研究生英语考试

REVIEWING MATERIAL FOR 2007 GRADUATES (II) Part I Vocabulary and Grammar

1. By now John was _______with indignation（愤怒）and we gathered round trying to pacify（使平静）him.

A. pouncing（扑过去抓住）

B. convulsing（震撼）

C. harking（听）

D. seething（沸

腾）

2. If you are ________to something, you feel strongly that you?re not willing to do it or that you don?t like it.

A. averse（厌恶）

B. avid（狂热）

C. awesome（可怕的）

D. azure（天蓝

色的）

3. Are you going to hang the ______of the Declaration of Independence in the classroom or in the auditorium（大礼堂）?

A. goddess（女神）

B. replica

C. typhoid（伤寒）

D. typhus（斑疹伤

寒）

4. If early humans hadn?t moved and ________as much as they did, they probably would have continued to evolve into different species.

A. inhabited

B. interchanged

C. intermingled（交织）

D. migrated

5._________ and environmental groups, including Greenpeace, say that many parts of the Andes will suffer if they become over-developed.

A. Indigenous（本地的）

B. Indigent（贫困）

C. Indignant

D. Indiscreet (轻率)

6. Much of what he said was beyond her comprehension but she understood the _______of his remarks.

A. tack (钉子)

B. tact（机智的）

C. tanner（皮匠）

D. tenor (大意)

7. Most banks offer ________facilities to students, to help them when they run short of money.

A. oversight监督

B. overdraft透支

C. overdose过量

D. overseeing

8. The problem of tracing the disease in such formidable country was _______further by the continuous warfare in the area.

A. accelerated

B. consolidated

C. exacerbated加剧

D. reinforced

9. To trap animals a hunter fixes a _______, usually made of cord, across the path they are likely to take.

A. lotion 洗涤剂

B. lotus莲花

C. snarl咆哮

D. snare套圈

10. Equally, the large group of texts, called the _______, gives us reasonable grounds for omitting

many uses and word forms that do not occur in it.

A. works

B. corpus文集

C. body

D. collection

11. Caroling Moore, the first woman fellow of Porterhouse, Cambridge, points out that gentleman is

now used only with irony（讽刺）or___________.

A. derogation名誉受损

B. derivation诱导

C. derision嘲笑

D. duration时间

12. People who love in crowded cities often experience breathing problems during the summer when

high temperature combines with _______polluted air.

A. drab褐黄色的、单调的

B. stagnant不流动的

C. lurid可怕的

D. hoary灰白

13. In the suburbs the spacious house stand in _______contrast to the slums of the city?s poor

A. foolhardy有勇无谋

B. furtive鬼鬼祟祟

C. insidious阴险的

D. stark鲜明的

14. The machine allows segments of the film to be viewed repeatedly and at a number of speeds, so

the editor can cut and_______ the film.

A. amble缓行

B. tinker修改

C. splice剪接

D. adulate奉承

15. Three men were feared dead last night after a helicopter _______off course into an oil platform

and ditched into the North Sea.

A. veered偏离

B. instigated煽动

C. falsified伪造

D. blandished劝诱

16. Tony seems to know a lot about m usic, but sometimes I think he?s only_______.

A. slurring含糊地发音

B. smearing把...擦模糊

C. bluffing唬人

D.

blurring模糊

17. The American dream is most _______during the periods of productivity and wealth generated by

American capitalism.

A. plausible貌似有理的

B. patriotic爱国的

C. primitive原始的

D. partial部分

18. I?m very concerned that today?s children may be heading for social ills because they _______lots

of chances for laughter.

A. lose out to

B. lose to

C. lose on

D. lose out on失去

19. Part of Doraemon?s particular appeal is that he is ready to _______every situation—and likely,

somehow, to get it wrong.

A. take down

B. take on承担

C. take out

D. take away

20. The sun began to _______the morning mist, and accompanied by the sounds of the waking villages,

the pilot switched on the engines and moved upstream.

A. burst out

B. burst upon

C. burn off燃烧

D. burn into

21. When people are physically__ a drug, they suffer ill physical effects if they stop taking the drug.

A. absorbed in

B. accepted by

C. addicted to上瘾

D. attracted to

22. He became severely ____ when his wife died.

A. impressed印象

B. embarrassed尴尬

C. depressed消沉的

D. stressed

23. The curiosity to know what was in the letter was so strong that the boy could not _____ himself from opening it.

A. restrain阻止

B. distract分散

C. engage从事

D. subject

24. When a psychologist does a general experiment about the human mind, he selects people

_______and ask them questions.

A. at length

B. at random随机的

C. in essence

D. in bulk

25. I tried very hard to restrain my laugh, but tears started flowing down my cheeks and I began____.

A. proffering提供

B. defrauding诈骗

C. guffawing捧腹大笑

D. deflecting 转移

26. No set of texts can be fully relied on; the information from the texts has been analyzed and ____by

a team of lexicographers.

A. appraised评价

B. apprised告知

C. appreciated欣赏

D. apprehended逮捕

27. A ____statement is a false and malicious恶意的one meant to harm a person?s reputation.

A. slanderous诽谤

B. flattering奉承

C. ill-natured虐待脾气

D. critical

28. This famous businessmen___ most of the profits from his business to various charities after his success.

A. donated

B. distributed

C. discharged出院

D. designated指定

29. The announcement will_____the rumors谣言of a takeover that have plagued困扰the company

for the past 18 months.

A. append附加

B. scotch镇压

C. exhort告戒

D. exhale散发出

30. Many animals display _____instincts only while their offspring后代are young and helpless.

A. cerebral理智的

B. imperious专横的

C. rueful怜悯的

D. maternal母性的

31. As a politician, she has to have the_____ of inspiring confidence in her listeners.

A. fluke侥幸成功

B. knack诀窍

C. frenzy疯狂

D. venison鹿肉

32. Even though he was guilty, the ______ judge did not send him to prison.

A. merciful仁慈的

B. impartial公正的

C. conscientious良心

D. conspicuous明显的

33. The education ____ for the coming year is about $4 billion, which is much more than what people expected.

A. allowance

B. reservation

C. budget预算

D. finance

34. They tossed your thoughts back and forth over an hour, but still could not make ____ of them.

A. impression

B. comprehension

C. meaning

D. make sense of

35. As a ____ actor, he can perform, sing, dance, and play several kinds of musical instruments.

A. flexible

B. versatile多才多艺的

C. sophisticated尖端

D. productive

36. Sons of high-ranking females may remain at the center of the troop while others are driven to the__________.

A. periphery周边

B. perverse走上邪路的

C. rewarding

D. salutary有益的

37. I t?s very difficult to ____ the exact meaning of an idiom in a foreign language.

A. exchange

B. transfer

C. convey传达

D. convert

38. When we are reading, the important thing is to ___ the essential meaning, not to learn every single word.

A. clasp紧握

B. grab抓取

C. grasp把握

D. grapple抓住

39. The rope bridge over the river was so ____that only one person at a time could use it.

A. precarious岌岌可危

B. stiff僵硬的

C. broad

D. tenuous脆弱的

40. You had the ______situation in which Luxembourg had more listed public bathing beaches than

the whole of the United Kingdom.

A. luminous发光的

B. luculent发亮的

C. lubricant润滑剂

D. ludicrous滑稽的

41. In a world where you can tell the rich from the poor by their Internet connections, the poverty

line____ the high-speed-digital line.

A. trip out 行了

B. trigger out触发

C. trigger of触发

D. trip over绊倒

42. Although the members of Parliament wanted to go home, no hope for an early____ could be entertained.

A. postponement推迟

B. compromise

C. adjustment调整

D. adjournment休会

43. They claim that_____1，000 factories closed down during the economic crisis．

A. sufficiently充分

B. approximately大约

C. considerably相当的

D. properly恰当的

44. I think she hurt my feelings _______ rather than by accidents as she claimed.

A. virtually几乎

B. deliberately故意地

C. literally实在地

D. appropriately适当地

45. They had a fierce _____ as to whether their company should restore the trade relationship which

was broken years ago.

A. debate辩论

B. clash冲突

C. disagreement

D. contest

46. During his years in Congress he has____ with the chemical, drug and power companies on behalf

of the ordinary person?s right to breathe clean air.

A. tussled争辩

B. actuated驱动

C. capsized倾覆

D. fidgeted烦躁不安

47. Although the resistance groups do not show great military ____they frequently penetrate渗透deep into the interior.

A. prowess实力

B. prowl潜行

C. psalm 诗篇

D. psyche心灵

48. In detective stories, the detective shares all the _____ with the reader but usually withholds their

significance until the end.

A. evidence

B. details

C. clues线索

D. information

49. A good painting is, in fact, a _____ of line, color and composition to express certain meanings.

A. accordance

B. balance

C. harmony

D. conformity符合

50. His _____should not be confused with miserliness吝啬; she has always been willing to assist the poor.

A. frugality节俭

B. diffidence

C. intolerance

D. intemperance过度

51. She decided to accept his offer of marriage after he____ her for months with flowers and expensive presents.

A. wrung迫使

B. wiggled摆动

C. wonted惯例

D. wooed求婚

52. If any of the runners interfere with the others during the competition, the race is automatically

declared null and _____.

A. empty

B. lacking

C. useless

D. void无效

53. The debate centered on the fear that a rapidly growing population would put an___ strain on the

finite capacity of the earth to provide resources.

A. intolerable不能容忍

B. moderate中度

C. negotiable

D. controllable

54. A common argument claims that in folk a rt, the artist?s subordination退让of technical mastery to

intense feeling____ the direct communication of emotion to the viewer.

A. facilitates便利

B. averts 避免

C. represses压制

D. neutralizes中和

55. He _____ tonight with his horrifying fishing stories.

A. lived on my nerves

B. got on my nerves

C. touched a raw nerve

D. lost his nerve

56. In most cases, robots are now used in repetitive重复, _____ tasks that most people find uninteresting.

A. useful

B. prosperous

C. negative

D. monotonous单调

57. China regained her _____ over Hong Kong on July 1, 1997, after Britain?s more than 150 years of

colonization of the island.

A. majesty权威

B. sovereignty 主权

C. authority

D. administration

58. In Victoria, Australia, in1850, miners矿工became___ with the high cost of mining licenses and

restrictions on their right to search for gold.

A. amazed惊讶

B. confused 混淆

C. irritated恼火

D. puzzled困惑

59. During times of war or economic___ many people convert their wealth into precious stones, which

are transplantable and more easily sold.

A. distraction分心

B. disturbance干扰

C. tremor颤抖

D. vibration振动

60. People who lose their way in a desert often suffer from___ thirst and hunger, in addition to extreme anger.

A. painful

B. tormenting折磨

C. colossal巨大的

D. unperceived无知觉的

61. Now a paper in Science argues that organic有机chemicals in the rock come mostly from

_____on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.

A. configuration配置

B. constitution组成

C. condemnation谴责

D. contamination污染

62. The newspaper _______ three whole pages to pictures of the sandstorms

A. decorated装饰

B. dedicated奉献

C. dictated 口述D directed

63. Nothing in the contract says ________ how its terms will be enforced.

A. extravagantly奢侈地

B. empirically凭经验

C. exceptionally例外

D. explicitly明确地

64. The board of directors has decided to ________ any salary increase.

A. forgive

B. forfeit 没收

C. forgo放弃

D. formulate制定

65. Although most dreams apparently happen_____ , dream activity may be provoked by external influences.

A. simultaneously同时地

B.spontaneously自发地

C. homogeneously均匀地

D. instantaneously瞬间地

66. It is obvious that we are going to have a boom in the economy rather than a ______

A. recess休会

B. concession

C. succession

D. recession衰退

67. Frankli n D. Roosevelt argued that the Great Depression stemmed from the American economy?s _________flaws.

A. underlining

B. vulnerable

C. underlying潜在的

D. vulgar庸俗.

68. Rumors are everywhere, spreading fear, damaging reputations , and turning calm situations into __________ones.

A .tragic悲惨 B. turbulent骚乱 C. versatile多才多艺的 D. suspicious

69. Snobs are usually ___________ of people they feel to be beneath them.

A. contemptible 可鄙

B. contemptuous轻蔑 C contemporary当代 D. contagious传染性

70. The billionaire is ____________to the displaced people in Iraq and decides to contribute a great sum to the area

A .passionate热情的 B. compassionate同情的 C. enthusiastic D. conscientious良心

71. The survivor cried out as she suddenly saw the clock tower large in the fog.

A .appear B. loom隐约地出现 C. boom D. look

72. The softening voice _________ beautifully with the echo of the music.

A .fit in适合 B. cut out减少 C. chimed in一致 D. cut in削减

73. He had two appointments with me , but __________ me _________on both occasions.

A .let… out泄漏 B. let …up让出 C. let down使失望D. let …in

74. Nowadays many graduates are looking for the perfect job, which in fact is a _____________.

A .fancy花式 B. fantasy幻想 C. fantastic D. fanatic狂热

75. The frequent __________ from cold to warm weather this spring have caused many infectious diseases.

A .transactions交易 B. transmissions 传输C. transitions过度 D. transformations变革

76. It?s said that the tropical islands are an earthly ______________.

A .paradise B. amusement C. entertainment D. disaster

77. They thought it might snow; _________they began to climb the mountain.

A . despite B. regardless of the fact that C. therefore D. nonetheless尽管如此

78. Strategy is a required course in military __________.

A college

B institute

C academy

D school

79. English is _________ in the main from the common Germanic stock.

A derived从中得到

B changed

C adopted

D formed

80. This loss led to demise消亡of the business _____________.

A failure

B change

C success

D prosperity兴旺

I．Vocabulary

1-5 DABCA 6-10 DBCDB 11-15 CBDCA 16-20 CADBC

21-25 CCA BC 26-30 AAABD 31-35 BACDB 36-40 ACCDD

41-45 DDBBA 46-50 AACCA 51-55 DDAAB 56-60 DBCBB

61-65 ABDCB

66-70 DCBBB

71-75 BCCBC

76-80 ADCAA

Part II Reading Comprehension

Passage 1

Sport is heading for an indissoluble marriage with television and the passive spectator will enjoy a private paradise. All of this will be in the future of sport. The spectator (the television audience) will be the priority and professional clubs will have to readjust their structures to adapt to the new reality: sport as a business.

The new technologies will mean that spectators will no longer have to wait for broadcasts by the conventional channels. They will be the ones who decide what to see. And they will have to pay for it. In the United States the system of the future has already started: pay-as-you-view. Everything will be offered by television and the spectator will only have to choose. The review Sports Illustrated recently published a full profile of the life of the supporter at home in the middle of the next century. It explained that the consumers would be able to select their view of the match on a gigantic, flat screen occupying the whole of one wall, with images of a clarity which cannot be foreseen at present; they could watch from the trainer?s stands just behind the batter in a game of baseball or from the helmet of the star player in an American football game. And at their disposal will be the sane option s the producer of the recorded programmer has to select replays, to choose which camera to me and to decide on the sound whether to hear the public, the players, the trainer and so on.

Many sports executives, largely too old and too conservative to feel at home with the new technologies will believe that sport must control the expansion of television coverage in order to survive and ensure that spectators attend matches. They do not even accept the evidence which contradicts their view while there is more basketball than ever on television, for example, it is also certain that basketball is more popular than ever.

It is also the argument of these sports executives that television harming the modest team. This is true, but the future of those teams is also modest. They have reached their ceiling . It is the law of the market. The great events continually attract larger audience.

The world I being constructed on new technologies so that people can make the utmost use of their time and , in their home have access to the greatest possible range of recreational activities. Sport will have to adapt itself to the new world.

The most visionary executives go further. That philosophy is: rather than see television take over sport why not have sports taken over television?

1．What does the writer mean by use of the phrase “an indissoluble marriage” in the first paragraph?

A．sport is combined with television. B．sport controls television. C．Television dictates sports.

D．Sport and television will go their own ways

2．What does “they” in line 2 paragraph 2 stand for?

A．Broadcasts. B．Channels. C．Spectators. D．Technologies. 3．How do many sports executives feel with the new technologies?

A．they are too old to do anything. B．They feel ill at ease. C．They feel completely at home. D．Technologies can go hand in hand with sports.

4．What is going to be discussed in the following paragraphs?

A．The philosophy of visionary executives. B．The process of television taking over sport. C．Television coverage expansion.

D．An example to show how sport has taken over television.

5．What might be the appropriate title of this passage?

A．The arguments of sports executives B．The philosophy of visionary executives C．Sports and television in the 21st century D．Sports: a business

Passage 2

Don't have time to read anymore? Now you can get free, quick literature via email. More than 100,000 people open their email each day to read a chapter of a book, through Chapter-A-Day, an online book club created two years ago. It's a free email service that provides a short daily reading for busy people, exposing them to literature they may not find on

their own, inspiring some to recommit to the reading habit. About 550 public library systems representing over 3,000 branch libraries already have signed up to offer Chapter-A-Day. Via email, participants get about five minutes' worth of reading every day. After three chapters are emailed, the installments stop, and those who want to keep reading can borrow the book at their public library or purchase it online. Chapter-A-Day has eight free book clubs, and sells thousands of books each month.

Chapter-A-Day started in 1999 when Suzanne Beecher, a lifelong book lover, realized how many of the women who worked part-time for her software development company didn't have time in their busy lives to read. She decided to type part of a chapter of a book, and send it to her employees through email. The next day she typed a little more, and continued to send literary installments each day. She says she started getting feedback from the staff about how reading made them feel. "They were interested, and realized that, though they didn't have time in their busy lives for reading, just reading that little bit each day got them back in the habit". Realizing that many other people could benefit, she decided to take the idea even further and start an email "chapter-a-day" book club to help others ease their way back into daily reading. "Reading makes changes in people's lives." Beecher says.

Pat Dempsey, a librarian at a public library in Ohio, has found Chapter-A-Day helps her library clients get back in the habit of reading. "It's a different way to get people hooked on books," she says.

6. Chapter-A-Day is intended to help people _.

A. get back into the habit of reading

B. relieve stress from office work

C. find interesting books online

D. buy books more conveniently

7. The passage was written in _.

A. 1999

B. 2000

C. 2001

D. 2002

8. It can be inferred that through Chapter-A-Day _ _.

A. public libraries have become crowded with readers

B. MS Beecher made much money for her software company

C. people begin to read very slowly and patiently

D. people cannot finish reading any book online

9. The word "installment" in t he passage probably means “”.

A. a library email

B. a rare piece of literature

C. a free novel

D. a part of a book

10. Ms Beecher decided to expand her Chapter-A-Day service because .

A. over 3,000 libraries had joined

B. many other people could benefit

C. eight book clubs supported her

D. free email service was available

Passage 3

According to the United States government, people are classified as homeless if they have no place to stay and no expectation of finding a place for the next thirty days. Although technically accurate, that is an impersonal assessment of an enormous and very human problem.

The homeless population represents all of us Americans. It includes men and women, the elderly, children, and infants. Its members are from all ethnic (种族的) groups. What they have in common is poverty.

Currently in the U.S., thirty-nine million people live in poverty. When money is really tight, paying the rent or buying food often becomes a choice. Government assistance in the form of food stamps does help but, as one homeless man explains, you can?t pay the rent with food stamps.

With no money for rent, the streets and homeless shelters become the alternative.

Although men constitute the largest group within the homeless population, homeless women with children are rapidly joining them. In fact, one quarter of the homeless people in the U.S. are teenagers and young children.

People may become homeless for numerous reasons. However, there are certain factors that many of these individuals have in common. They include a lack of adequate education and job skills. A majority of the teenagers and adults have not completed high school.

The abuse of alcohol and drugs is also a common factor. One third of the adult homeless population abuses alcohol, while one quarter of the same group uses drugs.

Some members of this population suffer mental health problems. Within the past several years many institutions for the mentally ill have been closed and their patients sent “home”. Unfortunately, a number of those people have no home to go to and they are unable to adequately look after themselves.

Job loss in today?s economy has also become a real factor in the loss of people?s ho mes. The breakup of families through abandonment and divorce are also contributing factors, particularly when there are children involved. The parent who is left to care for the kids with inadequate income may be forced to depend on the homeless shelters to put a roof over their heads.

11. The writer thinks that the U.S. government?s definition of the homeless reveals ______.

A. an insincere attitude toward the homeless

B. an unbearable attitude toward the homeless

C. an uncivilized attitude toward the homeless

D. an unsympathetic attitude toward the homeless

12. The U.S. government helps the homeless by ______.

A. giving them homeless allowances

B. giving them food stamps

C. finding jobs for them

D. finding residences for them

13. Most of the homeless in the U.S. are ______.

A. male adults

B. female adults

C. the elderly

D. children

14. People become homeless for all the following reasons EXCEPT ______.

A. the lack of adequate education

B. the abuse of alcohol and drugs

C. the closure of institutions for the mentally ill

D. the poor performance of economy

15. The breakup of families is likely to lead to homelessness because a parent with kids may ______.

A. lose his or her job in today?s economy

B. be unable to look after the kids

C. not have enough income

D. find residence at a homeless shelter

Passage 4

In early 2004 eight tiny sensors were dropped from a plane near a military base in California. After hitting the ground, the sensors—also known as smart dust sensors—organized themselves into a network and quickly detected a fleet of military vehicles on the ground. The determined the direction, speed and size of a series of military vehicles traveling along the road and later transmitted the data to a computer at a nearby base camp.

Smart dust sensors are minicomputers—as small as a grain of rice in some cases—that can monitor and evaluate their physical environment and can relay the information via wireless communication. They can monitor elements such as temperature, moisture, humidity, pressure, energy use, vibration, light, motion, radiation, gas, and chemicals. These devices will soon have many applications, such as use in emergency rescue.

Software has been developed to run these minicomputers. A key feature of the software is the ability of the sensors to automatically organize themselves into a communications network and talk to each other via wireless radio signals. If any one connection is interrupted, the sensors will self-correct and pass the information on to the next available sensor.

Each sensor has a chip that does the computing work—recording things like temperature and motion at its location. Each sensor also has a tiny radio transmitter that allows it to talk to other sensors within 100 feet or so. With a single network of 10,000 sensors—thought to be the biggest array (阵列) of sensors currently possible—you could cover 9 square miles and get information about each point along the way. The data finally works its way to a base station that can send the information to a computer or to a wireless network.

The scientists who are working with this technology say smart dust sensors can be used to detect the location or movement of enemy troops in areas too dangerous or remote for soldiers to operate. Scattering hundreds of self-networking sensors from a manned or unmanned plane onto the battlefield, in theory, could produce critical information and lead to strategic advantage. Sensors could also be used to detect the presence of chemical weapons and could give troops the time needed to put on protective gear.

16. Smart dust sensors can do all the following EXCEPT ______.

A. giving troops their protective gear

B. organizing themselves into a computer network

C. detecting the movement of military vehicles nearby

D. operating in remote and dangerous war zones

17. By “physical environment” (Paragraph 2), the writer means such elements as ______.

A. the position of military troops

B. the presence of minicomputers

C. the strength of radio signals

D. the amount of water vapor in the air

18. If connection between two sensors is blocked, the network will automatically ______.

A. replace the sensor involved

B. repair the sensor involved

C. ignore the sensor involved

D. destroy the sensor involved

19. To cover an area of 3 square miles and get information about each point along the way, how many smart dust sensors are needed?

A. About 3,000 sensors.

B. About 3,300 sensors.

C. About 5,000 sensors.

D. About 6,600 sensors.

20. The passage implies that the smart dust sensors are most likely to be used in ______.

A. emergency rescue

B. monitoring pollution

C. military operations

D. evaluating the environment

Passage 5

The differences in living standards around the world are vast．In 1993，the average American had an income of about$25，000.In the same year，the average Mexican earned$7，000，and the average Nigerian camed$1，500,Not surprisingly，this large variation in average income is reflected in various measures of the quality of life．Changes in living standards over time are also 1arge．In the United States，incomes have historically grown about 2 percent per year(after adjusting for changes in the cost of living)．At this rate，average income doubles every 35years．In some countries，economic growth has been even more rapid．In Japan，for instance，average income has doubled in the past 20 years，and in South Korea it has doubled in the past 10years．

What explains these 1arge differences in 1iving standards among countries and over time? The answer is surprisingly Simple．A1most a11 variation in 1iving standards is attributable to differences in countries? productivity-----that is，the amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker's time．In nations where workers can produce a large quantity of goods and services per unit of time，most people enjoy a high standard of living；in nations where workers are less productive，most people must endure a more meager existence．Similarly，the growth rate of a nation's productivity determines the growth rate of its average income．

The fundamental relationship between productivity and living standards is simple，but its implications are far-reaching．If productivity is the primary determinant of livings standards，other explanations must be of secondary importance．For example，people might think that labor unions or minimum-wage 1aws contributed to the rise in 1iving standards of American workers over the past century. Yet the real hero of American workers is their rising productivity．The relationship between productivity and living standards also has great implications for public po1icy．When thinking about how any policy will affect living standards，the key question is how it will affect our ability to produce goods and services．To improve living standards，po1icy makers need to raise productivity by ensuring that workers are well educated，have the too1s needed to produce goods and services，and have access to the best available technology．21．Which of the following countries has enjoyed the fastest economic growth in history?

A．Mexico．B．The United States ．C．Japan．D．South Korea ．

22．The word “meager” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to“__________”．

A．modest B．poor C． meaning less D．plentiful

23．What is the most important factor that leads to the rise in living standards of average people?

A．Labor unions．B．Minimum-wage laws ．C．Rising productivity． D．Favorable publicpo1icy． 24．The study of the relationship between productivity and 1iving standards is significant in that_________．A．it calls po1icy makers? attention to a qualified work force

B．it encourages workers to get better education.

C．it helps improve the workers? ability to produce goods and services

D．it enables policy makers to access the latest technology

25．The passage mainly discusses____________

A．the differences in average income among countries

B．the relationships between productivity and living standards

C．the causes of the rise in living standards

D．the importance of raising productivity.

Passage 6

The traditional appeal of the income tax has come from its wide acceptance as a fair tax, closely related to an individual?s ability to pay. For many years the income tax provided large federal income without imposing heavy burdens on the great majority of people. By the mid-20th century, however, serious criticisms of tax loopholes (漏洞) were heard. Concerned attempts at reform resulted only in a more complex and eroded tax base. The situation worsened in the 1970s, as rising inflation pushed people into higher tax brackets (等级) although their incomes were barely keeping pace with rising prices. This pressure further eroded public confidence in the fairness of the income tax; at the same time it created strong incentives to utilize tax shelters and other loopholes, as well as to conceal off-the-record income. Built-in inflation adjustments were adopted, first by a number of states and then in 1985 by the federal government.

Income tax policy is inevitably controversial because it rests essentially on judgments that must be constantly reconsidered as social values change. The complex task of working out the many reductions and exclusions to be allowed from income because they either make for greater fairness among taxpayers or promote worthy social goals (such as charitable contributions) is one of the most difficult and politically sensitive problems faced by governments.

Another major area of dispute is whether wages and salaries should be taxed the same way as business profits or investment income. While some countries and a few US states explicitly apply separate sets of rules to the measurement of different kinds of taxable income, others, like most US state governments, seek to treat all sources of income in the same way. Even so, dissimilarities inevitably arise. Some costs of earning income are more readily deducted (扣除) from business and self-employment earnings than they are from wages and salaries. Inflation, by eroding the value of capital, distorts the measurement of income from that source. Complex adjustments to the tax law could in principle eliminate these imbalances, but most countries have preferred simpler, more arbitrary solutions.

26. Most people accept income as a fair tax since ____.

A. every individual enjoys public welfare

B. every citizen of a country has the duty to pay taxes

C. it is within their capability to pay it

D. it is closely related to the individual?s benefits

27. In the 1970s, ____.

A. many people called for the cancellation of income tax

B. many people questioned the fairness of income tax

C. many people stopped to pay tax because of poverty

D. inflation rose beyond the government?s control

28. In 1985, ____.

A. inflation was taken into account in the federal government?s income tax policy

B. inflation rate was brought under control and income tax rate was reduced

C. a number of states made their own laws against the rising inflation

D. the federal government adopted several inflation combating policies

29. Which of the following income may enjoy a reduced tax or exclusion?

A. Off-the-record income.

B. Self-employment earnings.

C. Business earnings.

D. Income from charitable activities.

30. The majority of the US state governments ____.

A. use different sets of rules for various taxable income

B. apply the same policy to all sources of income

C. allow for a reduction for self-employment earnings

D. treat business and investment income in the same way

Passage 7

A central principle of a just society is that every person has an equal right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”. The essential basis on which community is built requires each citizen to honor the rightful claims of others. The preciousness of life in a moral community must be so highly honored that those who do not honor the life of others make null and void their own right to membership. Those who violate the personhood of others, especially if this is done persistently as a habit, must pay the ultimate penalty. This punishment must be inflicted for the sake of maintaining the community whose foundation has been violated. We can debate whether some non-lethal alternative is a fitting substitute for the death penalty. But the standard of judgment is whether the punishment fits the crime and sufficiently honors the nature of moral community.

By contrast, Agape, or Christian love, is unconditional. It does not depend on the worthiness or merit of those to whom it is directed. It is persistent in seeking the good of others regardless of whether they return the favor or even deserve to be treated well on the basis of their own incessant wrongdoing. An ideal community would be made up of free and equal citizens devoted to a balance between individual self-fulfillment and the advancement of the common good. Communal life would be based on mutual love in which equality of giving and receiving was the norm of social practice.

What would a community based on this kind of love do with those who committed brutal acts of terror, violence, and murder? Put negatively, it would not live by the philosophy of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, and a life for a life”. It would act to safeguard the members of the community from further destruction. Those who had shown no respect for life would be restrained, permanently if necessary, so that they could not further endanger other members of the community. But the purpose of confinement would not be vengeance or punishment. Rather an ideal community would show mercy even to those who had shown no mercy. It would return good for evil. The aim of isolation is reconciliation and not revenge. Agape never gives up. It is ever hopeful that even the worse among us can be redeemed so that their own potential contribution to others can be realized.

Such, in brief, is the argument for and against capital punishment, one founded on justice and the nature of moral community, the other resting on love and the nature of an ideal spiritual community.

31. The idea that every person has an equal right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness is supportive of ____.

A. forgiveness in the case of murder

B. capital punishment for taking a life

C. unconditional love even for murderers

D. advancement of the common good

32. The philosophy of “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, and a life for a life” ____.

A. is not the basis for Christian love

B. is the chief argument against ultimate penalty

C. is a doctrine for administering Agape

D. is a support for restraint but not revenge

33. Agape believes that ____.

A. any wrongdoer should be expelled from an ideal community

B. those who threaten others? lives should be permanently restrained

C. to safeguard the community is the duty of any ideal society

D. any wrongdoing should be considered to be corrigible

34. According to the principle of Agape, a person who commits murder should be confined with a view to ____.

A. safeguard his life against revenge

B. prevent him from committing other crimes

C. punish him for what he has done

D. return violence with violence

35. In this passage, the author ____.

A. is interested in supporting an idea

B. is trying to refute a long-held misconception

C. supports for argument against capital punishment

D. does not give his opinion on the issue discussed

Passage 8

The relationship between a man and fatherland is always disturbed by conflict if either man or fatherland is highly developed. A man?s demands for liberty at some point challenge the limitations the state imposes on the individual for the sake of the mass. If he is to carry on the national tradition, he must wrestle with those who, speaking in its name, desire to crystallize it at the point reached by the previous generation. In any cases national life itself must frequently irritate him because it is the medium in which he is expressing himself, and every craftsman or artist is repelled by the resistance of his medium to his will. All men should have a drop or two of resistance spirit in them, if the nations are not to go soft like so many sleepy pears. Yet to be a traitor is most miserable. All the men described in this book were sad as they stood their trials, not only because they were going to be punished. They would have been sad even if they had never been brought to justice. They had forsaken the familiar medium; they had trusted themselves to the mercies of those who had no reason to care for them; knowing their protector?s indifference, they had lived for long in fear; and they were aware that they had thrown away their claim on those who might naturally have felt affection for them. Strangers, as King Solomon put it, were filled with their wealth, and their labors were in the house of a stranger, and they mourned at the last when their flesh and body were consumed. As a divorce sharply recalls what a happy marriage should be, so the treachery of these men recalls what a nation should be; a shelter where all talents are generously recognized, all forgivable oddities forgiven, all evils quietly frustrated, and those who lack talent honored for equivalent contributions of graciousness. Each of those men was as dependent on the good opinion of others as one is of oneself; they needed a nation which was also a heart. It was sad to see them, chilled to the bone of their souls, because the intellectual leaders of their time had professed a philosophy which was scarcely more than a lapse of memory, and had forgotten, among much else, that a hearth gives out warmth.

36. This passage is probably ____.

A. a preface

B. a review of a historical event

C. a literary review

D. an editorial

37. Why does a man who wants to develop the national tradition come into a conflict with his country?

A. He is more highly developed than his fatherland.

B. The man and his country are highly developed.

C. What he does will do no good to his countrymen.

D. He wants to change the tradition and the government.

38. The author thinks that resistance to a crystallized tradition is ____.

A. necessary

B. destructive

C. punishable

D. pitiable

39. The people in the book mentioned who came into conflict with their fatherland ____.

A. usually lived in poverty

B. felt the pains of being denied and deserted

C. were usually emotionally indifferent

D. were all put to death by the country

40. The author?s attitude towards some nation leaders is one of ____.

A. accusation

B. sympathy

C. tolerance

D. admiration

Passage 9

During the 1970s, apprenticeship program for the trades were established in high school in eight demonstration sites around the country —currently involving about 1,500 students. Upon completion of high school, these students become registered apprentices. The programs are considered successful; however, their numbers, like the numbers involved in trade apprenticeships nationally (only 300,000), are very limited and are concentrated in the building trades.

Apprenticeships have now reemerged as a means of improving education, particularly, but not exclusively, for those students who do not go on to post-secondary education. At its simplest, the new American-style youth apprenticeship is a systematic mix of academic instruction in secondary and post-secondary schools with employment-based training of students at a level of quality sufficient to certify their ability to perform entry-level tasks in skilled occupations capably

and professionally.

The US Department of Labor recently proposed a two-tiered strategy for raising the skill level of the nation?s workforce by strengthening and preserving the traditional apprenticeship system while encouraging the expansion of structured work-based learning which incorporates the successful features of apprenticeship. Through its apprenticeship initiative, the Department of Labor is currently funding a series of school-to-work demonstration projects designed to help change the way students learn basic workplace skills by applying the principles behind meaningful interrelation of learning and work. Each project involves work-based learning strategies that combine work and classroom learning to better prepare students for high-skill careers. In an effort to address the outdated blue-collar image traditionally associated with the term “apprenticeship”, the National Alliance of Business has developed a training model which comprises the elements of apprenticeship but goes by the new term of “job performance learning”, thereby hoping to attract businesses to utilize these programs to ensure a highly-skilled workforce.

Other youth apprenticeship and work-based learning programs have been established in communities across the country, including statewide efforts such as those in Michigan. The majority of these programs provide paid work experiences for students that structure learning into the work experience and use curriculum materials and instructional strategies that build on the student s? work experiences.

41. It is implied in the first paragraph that the apprenticeship programs ____.

A. should be expanded to cover other trades than the building trades

B. should not be concentrated employment-based training only

C. are better developed in the building trades than in other trades

D. should involve students other than high school students

42. What do the US students learn in the apprenticeship program?

A. Simulated problem-solving tasks.

B. Academic knowledge and practical skills.

C. Working skills necessary in their future jobs.

D. Academic knowledge and job-hunting skills.

43. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the German apprenticeship programs emphasize ____.

A. creating a comfortable working environment

B. training practical problem-solving skills

C. work-based training and learning

D. high-skill training and learning

44. The expression “job performance learning” (in the third paragraph) is preferable to the word “apprenticeship” in that ____.

A. modern professional training is totally different from the traditional one

B. the latter is no longer in use in the field of professional training

C. the former sounds more attractive to prospective employers

D. traditional professional training is no longer applicable to modern situations

45. Such programs as those in Michigan attach great importance to ____.

A. the learning of curriculum materials

B. work experiences

C. job performance learning

D. on-the-job learning

Passage 10

A single status may have multiple roles attached to it, constituting a role set. Consider the status of a patient in a hospital. The status involves the sick role; another role as the peer of other patients; still another role as the “appreciative” receiver of the gifts and attention of friends and family members; one role as a consumer of newspaper, magazines, and other small items purchased from a hospital attendant; and a role as acquaintance of a number of friendly hospital personnel. Or consider your status as a family member. Your status includes a variety of roles, for example,

parent and child, uncle, spouse, and cousin. Clearly, a role does not exist in a social vacuum; it is a bundle of activities that are connected with the activities of other people. For this reason there can be no professors without students, no husbands without wives, no whites without nonwhites and no lawyers without clients.

Roles affect us as sets of norms that define our duties —the actions others can legitimately insist that we perform, and our right —the actions we can legitimately insist that others perform. Every role has at least one reciprocal role attached to it; the rights of one role are the duties of the other role. As we have noted, we have a social niche for the sick. Sick people have rights —our society says they do not have to function in usual ways until they get well. But sick people also have the duty to get well and “not enjoy themselves too much”. The sick role also entails an appeal to another party —the physician. The physician must perceive the patient as trying to get well —this is the physician?s right and the patient?s duty. And the patient as trying to get well —this is the physician?s right and the patient?s duty. And the patient must see the doctor as sincere —the patient?s right and the physician?s duty. It should come as no surprise that the quality of medical care falters when patient and physician role expectations break down.

One way that people are linked in groups is through networks of reciprocal roles. Role relationships tie us to one another because the rights of one end of the relationship are the duties of the other. People experience these stable relationships as social structure —a hospital, a college, a family, a gang, an army, and so on.

46. An “appreciative receiver of the gifts” (the third sentence in the first paragraph) is one ____.

A. who feels grateful to the givers of the gifts

B. who shows his generosity by giving others gifts

C. who is admired and given gifts

D. who is sick and receives gifts from others

47. If you are a patient, you take on all of the following roles EXCEPT the role as ____.

A. a friend of your fellow patients

B. a staff member of the hospital

C. the receiver of the treatment

D. a buyer of medicines

48. The example of the family member in Paragraph 1 is used to convey the idea that ____.

A. roles involve both duties and rights corresponding to them

B. a role set forms a network of interdependencies

C. family roles are far more complex than they appear

D. family members have more duties than patients

49. Which of the following may be considered one of the doctor?s duties?

A. See to it that the patient gets well as soon as possible.

B. Make sure that the patient does not enjoy himself too much.

C. Ask the patient to be cooperative in the treatment.

D. Perceive the patient as eager to get well.

50. A role is best defined in its relation to ____.

A. another status

B. its obligation

C. other roles

D. its importance

Passage 11

New figures from France，Germany and Italy—the three biggest economies in the 12 country Eurozone—suggest the continent…s economic woes may have been exaggerated. In France，evidence emerged that consumer spending remained solid in July and August，rising 1.4%and 0.6%respectively.Forecasters had generally expected the July figure to show a 0.1% slippage，with August unchanged. But the figures were flattered slightly by a down grade to the June figure，to 0.7% from1.5%.

With manufacturing in the doldrums across Europe and the US，consumer spending has been increasingly seen as the best hope of stopping the global economic slowdown from turning into a recession. The French government said the news proved that the economy was holding up to the strain of the slowdown.

Meanwhile in Germany，new regional price figures went someway towards calming f ears about inflation in Europe…s largest economy—a key reason for the European Central Bank?s reluctance to cut interest 15 states said consumer prices were broadly stable，with inflation falling year on year. The information backed economists? expectations that inflation for the country as a whole is set to fall back to a yearly rate of 2.1%，compared to a yearly rate of 2.6% in August，closing in on the Euro wide target of 2%.The drop is partly due to last year?s spike in oil prices dropping out of the year on year calculation.

The icing on the cake was news that Italy…s job market has remained buoyant. The country?s July unemployment rate dropped to 9.4% from 9.6% the month before，its lowest level in more than eight years. And a business confidence survey from quasigovernmental research group ISAE told of a general pickup in demand in the six weeks to early September. But the news was tempered by an announcement by Alitalia，the country…s biggest airline，that it will have to get rid of 2,500 staff to cope with the expected contraction as well as selling 12 aeroplanes. And industrial group Confindustria warned that the attacks on US targets meant growth will be about 1.9% this year，well short of the government?s 2.4% target. And it said the budget deficit will probably be about 1.5%，nearly twice the 0.8% Italy…s government has promised its European Union partners.

51. We know from the first paragraph that .

A. new figures from the three European countries show the prediction of forecasters is exactly right

B. European economy gets on better than forecasters have predicted

C. all of the forecasters expect the fully figure to show a reduction

D. in three European countries the consumer spending continues to rise

52. The term “in the doldrums” in Paragraph 2 refers to .

A. in the process of rising

B. experiencing a sharp turning

C. in the recession

D. rising rapidly

53. Which of the following statements is true according to the text？。

A. The reason for the ECB?s unwilling to cut interest rates is inflation was actually expected to fall in Germany

B. In Germany consumer prices were falling

C. Last year…s oil pri ces dropping out of the year on year calculation directly leads to the drop of inflation

D. The European Central Bank is willing to cut interest rate

54. ln this passage，the word “buoyant” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to the word.

A. depressing

B. gloomy

C. active

D. calm

55. lndustrial group Confindustria warned that.

A. the attacks on US targets lead to the comparatively lower growth

B. the growth had been well short of the government…s target

C. the budget deficit must be about 1.5%

D. the budget deficit will probably be great different from the country…s promise

Passage 12

Survey results indicate that smoking and alcohol and marijuana use increased among residents of Manhattan during the 5～8 weeks after the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center which took place on September 11，2001. Almost one third of the nearly 1，000 persons interviewed reported an increased use of alcohol，marijuana，or cigarettes following the September 11th attacks. The largest increase was in alcohol use. About one fourth of the respondents said they were drinking more alcohol in the weeks after September 11；about 10% reported an increase in smoking，and 3.2% said they had increased their use of marijuana.

The investigators found survey participants by randomly dialing New York City phone numbers and screened potential respondents for Manhattan residents living in areas close to the World Trade Center. Interviews were conducted with 988 individuals between October 16 and November 15，2001. Participants were asked about their cigarette smoking，

alcohol drinking，and marijuana use habits before and after September 11. During the week prior to September 11，2001，22.6% of the participants reported smoking cigarettes，59.1% drinking alcohol，and 4.4% using marijuana. After September 11th，23.4% reported smoking cigarettes，64.4% drinking alcohol，and 5.7% smoking marijuana. Among those who smoked，almost 10% reported smoking at least an extra pack of cigarettes a week and among those who drank alcohol，more than 20% reported imbibing at least one extra drink a day.

The researchers found that people who reported an increase in substance abuse were more likely to suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder（PTSD）and from depression. People who reported an increase in cigarette smoking or marijuana use were also more likely to have both PTSD and depression，while those who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have depression only. Persons who were living closer to the World Trade Center were more likely to increase their cigarette smoking，but other factors such as being displaced from home，losing possessions during the attacks，or being involved in the rescue efforts were not consistently associated with increased substance use. Symptoms of panic attack were associated with an increase in the use of all substances.

Increase in substance abuse did not differ significantly between men and women or among racial or ethnic groups. Demographic factors such as age，marital status，and income seemed to play a more critical role in determining if the events of September 11th led to an increase in substance use.

56. The survey results suggest that the largest increase in substance use was .

A. alcohol

B. marijuana

C. cigarettes

D. cocaine

57. The survey participants were .

A. randomly selected United States citizens

B. randomly selected New York City citizens

C. randomly selected Manhattan residents who live close to the World Trade Center

D. randomly selected American citizens who witnessed the terrorist attack

58. The author is trying to show that .

A. use of substances may vary from time to time

B. abuse of certain substances is harmful for health

C. the attack of September 11th has left incurable harm to people?s mental health

D. terrorist attack increase anxiety and sense of insecurity among residents

59. What can be said about substance abuse after September 11？

A. People who reported an increase in alcohol use were more likely to have PTSD.

B. People who were living closer to World Trade Center were most likely to increase cigarette smoking.

C. Displacement from home and involvement in rescue efforts were consistently associated

with increased substance use.

D. Symptoms of panic attach were unrelated with increased use of substances.

60. What can be inferred from the last paragraph？

A. Demographic information such as gender，race and marital status was not collected.

B. Gender and race do not have much effect on the amount of substance abuse.

C. Age and marital status do not make any difference on substance abuse.

D. Income is a better predictor of substance abuse than age.

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66-70 DCBBB71-75 BCCBC76-80 ADCAA

II．Reading Comprehension

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2017年考研英语考试真题

2017年考研英语二真题 Section I Use of English Directions： Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different，with academics，writers，and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 .：A few wealthy people will own all the capital，and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland.. A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，one 4 by purposelessness：Without jobs to give their lives 5 ，people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 ，t oday’s unem ployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression，double the rate for 7 Americans. Also，some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality，mental-health problems，and addicting 9 poorly-educated，middle-aged people is a shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work，a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today，the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring，degrading，unhealthy，and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher，a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway. These days，because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers，people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work，I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says，adding，“In a world in which I don’t have to work，I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters. 1. [A] boasting [B] denying [C] warning [D] ensuring 2. [A] inequality [B] instability [C] unreliability [D] uncertainty 3. [A] policy [B]guideline [C] resolution [D] prediction 4. [A] characterized [B]divided [C] balanced [D]measured 5. [A] wisdom [B] meaning [C] glory [D] freedom 6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless 7. [A] rich [B] urban [C]working [D] educated 8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute 9. [A] under [B] beyond [C] alongside [D] among 10. [A] leave behind [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside 11. [A] statistically [B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically 12. [A] chances [B] downsides [C] benefits [D] principles 13. [A] absence [B] height [C] face [D] course 14. [A] disturb [B] restore [C] exclude [D] yield 15. [A] model [B] practice [C] virtue [D] hardship 16. [A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce 17. [A] demands [B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats 18. [A] ignored [B] tired [C] confused [D] starved 19. [A] off [B] against [C] behind [D] into 20. [A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonal

研究生英语期末考试作文,

long-distance education long-distance education, It is called network education in the file that released by department of education has introduced some , or called contemporary and long-range education network education. It refers to the use of TV and the Internet and other media teaching mode, the remote education is a very popular teaching model, because it broke through the time and space boundaries, accommodation in the school is different from the traditional teaching mode. Using this kind of teaching model of students, do not need to a specific location, anywhere. Students can also through television and radio, Internet, coaching line, a variety of different methods, such as mutual learning. Online learning has superior side, there are also some disadvantages. Learners can not adapt to the network teaching mode. Network education lack of interactivity and authenticity. On the BBS of the remote education, many netizens agree that network education's biggest drawback is the lack of interactivity and authenticity. In network education, between students and students, between students and the teacher only through BBS, E-mail or other network communication tools to communicate, people had built up a relationship is a kind of virtual environment of interpersonal relationships, interpersonal communication gradually from direct to indirect, from the diversification to the simplification, lost the traditional relationship between university students directly group consciousness gradually indifference. Education of students by this way, the collective idea and the spirit of solidarity and collaboration as generally traditional college students, is not conducive to the development of individuals and society.

在职研究生考试英语(翻译、作文)

Part VI Translation (10 points) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answ et Sheet. Being unhappy is like an infectious disease. It causes people to shrink away from the suff erer. He soon finds himself alone and miserable. There is, however, a cure so simple as t o seem, at first glance, ridiculous: if you don't feel happy, pretend to be! It works. Befor e long you will find that instead of pushing people away, you attract them. You discover h ow deeply rewarding it is to be the center of wider and wider circles of good will. Then the make-believe becomes a reality. Being happy, once it is realized as a duty and established as a habit, opens doors into unimaginable gardens filled with grateful friends. Part VII Writing (15 points) Directions: Write a composition of at least 150 words about the topic: The possibility of us ing the mobile phone to study English (or any other subject). You should write according t o the outline given below: 1.我认为手机（不）可以用来学习英语或其他知识。 2.理由是…… 3.结论

研究生英语考试试卷

General English Qualifying Test for Non-English Major Graduate Students 2008 (A 卷) ******************************考试注意事项*************************** 一．本考试由两部分组成：试卷一（Paper One）包括听力理解、词汇与结构、阅读理解三部分，共70题，按顺序统一编号；试卷二（Paper Two）包括改错、写作。 二．试卷一的答案请按要求在答题卡上填涂，否则无效。试卷二的改错、写作部分请直接在试卷二上答题. Paper One Part I Listening Comprehension (20 points) Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A., B., C. and D., and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Example: You will hear: You will read: A. At the office. B. In the waiting room. C. At the airport. D. In a restaurant. From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they had to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore, A. "At the office" is the best answer. You should choose [A] on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a single line through the center. 1. A. The weather has been warm lately. B. The furnace has broken down. C. The building’s heating system dries the air. D. The woman should put medicine on her lips. 2. A. A furnished house. B. A recent book. C. A refinished cellar. D. A new record. 3. A. They need to turn up ahead. B. She doesn’t know where State Street is. C. There was no left turn at the last intersection. D. The man missed the turn.

研究生英语期末考试试卷

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A. some modern women prefer a life of individual freedom. B. the family is no longer the basic unit of society in present-day Europe. C. some professional people have too much work to do to feel lonely. D. Most Europeans conceive living a single life as unacceptable. 5.What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage? A. To review the impact of women becoming high earners. B. To contemplate the philosophy underlying individualism. C. To examine the trend of young people living alone. D. To stress the rebuilding of personal relationships. Passage Two American dramas and sitcoms would have been candidates for prime time several years ago. But those programs －though some remain popular －increasingly occupy fringe times slots on foreign networks. Instead, a growing number of shows produced by local broadcasters are on the air at the best times. The shift counters longstanding assumptions that TV shows produced in the United States would continue to overshadow locally produced shows from Singapore to Sicily. The changes are coming at a time when the influence of the United States on international affairs has annoyed friends and foes alike, and some people are expressing relief that at least on television American culture is no longer quite the force it once was. “There has always been a concern that the image of the world would be shaped too much by American culture,” said Dr. Jo Groebek, director general of the European Institu te for the Media, a non-profit group. Given the choice, he adds, foreign viewers often prefer homegrown shows that better reflect local tastes, cultures and historical events. Unlike in the United States, commercial broadcasting in most regions of the world －including Asia, Europe, and a lesser extent Latin America, which has a long history of commercial TV －is a relatively recent development. A majority of broadcasters in many countries were either state-owned or state-subsidized for much of the last century. Governments began to relax their control in the 1980’s by privatizing national broadcasters and granting licenses to dozens of new commercial networks. The rise of cable and satellite pay-television increased the spectrum of channels. Relatively inexperienced and often financed on a shoestring, these new commercial stations needed hours of programming fast. The cheapest and easiest way to fill airtime was to buy shows from American studios, and the bidding wars for popular shows were fierce. The big American studios took advantage of that demand by raising prices and forcing foreign broadcasters to buy less popular programs if they wanted access to the best-selling shows and movies. “The studio priced themselves out of prime time,” said Harry Evans Sloan, chairman of SBS Broadcasting, a Pan-European broadcaster. Mr. Sloan estimates that over the last decade, the price of American programs has increased fivefold even as the international ratings for these shows have declined. American broadcasters are still the biggest buyers of American-made television shows, accounting for 90% of the $25 billion in 2001 sales. But international sales which totaled $2.5 billion last year often make the difference between a profit and a loss on show. As the pace of foreign sales slows －the market is now growing at 5% a year, down from the double-digit growth of the 1990’s －studio executives are rethinking production costs. 6. Which of the following best characterizes the image embodied in American shows? A. Self-contradictory B. Prejudice-free C. Culture-loaded D. Audience-targeted 7. The intervention of governments in the 1980’s resulted in __________ . A. the patenting of domination shows and movies B. the emergence of new commercial networks C. the promotion of cable and satellite pay-television D. the intense competition coming from the outside 8. The phrase “on a shoestring” (Para. 6) most probably means __________. A. in need of capital B. after a fashion C. on second thoughts D. in the interests of themselves 9. The main reason why American dramas and sitcoms are driven out of prime time is that ____. A. they lose competitiveness B. they are not market-oriented C. they are too much priced D. they fall short of audience expectations 10. American studio producers will give thought to production costs __________. A. if they have no access to popular shows B. because their endeavors come to no avail C. since bidding wars are no longer fierce D. as international sales pace slows down Passage Three How shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales 1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (th at is，how ants，bees or any social animal，including humans，behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy. 2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome，Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani，a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology，described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance，by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store，forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes，also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying. 3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information，and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.

江苏省委党校在职研究生入学考试英语复习资料

江苏省委党校社会学专业在职研究生入学考试英语复习参考资料 一、完形填空（20分） 二、语句翻译（20分） 1、As far as ability is concerned,I am sure he will qualify for the job. 7、Some of the old fantasies about the space age have come true. 14、In general,prices may be brought down by increasing supply or decreasing demand. 17、Jack didn’t know anything about any of the books on the bookshelf,so his choice was quite arbitrary. 18、We are trying to figure out a solution to these urgent problems. 23、The increase in information and knowledge about management will be more important to top manager. 27、Many American students apply for government loans to pay for their education. 32、We came to the meeting full of expectations,yet we left very disappointed. 34、The spokesman made in clear that the president would not cancel the trip under any circumstances. 40、The government has undertaken a series of new environmental initiatives,as a result, many parks and green belts have sprung up all of the country. 43、It is not unusual for this scientist to go to bed at two or three in the morning. 45、We didn’t like his attitude that he deserved special treatment. 48、These artists devoted all their lives to art,and made great contributions to the artistic field. 52、There are a lot of papers to sign,but the only urgent one is this contract. 53、The government is taking these measure in hopes of bringing down the soaring price of houses. 三、阅读理解（30分） 四、段落翻译（30分） 3、在1991年，巴西在全世界环保主义者的压力下改变了做法，它取消了鼓励砍伐亚马逊雨林的税收优惠，批准了一个新雨林保护项目的资金计划。 牛场主、矿工、移民抗议这一行动并继续破坏雨林，尽管速度比以前要慢。去年当矿工为了夺取一群印第安人的土地而将他们杀死使得矛盾扩大了。政府承诺将保护该地区的原住民，问题是这一承诺真实的程度究竟多大。

研究生英语期末考试 选择(缩印版)

一.同义词 16.Children may ridicule other children new to a neighborhood. A. make fun of 17.It is useless to attempt to flee from every danger, some risks must be taken. C. run away 18.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. B. disadvantages 19.Magazines are the fifth most important advertising medium, and magazine advertising requires a substantial investment from advertisers. D. considerable 20.Efforts to ameliorate housing conditions for the poor were halted because government funds were cut off. C. improve 21.Because of the close collaboration of architect and builder, the building was completed ahead of schedule. B. joint work 22.After World War , the Vietnamese believed that the French would allow them to be an autonomous people. A. self-governing 23.Physical well-being presupposes that one should vary his diet and often have some wholesome food. C. healthful 24.The layout of the book, with the text on the left and the notes on the right, makes it a pleasure to use. B. arrangement 25.A child leaving home before he is ready is analogous to bird trying to leave the nest before it can fly. D. similar 单选 26.He had always been oblivious to the way Ruth looked, and had never once paid her a compliment. 27.I like the professor's lecture because he amplified his lecture with some vivid slide shows. 28.On the seminar the historians still cannot agree on the date on which the particular war commenced . 29.Despite the news that her son had been dead years ago, she still clung to the hope that he would return some day. 30.During the night a person's temperature may drop one or two degrees, and it can be difficult to arouse him in the morning if his body hasn't become hot yet. 31.The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at stake. 32.Man often wonders how the earth evolved from a hot, violent birth to the celebrated watery planet that stands out in pictures from space. 33.When business is depressed , there is usually an obvious increase in unemployment. 34.Social structure organization is simply the way that people, groups, and institutions are organized with respect. to one another. 35.One of the reasons for his popularity in our village is that he asks after almost everyone every time when he comes back from the big city. 二.同义词 16.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. C. was deprived of 17.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. A. attack 18.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. B. unable to in 19.His behavior had been perturbing me more than had cared to admit. D. troubling 20.Lighting levels are carefully controlled to fall within an acceptable level for optimal reading convenience. A. ideal 21It is said that you can intimidate your enemies by speaking in a low voice and carrying a big stick. C. frighten 22 .If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. D. motive 23.The soldier discovers martial stirrings in his breast as he puts on his uniform. B. excitement 24.Many pure metals have little use because they are too soft, rust too easily, or have some other drawbacks. C. disadvantages 25.You'll succeed in the final examination if you stick to your belief that you are not a failure. A. adhere to 单选 26Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is subjected to loud continuous noise. 27.The teacher set up those obstacles for no other purpose than to challenge the students to overcome them. 28.The police who was lack of experiences was completely, taken in by the thief's disguise. 29.My aunt wound a brightly-colored thread round her finger so as not to forget her appointment. 30.They could not go to the theater together because his free time never coincides with hers. 31.A (n) personnel manager has a variety of role relations with people occupying related statuses. 32.This is a difficult job that needs to be tackled whole-heartedly-not ply at. 33.The curtain had risen hardly when shot startled the audience. 34.He would go to endless trouble to help anyone he thought worthy of encouragement. 35.Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. 三.同义词 16. If you know in advance that the examination is going to be easy, you have no incentive to study very much. B. motive 17.The mother soothed the disappointed child and then promised to take him on a picnic as soon as it stopped raining. D. comforted 18.It is not easy to remain tranquil when events suddenly change your life. C. calm 19.Sales are an accurate gauge of a book's popularity rather than a representation of it's real value. A. criterion 20.Because Charles had forgotten his key, he was locked out. D. unable to in 21.The army launched a major assault against the rebel army and many citizens joined the army. B. attack 22.The winner was deprived of his gold medal because he was found to have taken stimulants before the race. A. was deprived of 23.At the international conference on the nuclear weapons several dissenting statements were made. D. opposing 24.The dominant theme is of tranquility and peacefulness. C. major 25.A conservative person opposes change and too many new ideas. A. unprogressive 单选 26.It is very likely that the Martian will also be adapted to underground existence, for conditions are much more equable underground. 27.The medicine scientists discovered that the prime reason for her lung cancer is excessive smoking. 28.The interviewer interpreted the applicant's late arrival as a sign of disorganization, undependability or lack of interest in the job. 29.After about an early age of 13, perceptions have already been formed and ambitions cast. 30.South Africa's black majority got its first real say in governing early last December. 31.Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and 32.delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people. 32.Jack is the very person who can be entrusted with either money or secret information. 33.He stopped the car so abruptly that he was hit by the car behind him. 34.The black people launched civil movement, struggling for abolition of slavery. 35.After a long journey, the tourists who experienced danger and hardship reached their destination at length.