a fourth that heard the languages played backwards. Rats rewarded for responding to Japanese did not respond

to Dutch and rats trained to recognize Dutch did not respond to spoken Japanese. The rats could not tell apart Japanese or Dutch played backwards.

Results showed that rats could discriminate natural sentences when uttered by a single speaker and not when uttered by different ones, nor could they distinguish the languages when spoken by different people. Human newborns have the same problem, although tamarinsC ) can easily tell languages apart even when spoken by different people.

It was striking to find that rats can track certain information that seems to

be so important in language development in humans.

The study shows which abilities that humans use for language are shared with other animals, and which are uniquely human. Lt also suggests what sorts of evolutionary precursors ( fuJl ) language might have.

Choose the best answers to the following questions.

1.64 adult male rats have been tested

to

show that _____ .

A.rats can be trained to speak Japanese and Dutch

B.rats have some of the skills potential tothe use and development of lanquaqe

C.rats are able to recognize a language when it is spoken by different people

D.rats can understand the words, rhythm and structure of a language

2.Dutch and Japanese are chosen to be the

test languages because ___ .

A.they were used in earlier, similar tests

B.some rats can recognize Dutch and some Japanese

C.Dutch and Japanese belong to differentfamilies of language and they were usedearlier in similar tests

D.Dutch

and Japanese have different words, rhythms and structure "

3.Rats were rewarded when they

___________________________

.

A.could respond to either of the twolanguages

B.could respond to both Dutch and Japanese

C.could tell apart Japanese or Dutch played backwards

D.could discriminate natural sentences spoken by different speakers

4.The test results have shown us all of the

following EXCEPT __ .

A.rats can distinguish the languages spoken by a single speaker

B.rats share some of the abilities for language with human beings

C.rats can track certain information which seems to be important in language development in humans

D.rats can discriminate natural

sentencesspoken by different

speakers

S. The sentence "Rats rewarded for responding to Japanese did not respond to Dutch and rats trained to recognize Dutch did not respond to spoken Japanese" is closest in meaning to " ____ ."

A.When rats were trained to respond

to oneof the two languages, they

didn't respondto the other

B.When rats responded to Japanese,

they were rewarded. When rats

responded to Dutch, they were

not rewarded

C.Given good rewards and special

training, a rat could respond to

both Dutch and Japanese

D.For rats, responding to one

language is less difficult than to

two languages

Judge whether or not the following statements agree with the information given in the passage, and mark Y for YES, N for NO, or NG if information is not given in the passage.

1.The scientists used Dutch and Japanese as the test languages because of their unusual words, rhythm and structure.

Y N NG

2.Newly born babies have little trouble in distinguishing language spoken by different people.

Y N NG

3.When Dutch and Japanese were played backwards, rats could not tell them apart.

Y N NG

4.The study shows that some abilities for language are unique to human beings.

Y N NG

5.It is the first time scientists have conducted such an experiment to prove that some animals, other than humans or monkeys, have skills

underlying the use and development of language.

Y N NG

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6—7 Y N 8 it is easier 9 confront different challenges 10 allowing everything Unit3 Passage1 1—5 BCBAC 6—8 CAC Passage2 1 900 miles 2 weeks of time 3 the kind of boats 4 getting into the mud 5 different levels of water 6 man-made lakes 7 the force of the water 8 the photographys taken from spaceships Passage3 1—5 DBCAB 6—7 AD 8 the chain store 9 th e firm’s expenses Passage4 1—5 N NG N Y N

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Why I Love the City 我的许多朋友都离开了这座城市。它们是在郊区买房子,因为他们想要远离城市的喧嚣、烟雾、交通、和犯罪的城市。一个朋友说,“有太多的空气污染的城市。我更喜欢郊区,那里的空气是那么清新。“另一个朋友抱怨交通:“有太多的汽车市区!你不能找到一个停车的地方,交通堵塞的情况都很可怕。“每个人都在抱怨关于犯罪:“城市有许多罪犯。我很少离开我的房子”的幻影却如太危险了。 在我朋友搬离城市,他们通常会背诵优势郊区生活:绿草、花卉、游泳池、烤肉等等。然而在我的朋友们在那里住了一年左右的时间里,他们意识到郊区生活就不那么愉快,因为他们期待。这种变化的原因是什么?他们的花园!他们很快了解到,一个不可避免的一部分yardwork郊区生活。他们整个周末都在工作在他们的花园,它们是非常累的一把,又要取他们的水池游泳甚至做一些肉放在他们的烤肉。又有另一个投诉:他们不能住在郊区没有一辆车。我的大多数朋友都搬到郊区,避开塞车,但现在他们不得不上班市中心。他们坐在一个繁忙的公路每天两个小时! 我的意见是非常不同的城市生活,从我朋友的我住在市区吗?和我爱它! ! !为什么?嗯,首先,我喜欢nature-flowers、绿草、树木和动物。在这个城市里,我有一切优势自然:我可以步行通过公共公园,闻闻花香,坐在草地上在树下。我可以参观,动物园里的动物。然而到目前为止我还没有一个缺点:我不需要做yardwork或喂动物。同时,在这个城市,到处都可以让我乘公共汽车吗?如果有交通堵塞,我可以走回去。 似乎每个人都搬到郊区,避免罪恶的大城市。我有一个理论的城市犯罪的,然而,所以我觉得安全罪犯将反映在社会生活的变化:如果人们买了房子在郊区,罪犯将步其后尘。罪犯想避免噪音、烟雾、污染了。不久,过于拥挤和犯罪的问题,而不是城市郊区! People on the Move 美国人的历史,在某种程度上,历史运动的美国人民。他们移到东海岸的殖民地到开放空间的西部。从乡下搬,农场到城里去。最近,美国人一直不断地由城市郊区。 开放空间;西部地区迁移 美国人开始先驱移动,从东海岸到西250年前。他们向西边移居的原因有许多种。一个理由是无限的开放空间的可用性和土地耕作。美国人喜欢大的开放空间,他们也喜欢独立和自由发展的土地以他们自己的方式。一些土地变得农场。重要的矿产资源被发现在某些地区,因此有一些那地就都归了地雷。其他大型地区成为牛牧场。似乎对每个人都有足够的土地。但这是一个困难的生活——一种无止境的工作和困难。 城市 1860年以后,工业革命改变了美国。美国人学会了如何生产的钢铁。他们开始生产石油。汽车被发明了。工厂各类开始出现,而在城市开始长大了工厂周围。农民和其他的国家里,人们搬到越来越多的城市人为了寻找工作,更容易的生活。在1900年代早期,城市工作忙、令人激动的地方。然而,也有很多贫穷和困苦。 城市增长的城市建筑taller-and不必得到增长out-they展开的中心。私有房屋和门廊与码就消失了。公寓,每一个个子比下、就住在他们的地方。越来越多的人搬到城市,越来越大,城市。 一些城市不能分散因为没有房间这么做。这些城市,纽约就是一个最好的例子,变得越来越拥挤。更多的人意味着更多的汽车、卡车、公交车、更大的噪音,更多的污染,以及更多的犯罪。许多城市变得丑陋肮脏。有些人而有些公司开始离开城市搬到郊区城市外围。 郊区 搬到郊区的仍然是发生。美国人正在寻找一小块土地,他们可以叫他们自己。他们想要一座房子和院子。然而,他们不想放弃好的工作在城市。在许多情况下,公司在郊区给他们的工作。在其他情况下,美国人常常通勤到城市,在城市他们职业。近年来,越来越多的企业开始向郊区迁移。他们吸引了很多人,郊区变得拥挤。 接下来要做什么? 美国人看了他们缓慢下落到大城市年久失修而死。许多人离开了城市中产阶级,只有非常富有的人和很多贫困的人呆在后面。有关美国人正设法解决这一问题的噪音、灰尘、犯罪和污染在大城市里。他们正试图重建坏的部分城市为了吸引和保持业务的人。他们正在努力使他们的城市美丽。如今,许多美国人都正在考虑搬回了城市。 其他美国人发现甚至郊区已经变得太拥挤了。他们正在寻找无污染的开阔空间和作为独立的生活方式。他们准备离开郊区到乡下。 也许美国人总是会在前进。 Caution: Bumpy Road Ahead

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