大学毕业论文-—论《围城》中隐喻的翻译研究
南京邮电大学
毕业论文
题目：论《围城》中隐喻的翻译研究
专业：商务英语
学生姓名：高丽娟
班级学号： B10130520 指导教师：杨丽
指导单位：英语系
日期： 2014年 3月 12日至 2014 年 6 月 15 日
Acknowledgements
In writing this thesis, I received much advice, support and encouragement from a number of people. I hereby present my sincere gratitude to those who have given me a hand on the writing of this thesis.
My sincere gratitude first and foremost goes to all the teachers in the Foreign Languages Department, whose inspiring lectures gave me a holistic overview concerning linguistics and translation theories.
Secondly, I would also like to extend my appreciation to my supervisor Yang Li for her guidance and instruction.
Last but not least, I am very grateful to my beloved family and roommates who give me great help in various ways. It is with their support that I can accomplish this task.
Abstract
Metaphor is a kind of mixture of culture and thought. Qian Zhongshu uses many vivid and humorous metaphors in The Fortress Besieged,and the t ranslators of its English version have tried their best to keep the original features of these metaphors. This paper analyzes the translation of metaphors in the English version of The Fortress Besieged with the adaption and selection theory of translation in the dimensions of language, culture, and communication, trying to find out an effective way of translation of metaphors to make Chinese culture more widespread. The translation of metaphors in The Fortress Besieged is a process of adaption and selection of not only the eco-environment of translation, but also of language, culture, and communication.
Key Words: The Fortress Besieged; metaphor; Adaption and Selection Theory; translation
摘要
隐喻是文化与思维的混合物。钱钟书先生在其著作《围城》中运用了大量生动而幽默的隐喻，而其英译本也是尽可能保持了这些隐喻的原汁原味。本论文运用翻译适应选择论，从语言、文化、交流三个维度分析《围城》英译本中的隐喻翻译。通过这样的分析，阐明《围城》中的隐喻翻译既是对翻译生态环境的选择适应过程，也是语言、文化、交流维度的选择适应过程，本论文的写作目的是寻求一种有效的隐喻翻译方法使中国文化更广泛地传播。
关键词：《围城》；隐喻；适应选择论；翻译
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction (1)
1.1Object of the study (1)
1.2Significance of the study (1)
1.3Structure of the thesis (2)
Chapter 2 Literature review (3)
2.1 Definition and classification of metaphor (3)
2.1.1 Definition of metaphor (3)
2.1.2 Classification of metaphor (4)
2.2 Translation of metapho r (4)
2.2.1 Relevant theories about the metaphor translation (4)
2.2.2 The adaption and selection theory of translation (5)
Chapter 3 Translation of metaphors in The Fortress Besieged (6)
3.1 Translation in the dimension of language (6)
3.2 Translation in the dimension of culture (8)
3.3 Translation in the dimension of communication (10)
3.4 The integration of dimensions of language, culture, and communication (11)
Chapter 4 Conclusion (13)
4.1 Major f indings (13)
4.2 Limitations and suggestions for future study (13)
Bibliography (14)
The translation of metaphors in The Fortress Besieged
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Object of the Study
The Fortress Besieged, written by Qian Zhongshu in 1947, is a fantastic satiric novel in the history of Chinese modern and contemporary literature. The novel is not only popular for its theme but also for its vivid and interesting language. Qian puts a large number of various figures of speech into use. Yang observes, “The statistics show that there are totally 635 metaphors in this novel, including plenty of common metaphors and some unique ones that come from writer’s own life experience” (2011: 2). These unique metaphors have two functions in the novel: ironic function and cognitive function. It is these metaphors that make the novel so special.
The novel is translated into many languages. The most well-known English version is translated by Jeanne Kelly and Nathan K. Mao. Since this English version was published, it has caught many scholars’ eyes. Many scholars regard it as a model to study metaphors and they apply different theories to the research on it. Some scholars study the classification of the metaphors in The Fortress Besieged (Hu Zhuanglin, 2004);some scholars focus on the effect of metaphor on revealing the theme (Su Dingfang, 2000), while this paper tries to analyze the translation of these metaphors to find an effective way of translating Chinese metaphors into English.
1.2 Significance of the Study
Based on the standard of faithfulness, expressiveness, and elegance proposed by Yan Fu (1898), translators devote themselves to retaining the characteristics of source language as much as possible. As both a figure of speech and a cognitive way, metaphor possesses some special cultural features; thus, the translation of metaphors usually faces the dilemma: to keep the original taste or to give a new but similar translation.
Different scholars have different views on the problem. This paper analyzes the translation of metaphor in Kelly and Mao's English version of The Fortress Besieged with the adaption and selection theory of translation in the dimensions of language,
culture, and communication. Through such analysis, the researcher attempts to make the point that translation is an adaption process of not only the ecological environment, but also language, culture, and communication.The purpose of this paper is to seek an effective method for the translation of metaphor in The Fortress Besieged.
1.3 Structure of the Thesis
This thesis is composed of four chapters. Chapter One is the introduction to the object, and significance and outline of the study. Chapter Two is literature review, including definition and classification of metaphor and previous empirical studies on the translation of metaphor and The Fortress Besieged. Chapter Three focuses on the translation of metaphors in The Fortress Besieged. Chapter Four is a conclusion, including major findings, limitations of the present study and suggestions for future study.
Chapter 2 Literature Review
In Chapter Two, the author will review the definition and classification of metaphor, and introduce previous empirical studies of translation of metaphors in The Fortress Besieged
2.1 Definition and Classification of Metaphor
2.1.1 Definition of metaphor
“Metaphor originates from the Greek word metaphor, meaning a transfer of meaning” (Lv, 2003: 45). It is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another and it is the most important figure of speech, pointing out resemblance but with no acknowledging word（Webster’s New World Dictionary）. In 1980, Lakoff and Johnson first proposed the conceptual metaphor theory in their book Metaphors We Live By,
Metaphor is a systematic reflection from the specific conceptual field to the abstract conceptual field. In conceptual
metaphor theory, the metaphor is rather a matter of thought than a
matter of language, and it is a way of thinking and a means of
cognition(1980: 3).
Translation is to turn a speech text into the meaning of another speech text in the specific social historical and cultural background. Different language systems and cultural background form different readers' horizon of expectation and translation, which influence translator's choice, including semantic translation criteria and translation selection. The selection of translation results slowly promote infiltration and blend the evolution of culture and language, making the language more accurate, rich and the culture more filling and full (Wang Jun, 2007). Thus, metaphors, part of language, usually have meaning in their own culture, which is the very trouble for translation of metaphors.
2.1.2 Classification of metaphor
As for the classification of metaphors, Peter Newmark (2001), a famous contemporary British translator, divides them into six parts: dead metaphors, trite metaphors, stock or standard metaphors, adapted metaphors, recent metaphors and original metaphors. According to Newmark (2001), there are mainly three important factors relevant to the understanding and translating of metaphors: cultural factors, extra-cultural factors and individual perception.
A Chinese scholar, Su Dingfang (2000), thinks that individual perception actually belongs to extra-cultural factors. In my paper, I divide the metaphors in The Fortress Besieged into two parts: cultural metaphors and extra-cultural metaphors including universals and idiolects.
2.2 Theories for translation
2.2.1 The functional equivalence theory and the theory of relevance
Functional Equivalence Theory
emphasis that the functional equivalence of information instead of the direct formal eq uivalence in translation. The relationship between the target language receptor and the y target text should generally be equivalent to that between the source language recept or and the source text. Relevance theory seeks to explain the second method of communication: one that takes into account implicit inferences. It argues that the hearer/reader/audience will search for meaning in any given communication situation and having found meaning that fits their expectation of relevance, will stop processing.
As was mentioned above, the biggest problem of metaphor translation is how to deal with the cultural bound in metaphors.
The Fortress Besieged has been famous for its large number of metaphors. The researches concerned include the Discussion of the Metaphor Translation in the English Version of Fortress Besieged by Yang Yan (2011) and English translation of "Fortress Besieged" metaphor from Relevance Theory by Shen Zheng (2006). Among all the relevant researches, the functional equivalence theory and the theory of
relevance are used most frequently. This paper is going to analyze the translation of metaphors based on the adaption and selection theory of translation.
2.2.2 The adaption and selection theory of translation
The adaption and selection theory of translation is a macroscopic theory of translation, which is presented by Hu Gengshen (2008). Based on Darwin’s theory “survival of the fittest”, Hu thinks,
The nature of translation is that the translator adapts to the selective activities in the eco-environment of translation, with the rule of
multi-dimensional adaption and adaptive selection and the method of
adaptive selection in dimensions of language, culture, and communication
(Hu, 2008: 4-5).
In brief, it means that translation is adaption and selection. Here, the eco-environment of translation refers to the environment including the original text, original language, and target language form, which is actually an entirety of the connection and influence among the language, communication, society, writer, reader, and consigner.
According to this theory, the rule of translation is adaption in various dimension and adaptive selection; the way of translation is adaptive and
selective transformation in the dimensions of language, culture, and
communication. The evaluation standard of the version is the transferring
degree of multiple dimensions, the feedback of readers and the translator’s
quality; the best translation is the one that best integrates adaption and
selection (Zhang Hanqun, 2010:86-87).
Besides connecting translation to the eco-environment, there is another feature of the adaption and selection theory of translation, i.e., the translator is the center of translation activities, the adaption is translator’s selective adaption, and the selection is translator’s adaptive selection (Hu Gengshen，2004). This ensures the central position and the leading role of translators, improving their dominant role.
As for the application of this theory, many scholars have studied some English versions or Chinese versions of world famous works. Wan Guanghui (2004) makes a
comparison among the three Chinese versions of Uncle Tom’s Cabin in the visual angle of the adaption and selection theory of translation; Wang Xiaoyan (2004) analyzes the English Version of A Dream in Red Mansions from the perspective of translation as adaption and selection; Jiang Xia and Hou Chunju (2007) study the Blesing by Lu Xun with the adaption and selection theory of translation. Referring to these previous studies, this paper tries to analyze the translation of metaphors in The Fortress Besieged with this theory, to find out the translator s’ adaption and selection.
The above literature review shows that metaphor presents some special cultural features; thus, the translation of metaphors usually faces the dilemma: to keep the original taste or to give a new but similar translation. Different scholars have different opinions on the problem and this paper advocates the adaption and selection theory of translation.
Chapter 3 Translation of metaphors in The Fortress
Besieged
In The Fortress Besieged, the use of metaphors is a shining point of this novel. The most well-known metaphor might be the title: The Fortress Besieged. “M arriage is like a siege. Outside the city people want to rush in, and the men of the city want to rush out, so not able to board”(Jeanne, 2003: 133). The title is a metaphor of marriage.
Among all these humorous and vivid metaphors, there are some common ones which can easily be understood by foreigners, such as “天机”, but there are also others that are difficult to understand for foreigners, because they only exist in particular Chinese culture or can only be expressed by Chinese, such as “面子”“乌纱帽” “醋坛子”“眼红” and so on. Due to the important role that the metaphors play in the novel, these metaphors with Chinese style are indeed problematic for translators to deal with.
Most of the metaphors in the novel are well translated, both expressing the original meaning and retaining the special Chinese features. The adaption and selection theory of translation is helpful in analyzing the translation of metaphors in the English version of The Fortress Besieged in three aspects: the dimension of language, the dimension of culture and the dimension of communication.
3.1 Translation in the dimension of language
On the one hand, there are some words whose meaning is so different in English and Chinese that the effect of the metaphors can’t be shown to readers. Here, translators should consider language differences to choose a better way of translation. For example, in The Fortress Besieged, there is such a sentence:
“老大今天有信来，他们到了香港了。同走的几位朋友里，有人要在香港结婚，老大看了眼红，也要同时和孙小姐举行婚礼……” (钱钟书，1980: 71) English version:
“We had a letter from Hung-chien today. They’ve arrived in Hong Kong. One of his friends traveling with them decided to get married in Hong Kong. Hung-chien
went red-eyes with envy and wants to have the wedding ceremony with Miss Sun at the same time…” (Kelly, 2003: 83)
In Chinese, “red” usually means some happy things, so “happy-eyes” here is actually a metaphor, meaning that you envy others. While in English, “red” m eans something bad such as blood or violence. If the translator just translates it directly, westerners may get puzzled a lot. Why has he a red eye? Does he want to fight with him? On this occasion, the metaphor did nothing but confuse readers. Thus, here the translator adds an explaining after “red-eyes” instead of just translating it directly, and in the dimension of language, it is an adaptive selection.
But for this sentence, there is another opinion that in English, the word green actually means the same as Chinese red, so the “red-eyes” can be translated into “green-eyes”. In the regard of translation as adaption and selection, it seems that the “green-eyes” could be more easily accepted by foreign readers than “red-eyes” with envy, and the metaphor functions well, so the former is better than the latter.
On the other hand, there are also some words which have similar meaning in both English and Chinese. When these words appear in a Chinese metaphor, the best choice for translator is to choose free translation to keep the original flavor of articles. An example is given as follow:
“这两位小姐是谁，天机还不可泄露”(钱钟书，1980：17)。
“The identities of the two young women are he aven’s secret and not to be revealed.”(Kelly, 2003: 18)
Obviously, here the “h eaven’s secret” is another metaphor.In fact, in both Chinese and English, the “h e aven’s secret” means something that can’t be known easily and widely. Choosing literal translation here is very suitable for both the original flavor of article and the function of metaphor in English version. In dimension of language, the “h e aven’s secret” keeps not only th e meaning of Chinese version, but also the form of a metaphor. Thus, according to the adaption and selection theory of translation, the language factor of metaphors should be considered comprehensively. The wording is related a lot to the translational eco-environment.
3.2 Translation in the dimension of culture
“D ue to the differences in the nature and contents between the original language and the target language, translators need to not only pay attention to the transformation of the original language, but also need to adapt to the whole culture system of the original language and be concerned about the transformation of the cultural connotation between these two languages, to avoid misinterpreting the original text on a target language level” (Hu, 2008: 9).
Language is a form of expression of culture. Thus some words have their own cultural colors. In The Fortress Besieged, there are many metaphors which have particular Chinese Cultural meanings, like “醋”“乌纱帽”and so on. When these words are used in metaphors, translators need to pay special attention to their cultural factors to make sure that they will not make readers puzzled. This requires the translators to completely understand both the eco-environment of the original language and the eco-environment of the target language, so that both the meaning and the cultural characteristics are kept. Take the following sentence for example: “辛楣一肚皮的酒，几乎全成了酸醋……”（钱钟书，1980：45-46）
“The wine in Hisn-mei’s stomach turned into sour vinegar in his jealousy…”(Kelly, 2003: 51)
Here, “sour vinegar” is a word with a cultural color. In China, when one says that one sips sour vinegar, it means one feels jealous about something. This usually exists between lovers. In this sentence, it is also a metaphor, referring to Hisn-mei’s jealousy. While in English-speaking countries, people don’t know this particular use. If the translator just turns it to sour vinegar, foreign readers would doubt: “Why could the wine in his stomach turn into the sour vinegar?” Moreover, the metaphor may show a cross meaning. However, if the translator just translates it as “be jealous”, the interesting metaphor of the original language can not be seen by foreigners, and the text turns to be in a simple and straightforward way.
According to the adaption and selection theory of translation, translators should consider the translational eco-environment, and here, obviously, “sour
vinegar” means different in different cultural environments, so the translator uses literal translation plus annotation, so that both the cultural color and the meaning of the metaphor are retained.
However, if the culture factor in the metaphor is ignored by the translator, the translation will definitely turn to be a failure. Though most of the metaphors in The Fortress Besieged are successfully translated, some of the metaphors translated in The Fortress Besieged are widely regarded as failures. For example:
鸿渐恼到：“你说的好漂亮！为什么我当初告诉了你韩学愈的薪水比你高一级，你要气得掼乌纱帽不干呢？”（钱钟书，1980: 123）
“Oh, doesn’t that sound just beautiful?” said Hung-chien crossly, “When I first told you Han Hsueh-yu’s salary was a grade higher than yours, why did you get so mad you wanted to throw away your cone-shaped hat?”(Kelly, 2003: 144-145) Many foreigners knowing nothing about Chinese culture may feel pretty confused. What is a cone-shaped hat? What does it stand for? According to the adaption and selection theory of translation, this is a typical example that the translator ignores the translational eco-environment, because in ancient China, only government officers wear cone-shaped hats. It became a conventional metaphor to use “cone-shaped hats” to stand for the position of government officers, bu t English officers never wear a cone-shaped hat and they never use it to stand for the position of government officers. A metaphor, as a kind of mixture of culture and thought, can only be understood on the basis of a cultural background. So here, the translator ignores the cultural dimension, and makes the translation a little bit strange and puzzling. I n the dimension of culture in translation as adaption and selection, it’s better to add an explanation after the “cone-shaped hat” so that to keep both the metaphor and the original meaning.
At the same time, in this way, the English version can include more knowledge about Chinese culture, and it actually retains the style of the original article.
3.3 Translation in the dimension of communication
The adaptive and selective transformation with communicative
英语翻译专业毕业论文选题
英语翻译专业毕业论文 选题 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT
“论文学翻译过程” “语义翻译和交际翻译理论在英汉翻译中的运用” “英语句子成分的省略及汉译” “文学翻译中隐喻的传译” 一、选题范围 1、翻译与文化：可以从宏观和微观两个方面考虑。宏观方面，一般从翻译在目的语社会文化中的生产、接受、翻译在目的语社会文化中所起的功能等角度讨论，可以从社会、文化、历史、交际的视角切入。阐述为什么有那样的译文如严复的翻译，林纾的翻译，傅东华翻译《漂》时为什么使用归化的手段，鲁迅翻译的策略，翻译材料的选择等等。微观方面，可以讨论语言文字所承载的文化内容和内涵如何在翻译中表达，如文化负载词的翻译策略等。 2、翻译与语言学理论：可以从篇章语言学，功能语言学（如喊韩礼德的系统功能理论等），对比语言学，心理语言学，交际语言学、文化语言学等方面考虑选题。如功能语言学和篇章语言学中讨论的衔接与连贯及其翻译，也可以讨论他们在英语和汉语中的差别入手，进一步讨论他们在翻译中的处理，主位、述位的推进极其在翻译中的体现。英语汉语对比及其翻译策略等等。 3、翻译与语文学。主要从艺术的角度讨论文学翻译中的问题。 4、应用翻译：主要从特殊用途英语如商务英语、科技英语、旅游英语等方面讨论在这些特殊领域中涉及的翻译问题如何处理。如旅游宣传资料的翻译等。 5、译文对比：可以是同一篇文章、同一本书，不同的译者在同以时期或不同时期进行的翻译做的对比，也可以是同一个译者对同一篇文章或书在不同时期的翻译的对比；可以是翻译技巧等微观层面的对比，也可以是宏观曾面的对比，以探索为什么在不同时期译者回采取不同的策略，有哪些社会的、文化的、政治的、意识形态的原因 6、翻译及评论：首先选择一篇长文，一般是文学作品且没有人翻译过，进行翻译，翻译完后，从上述五个方面选择一个理论视角对自己的翻译进行评论。 7、译者风格。 8、翻译与美学。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
毕业论文(英文翻译)排版格式
英文翻译说明 1. 英文翻译文章输成word，5号新罗马（New Times Roman）字体，1.5倍行间距，将来方便打印和一起装订；英文中的图表要重新画，禁止截图。 2. 整篇论文1.5倍行间距，打印时，用B5纸，版面上空2.5cm，下空2cm，左空2.5cm，右空2cm（左装订）。 3. 论文翻译后的摘要用五号宋体，正文小四号宋体、英文和数字用新罗马（New Times Roman）12、参考文献的内容用五号字体。图和表头用五号字体加粗并居中，图和表中的内容用五号字体。论文翻译的作者用五号字体加粗。 论文大标题………小三号黑体、加黑、居中 第二层次的题序和标题………小四号黑体、加黑、居中 第三层次的题序和标题………小四号宋体、加黑、居中 正文……………………………小四号宋体、英文用新罗马12 页码……………………………小五号居中，页码两边不加修饰符 4. 论文中参考文献严格按照下述排版。 专著格式：序号.编著者.书名[M].出版地: 出版社, 年代, 起止页码 期刊论文格式：序号.作者.论文名称[J]. 期刊名称, 年度, 卷(期): 起止页码 学位论文格式：序号.作者.学位论文名称[D]. 发表地: 学位授予单位, 年度 例子: (1).胡千庭, 邹银辉, 文光才等. 瓦斯含量法预测突出危险新技术[J]. 煤炭学报, 2007.32(3): 276-280. (2). 胡千庭. 煤与瓦斯突出的力学作用机理及应用研究[D]. 北京: 中国矿业大学(北京), 2007. (3). 程伟. 煤与瓦斯突出危险性预测及防治技术[M]. 徐州: 中国矿业大学出版社, 2003.
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
翻译中的隐喻性认知概要
上海科技翻译 ShanghaiJournalofTranslatorsforScienceandT echnology2001No.3 翻译中的隐喻性认知 谢之君(上海大学外国语学院,上海200436) [摘要]翻译不仅是语言形式的转换,更是译者积极的思维认知活动。研究翻译思维有助于更深刻地理 解和认识翻译过程、翻译理论、翻译方法等。,为翻译思维研究提供一个新的视角。 [关键词]翻译思维;隐喻;认知 [中图分类号]HA]100026141(2001)0320001206 1难点之一就是人类的基本思维方式的确定以及和思维与语言的关系问题。本文试图运用西方隐喻性认知的理论,进行翻译思维过程的初步探讨。 2认知隐喻的基本观点及运作机制2.1基本观点 翻译从表面上看就是在两种不同的语言体系之间进行形式转换,而在形式转换的背后,却存在着极其复杂的认知活动。这项活动是通过认知主体即译者自身来完成的。 翻译以语言为载体,而语言符号又是思维的载体。符号转换是外在的、表面的;思维转换是内在的,深层的。 翻译过程简单来说可归纳为原语的理解和目的语的表达。原语符号是固定的、不可变更的言语组合,所以,理解是认知主体通过原语的言语符号逆向还原其表征对 象(包括所指、情感等意义);目的语则先是以其体系性存在于译者的大脑中,在原语表征对象的制约下作适当调节选择后化为具体言语符号,结果是不稳定的、可变的,所以,直接表达的不再是原语符号,而是认知主体在理解思维过程中所获得的所指 意义和相关信息。 这是一个翻译过程,也是一个认知的过程。在任何一个环节上,翻译主体的认知能 力和思维取向都起着举足轻重的作用。揭示翻译规律,确立翻译标准,评判翻译优劣,我们很有必要将研究的目光转向翻译主体认知思维规律上来。 然而,揭示翻译思维规律并非易事。其中 七十年代以来,隐喻一直是西方语言学家、哲学家和心理学家的热门话题,至今方 兴未艾。虽然在语言层面隐喻与非隐喻的划分上以及研究的目的、途径上,学者见仁见智,有所不同,但在隐喻的认知功能上基本取得
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英语专业毕业论文翻译 类论文 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
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黑龙江外国语学院本科生毕业论文（设计）任务书 摘要
索绪尔提出的语言符号任意性，近些年不断受到质疑，来自语言象似性的研究是最大的挑战。语言象似性理论是针对语言任意性理论提出来的，并在不断发展。象似性是当今认知语言学研究中的一个重要课题，是指语言符号的能指与所指之间的自然联系。本文以中国诗歌英译为例，探讨象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，从以下几个部分阐述：（1）象似性的发展；（2）象似性的定义及分类；（3）中国诗歌翻译的标准；（4）象似性在中国诗歌翻译中的应用，主要从以下几个方面论述：声音象似、顺序象似、数量象似、对称象似方面。通过以上几个方面的探究，探讨了中国诗歌翻译中象似性原则的重大作用，在诗歌翻译过程中有助于得到“形神皆似”和“意美、音美、形美”的理想翻译效果。 关键词：象似性；诗歌；翻译
Abstract The arbitrariness theory of language signs proposed by Saussure is severely challenged by the study of language iconicity in recent years. The theory of iconicity is put forward in contrast to that of arbitrariness and has been developing gradually. Iconicity, which is an important subject in the research of cognitive linguistics, refers to a natural resemblance or analogy between the form of a sign and the object or concept. This thesis mainly discusses the application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry. The paper is better described from the following parts: (1) The development of the iconicity; (2) The definition and classification of the iconicity; (3) The standards of the translation to Chinese poetry; (4) The application of the iconicity to the translation of Chinese poetry, mainly discussed from the following aspects: sound iconicity, order iconicity, quantity iconicity, and symmetrical iconicity. Through in-depth discussion of the above aspects, this paper could come to the conclusion that the iconicity is very important in the translation of poetry. It is conductive to reach the ideal effect of “the similarity of form and spirit” and “the three beauties”. Key words: the iconicity; poetry; translation
毕业论文外文翻译模板
农村社会养老保险的现状、问题与对策研究社会保障对国家安定和经济发展具有重要作用，“城乡二元经济”现象日益凸现，农村社会保障问题客观上成为社会保障体系中极为重要的部分。建立和完善农村社会保障制度关系到农村乃至整个社会的经济发展，并且对我国和谐社会的构建至关重要。我国农村社会保障制度尚不完善，因此有必要加强对农村独立社会保障制度的构建，尤其对农村养老制度的改革，建立健全我国社会保障体系。从户籍制度上看，我国居民养老问题可分为城市居民养老和农村居民养老两部分。对于城市居民我国政府已有比较充足的政策与资金投人，使他们在物质和精神方面都能得到较好地照顾，基本实现了社会化养老。而农村居民的养老问题却日益突出，成为摆在我国政府面前的一个紧迫而又棘手的问题。 一、我国农村社会养老保险的现状 关于农村养老，许多地区还没有建立农村社会养老体系，已建立的地区也存在很多缺陷，运行中出现了很多问题，所以完善农村社会养老保险体系的必要性与紧迫性日益体现出来。 （一）人口老龄化加快 随着城市化步伐的加快和农村劳动力的输出，越来越多的农村青壮年人口进入城市，年龄结构出现“两头大，中间小”的局面。中国农村进入老龄社会的步伐日渐加快。第五次人口普查显示：中国65岁以上的人中农村为5938万，占老龄总人口的67.4%.在这种严峻的现实面前，农村社会养老保险的徘徊显得极其不协调。 （二）农村社会养老保险覆盖面太小 中国拥有世界上数量最多的老年人口，且大多在农村。据统计，未纳入社会保障的农村人口还很多，截止2000年底，全国7400多万农村居民参加了保险，占全部农村居民的11.18%，占成年农村居民的11.59%.另外，据国家统计局统计，我国进城务工者已从改革开放之初的不到200万人增加到2003年的1.14亿人。而基本方案中没有体现出对留在农村的农民和进城务工的农民给予区别对待。进城务工的农民既没被纳入到农村养老保险体系中，也没被纳入到城市养老保险体系中，处于法律保护的空白地带。所以很有必要考虑这个特殊群体的养老保险问题。
毕业论文英文文献翻译 之 中文翻译
译文 学院：土建学院专业：土木工程学号：064&&&&&&&姓名：&&&&&& 指导教师： &&&&&&教授
江苏科技大学 2010年 03 月 28 日 均布荷载作用下挡土墙上的土压力 G. I. Shvetsov UDC 624.131.531.2 在前一篇文章中，我们确定了在只考虑填土自重的试验条件下，作用在挡土墙上的压力。这篇文章是第一篇文章的延续，致力于探索填土在外界均布荷载作用下，在挡土墙上产生的荷载问题，当在使用到先前得到的岩土平衡微分方程时，我们仅仅只改变边界条件，因为在这种情况下我们使用了与初始解决方案相同的原理。我们只提取那些与附加土压力有关的新成果，以及仅定义那些第一次出现的新符号。 在设计中，我们通常把作用在挡土墙上的土压力看作是呈三角形分布的，应力也被假设为是沿着墙体均匀连续分布的，但是实验结果并没有证实这一理论，试验表明表面
的附加应力随墙的高度变化并不均匀，而是从回填土顶部的最大值开始一直减小到其底部的最小值。因而，在M.C.瓦尔跟实验图的纵坐标的最大值超出理论计算值近两倍，最小值达到理论计算值的0.65倍，因为土压力的增加主要是在墙的上部，由此所得出的作用点比计算所得出的要高很多。 F.M.shikhiev 的理论里包含了关于挡土墙均布荷载作用下的二维应力折减问题，但是， 附加应力的分布对挡土墙受超荷载作用的效果问题的影响，并没有经过合适的理论研究。 虽然，不同研究人员所做的无数次试验已经确定，侧壁的扭曲效应更大，随着表面的粗糙程度而变大，随挡土墙的宽度和高度之比。在这篇文章里，我们将尽可能的填补这方面的空白。 在边界条件0q 0,y x ==的基础上，我们可以确定试验中作用在有侧向限制的填土上没有超荷的垂直应力。如果一个外附加应力作用在楔块表面上的强度为x σ，则在这种情况下，我们可以从已知条件得出，当y=0时，x q = x σ，既可以得出方程 ()()1 1 1/2/k x x w w h y h A q f m h A λσξ+-=+ （1） 其中 ，荷载分配的不均匀系数A 1和土的深度有关： ()() 111/1/k k A y h y h -= --- （2） 方程一是通用的，因为对于任意一种荷载分布x σ它都可以计算出任意土层中某一点的应力，因此便足以表明应力在X 轴方向的分布规律。当0=x σ时，方程便简化成相应的没有附加应力的形式，并且，当0=w f 而且0>x σ时，它反映了在考虑了附加应力条件时的二维问题，即： 11k x x h y q A h γσ?? =+- ??? （3） 满布在滑动楔上的均布荷载对我们已经知道的设计系数k ，n,和ξw 的值并没有影响，所以，计算作用在挡土墙上的正应力，切应力和总应力的表达式如下：
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
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英汉语言中隐喻的翻译
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译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。