2013职称英语综合类教材新增内容

2013职称英语综合类教材新增内容

2013职称英语综合类教材新增内容：阅读判断第十二篇

第十二篇 Starting a New Tradition

Shantelle Davis is a nine-year-old girl in New York. On a cold night in December, her family is standing around the kitchen table while she lights a candle. The table is decorated with baskets of fruits and vegetables and ears of com for Shantelle and her two brothers.

“This candle represents umoja, an African word that means being together,”Shantelle says. “That's the most important thing for a family. ”

Tonight is the first night of Kwanzaa, and Shantelle is spending the holiday with her family. More than 5 million African Americans celebrate Kwanzaa every year from December 26 until January I. It's a time when they get together with their families to think about their history and their ancestors in Africa.

Kwanzaa is very unusual because it was started by one man. In 1966, an American named Maulana Karenga wanted a holiday for African-Americans to honor their culture and traditions. So he used words and customs from Africa to create a new celebration. He took the name Kwanzaa from the words for “first fruits” in Swahili, an African language. At first, a few American families had small celebrations at home. Now there are also Kwanzaa events in schools and public places， and Kwanzaa has spread to other countries like Canada and Jamaica.

The main symbol of Kwanzaa is a candleholder with seven candles, one for each of the principles of Kwanzaa. Each night, a family member lights one of the candles and talks about the idea it represents： being together, being yourself, helping each other, sharing, having a goal， creating, and believing. The candles are red, black, and green, the colors of Kwanzaa. The parents also pour drinks to honor family members who have died. On the last night of Kwanzaa, there is a big dinner with African food, and children receive small presents.

Today people can buy Kwanzaa greeting cards and special Kwanzaa clothes. Stores sell Kwanzaa candles and candleholders. Some people don't believe that Kwanzaa is a real holiday， because it's so new. But other people say that customs and celebrations are always changing and that Kwanzaa shows what is important in people's lives.

Shantelle Davis says she likes Kwanzaa because it's fun. “But I also learn new things every year," she says.

词汇：

ancestor n.祖宗，祖先

be decorated with 由……所装饰

honor vt. 尊敬,使荣幸; n.荣誉,尊敬

ears of com玉米穗

candleholder n.烛台

注释：

1. It's a time when they get together with their families to think about their history and their ancestors in Africa.这段时间里他们和家人待在一起缅怀他们的历史和非洲的祖先。

2. ... shows what is important in people's lives. ……展现了人们生活中重要的东西。

练习：

1. Kwanzaa is celebrated at the end of the year.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

2. Kwanzaa is a holiday for African-Americans.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

3. Kwanzaa is a very old holiday.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

4. People in Africa celebrate Kwanzaa.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

5. People spend a lot of time with their families during Kwanzaa.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

6. Children receive presents at the end of Kwanzaa.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

7. Everyone thinks Kwanzaa is an important holiday.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

答案与题解：

1. A在第三段第二行我们可以发现：超过500万的非洲裔美国人每年从12月26日到1月1日庆祝宽扎节。所以题干的表述(人们在年底庆祝宽扎节)是正确的,答案为A。

2. A从第四段前四行所述的内容中我们可以发现：为了向自己的文化和传统致敬,1966年美国人马拉那?卡林加为非洲裔美国人创立了宽扎节。因此，题干的表述(宽扎节是为非洲裔美国人创立的节日)是正确的，答案为A。

3. B在第二题中我们知道宽扎节创立于1966年，并且文中第六段第三行也提到：一些人认为宽扎节的历史并不久远。所以，从以上两点我们可以得出结论：题干的表述(宽扎节的历史非常悠久)是错误的,答案为B。

4. C从整篇文章中我们知道宽扎节最初是为非洲裔美国人创立的，之后宽扎节的传统又流传到诸如加拿大、牙买加等其他国家(这一信息可以从第四段最后一行得到)。但是文中并未提及非洲人民是否也庆祝宽扎节，因此这一题的题干信息(非洲人民庆祝宽扎节)并没在文中给出答案为C0

5. A在段最后两行中，作者提到：这段时间里非洲裔美国人和家人待在一起緬怀历史和非洲的祖先。所以题干中的表述 (宽扎节期间人民花很多时间和家人待在一起)是正确的，答案为A。

6. A在第五段最后两行中，作者提到：在宽扎节的最后一夜会有一顿非洲风味的大餐,并且孩子们会收到小礼物。所以，题干的表述(孩子们在宽扎节即将结束时收到礼物)是正确的，答案为A。

7. B在第六段第二行末尾，作者提到：由于宽扎节的历史并不久远，一些人认为它并不是一个真正的节日。从这里我们可以看出题干的表述(每个人都认为宽扎节是一个重要的节日)不正确，故答案为B。

参考译文

第十二篇开始新的传统

珊特尔?戴维斯是一位九岁的纽约小女孩。12月的一个寒夜，珊特尔?戴维斯的家人都围站在餐桌边看着她点亮一支蜡烛。水果蔬菜篮子和玉米穗装饰着这个餐桌，这些都是给珊特尔和她的两个兄弟的。

“这支蜡烛代表umoja，在非洲这个词意味着在一起，”珊特尔说，“这是家庭中最重要的事。”

今晚是宽扎节的第一个晚上，珊特尔正和她的家人待在一起。超过500万的非洲裔美国人每年从12月26日到1月1日庆祝宽扎节。这段时间里他们和家人聚在一起缅怀他们的历史和非洲的祖先。

宽扎节非常独特，因为它是由一个人创立的。在1966年，一个名叫马拉那?卡林加的美国人想要为非洲裔美国人创立一个节日来向他们的文化和传统致敬。因此他利用非洲的语言和习俗来创造一个新的传统。他将节日命名为宽扎节，这个词来源于非洲语言斯瓦西里语;在斯瓦西里语中，宽扎节的意思是“最初的果实。”一开始，只有少数一些美国家庭在家进行小规模庆祝。现如今学校和公共场所也有宽扎节的庆祝活动。并且宽扎节巳经流传到诸如加拿大、牙买加等其他国家。

一个放着七支蜡烛的烛台是宽扎节的主要标志，每支蜡烛代表宽扎节一个信条。每天晚上都会由一个家庭成员点亮一支蜡烛，并谈论这支蜡烛所代表的信条：在一起，做自己，互帮互助，懂得分享，拥有目标，有创造性和有信仰。这些蜡烛有红的、黑的和绿的，这是宽扎节的颜色。父母们也为逝去的家庭成员斟上喝的以此来纪念他们。在宽扎节的最后一夜会有一顿非洲风味的大餐，并且孩子们会收到小礼物。

现如今人们能买到宽扎节的贺卡和特制的宽扎节的衣服。商店里销售宽扎节的蜡烛和烛台。由于宽扎节的历史并不久远，一些人认为它并不是一个真正的节日;但是也有人说习俗和庆祝仪式总在发生变化，宽扎节向我们展现了人们生活中重要的东西。

珊特尔?戴维斯说她喜欢宽扎节，因为它很有趣。“但是每年我也会学到新的东西，”她谈道

2013职称英语综合类教材新增内容：阅读理解第三篇

第三篇 Shark Attack!

Craig Rogers was sitting on his surfboard, scanning the distance for his next wave，when his board suddenly stopped moving. He looked down and was terrified to see a great white shark biting the front of his board. “I could have touched its eye with my elbow,”says Craig. The shark had surfaced so quietly that he hadn’t heard a thing.

In his horror and confusion，he waved his arms and accidentally cut two of his fingers on the shark’s teeth. He then slid off the opposite side of his surfboard into the water. Then, with Craig in the water and blood flowing from his fingers，the five-meter-long shark simply swam away, disappearing into the water below.

Although sharks are often categorized as killers that hunt and eat as many humans as they can, this is factually inaccurate. Sharks very rarely kill humans. A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark. Only 74 people have been reported killed by great whites in the last century. But great white sharks can reach six meters in length and weigh 2,200 kilograms or more. With frightening jaws that can hold up to 3,000 teeth arranged in several rows，they could very easily kill and eat a helpless human in the water. Why is it, then, that most people survive attacks by great whites? Shark researchers are trying to comprehend the reasons that allow people to escape without being eaten.

The most common explanation is that great whites don’t see well. It has been thought that they mistake people for the seals or sea lions which make up a large part of their diet. There is reason to doubt this，however. Recent information shows that great whites can actually see very well. Also， when attacking seals, great whites shoot up to the surface and bite with great force. When approaching humans, however, they most often move in slowly and bite less hard. They soon discover that humans are not a high —fat meal. “They spit us out because we’re too bony,” says Aidan Martin，director of Reef Quest Center for Shark Research.

Shark researchers like Martin hypothesize that great whites are actually curious animals that like to investigate things. It’s possible that they use their bite not only to kill and eat, but also to gather information. Although such an experience is unlucky for people like Craig Rogers, when sharks bite surfboards or other objects or people，they are likely just trying to learn what they are.

词汇：

scan vt审视，细看,浏览

elbow n.肘，肘部

surface n, 表面，外表;vi.浮出水面，浮现

drown vi.淹死，溺死

注释：

1. ... cut two of his fingers on the shark’s teeth.被鲨鱼咬掉了两个指头。

2. A person has a greater chance of being struck by lightning or drowning in a bath than of being killed by a shark.比起被鲨鱼杀死,人类更有可能被闪电击中或是淹死在浴缸中。

练习：

1. After Craig Rogers fell into the water, the shark_________.

A) bit his surfboard

B) bit his fingers

C) swam away

D) attacked him

2. It is difficult for the author to understand why great whites_________.

A) often let humans escape

B) kill humans

C) have so many teeth

D) grow to six meters or more

3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to make up in line 2 of paragraph 4?

A) create.

B) are.

C) increase.

D) depend upon.

4. The word their in line 2 of paragraph 4 means_________.

A) people’s

B) great whites’

C) sea lions’

D) seals’

5. What is the main idea of the fourth paragraph?

A) Great whites eat low-fat, bony meals more slowly.

B) Great whites see well enough to include seals, sea lions, and humans in their diet.

C) We now know great whites don’t mistake humans for other animals.

D) There is reason to doubt that great whites see well enough to attack humans.

答案与题解：

1. C选项A(鲨鱼咬冲浪板)和B(鲨鱼咬他的手指)两个选项发生在Craig落水之前，故排除这两项。从第二段第三行可以得到如下信息：当Craig落入水中，手指上的鲜血在水中散开之时，这条五米长的鲨鱼却自己游走了。此信息排除了选项D(鲨鱼攻击他)，因此答案为C (鲨鱼自己游走了)。

2. A从第二段第一行我们可以看出：鲨鱼被人类视为杀手，这是一条常识，很容易理解，因此选项B(杀人)被排除。而选项C(有很多牙)和D(长到六米长或是更长)只是对鲨鱼的简单描述，也属于常识;而且文中并未出现对它们的质疑，说明作者也默认了这两条常识。因此选项C和D也被排除。所以答案是A(常常让人类逃脱)，这在文中第三段得到了验证，第三段整段就是在说虽然鲨鱼可以轻松杀死人类，但是它们却很少杀人。第三段最后两行甚至提到就连鲨鱼研究者们都在尽力寻找人类屡屡能鲨口逃生的原因，这就更能证明选项 A是正确答案。

3. B本题要求读者根据上下文的语境猜测第四段第二行斜体标出的词组make up的意思。结合make up词组前出现的单词seal和sea lion以及它后面出现的词组a large part of their diet,通过常识我们可以猜出：海豹和海狮应该是鲨鱼的主要食物来源。比对四个选项，我们可以发现选项A(创造)、选项C(增加)和选项D(依靠)在意思上都说不通，代入原文无法构成有意义的一句话。因此只有选项B(是)在意思上和make up最为接近，代入原文也说得通。在本文中，词组make up的意思为：组成，构成。

4. B本题要求读者根据上下文的语境猜测第四段第二行斜体标出的单词their的意思。结合第四段前两行的内容，我们可以很容易推测出，在这里their指代的是the great whites(大白鲨)，因此答案为B。

第十一篇 When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach

Our senses aren’t just delivering 汪 strict view of what’s going on in the world; they’re affected by what’s going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly than people who’ve just eaten.

Psychologists have known for decades that what’s going on,inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis，France，wanted to investigate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain’s high-level thinking processes get involved.

Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.

For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word，each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they’d seen — a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.

Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this means that the difference is in perception ,not in thinking processes, Radel says.

“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs,” Radel says.

词汇：

threshold n.起点，开端;门槛

disposal n.处理,处置;配置

neutral adj.中性的;中立的

motive n.动机，目的

strive v.努力，力求;斗争注释：

1. Our senses aren’ t just delivering a strict view of ... in our heads:这个句子的大概意思是:我们的五官感觉不仅仅让我们感知世界;五官感觉还受大脑活动的影响。

2. University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis:法国尼斯?索菲亚?安提波利斯大学，简称尼斯大学，1965年经法国政令正式宣布成立。尼斯大学在尼斯市设有7处主校园，另外，还在索菲亚?安提波利斯市(Sophia Antipolis)、戛纳市(Cannes)和芒东市(Menton)设有校区。索菲亚?安提波利斯是位于尼斯市西南侧的科技园区，是许多髙等学府的所在地。

3. body mass index:身体质量指数

4. at the threshold of:当……快要开始时

5. in perception：感知

6. at the disposal of:受到……的控制

练习：

1. What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find?

A Hungry people see every word more clearly than ordinary people.

B Hungry people are always thinking of food-related words.

C Hungry people are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.

D Hungry people do not have lower-level of thinking process.

2. Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment?

A Because hungry people needed time to fill their stomach.

B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testees, hungry and non-hungry.

C Because noon was not the right time for any experiment.

D Because Radel needed time to select participants in terms of body mass index.

3. What does the writer want to tell us?

A Human9s senses aren’t just delivering a strict view of what’s going on in the world.

B What’s perceived by our senses affects our way of thinking.

C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs.

D Thinking processes guarantee the normal functions of our senses.

4. What did the results of the experiment indicate?

A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive.

B Hungry people were better at identifying neutral words.

C People who had just eaten were better at identifying food-related words.

D The participants could barely perceive what they needed or what they strived for.

5. What can we infer from the passage?

A 42 participants are too small a number for a serious investigation.

B An experiment with hungry and non-hungry participants is not reliable.

C Our thinking processes are independent of our senses.

D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes.

答案与题解：

1. C第一段第二句是本题答案的依据。饥肠辘辘的人只是看food-related words比较清楚，选项C的句意与上述句子的意思完全一致，是答案。选项A说的是every word, 所以不是答案。选项B和D文章中没有提到。

2. B答案的根据可在第三段找到。Radel为了保证42名学生到达实验室时是空腹，所以要求他们中午到达。然后告诉一部分学生实验时间推迟了，请他们10分钟后再来。他又请另外一部分学生用午餐。Radel用推迟实验的方法造就了两组实验者，即饥饿组与饱食组。选项B是答案。

3. C 虽然A、B、D选项均可在文中找到对应部分，但只属于细节，而非主旨，因此不能选。本文最后一句给出了直接的答案。

4. A第四段第三行中consciously与A项中的intentionally是同义词。B项neutral意思为“中性的”，在本文中的意思是与food-related相对的，即“与食物不相关的”，因此是错误选择; C 项不符合课文原意; D项barely意为“仅仅，勉强，几乎没有”，因此也不符合句意。

5. D选项A所说的实验样本的大小与本题主旨无关，不是答案，而是干扰项;B、C内容也不能直接从短文中推断出来。选项D是答案。最后一段第二句的“Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for”为选择 D 项提供了依据。

参考译文

第十一篇我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口

我们的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界;还受大脑活动的影响。一项新研究发现：比起那些刚

刚用过餐的人，饥饿的人能更清晰地看到与食品有关的词。

数十年以来，心理学家已经知道我们的心理活动直接影响到我们的视觉。例如，贫穷的孩子看到的硬币比实际的要大;饥饿的人看到的食物图片更明亮。法国的尼斯?索菲亚?安提波利斯大学试图调查这一现象：发生这种情况的时间是在大脑从眼睛接收到视觉信号的即时还是稍后些，这时高级思维活动已经介入了。

雷戴尔招募了健康指数正常的42位学生作为被试者。在测试的当天，每个学生被告知在中午到达实验室，这时距上一次的用餐时间有3?4个小时。等他们到达实验室时，他们被告知实验时间有延迟。一半学生被告知十分钟后再回来;其余的给1个小时的时间先吃午饭。所以一半学生饿着肚子，另一半学生饱腹参加了此次实验。

实验的步骤如下：要求被试者看电脑屏幕。屏幕上的80个字以1/300秒的频率闪动。由于字体非常之小，被试者只能凭感觉捕捉到字形。1/4的字是与食物有关的。每闪动一个字，被试者回答字体的亮度并选择看到的是哪类词：一类是和食物有关的词，比如“蛋糕”;一类是中性词，比如“船”。由于每个词的闪动在瞬间完成，被试者根本看不清楚那个词是什么。

饥饿的人看到与食物有关的词更明亮，且能更好地辨认出与食物有关的词。由于每个词的闪动太快，其实那些被试者根本不会确切地看到什么，这就说明：他们只是感觉不同，根本没经过思考。雷戴尔给出了这样的解释。

雷戴尔说：“这就是重点所在。人类可以真正感知到自身的需要或者为之奋斗的目标。该实验使我了解这样的事实，即我们的大脑是受我们的动机和需要所支配的。

2013职称英语综合类教材新增内容：概括大意第五篇

第五篇 US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty

1 The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world1 ? Health and Human Services Secretary Tommy Thompson signed the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) this week at the United Nations. The Senate must still approve the treaty before the US can implement its provisions.

2 The FCTC was developed by the World Health Organization and approved by members of the World Health Assembly，including the United States，last year. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.

3 For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack3. The treaty calls for higher tobacco taxes, restrictions on smoking in public places, and more promotion of tobacco prevention and cessation programs. It also requires bans on tobacco advertising, though there are some exceptions for countries like the United States, where the Constitution prohibits such an outright ban.

4 The impact of the treaty could be huge. The World Health Organization estimates that tobacco use kills nearly

5 million people worldwide every year. In the US alone, about 440,000 people die each year from tobacco-related illnesses ; about one-third

of all cancers in the US are caused by tobacco use. If current trends continue, WHO estimates, by 2025 tobacco will kill 10 million people each year.

5 The treaty must be ratified by at least 40 countries before it can take effect. So far，109 countries have signed it, and 12 have ratified it.

词汇：

ratify vt 批准;认可

enact vt.使(法案等)成为法律;通过 (法案等);颁布(法令等)

cessation n.停止，休止

advertising n.做广告,登广告

prohibit v.禁止;不准

outright adj.完全的,彻底的

注释：

1. The United States has taken the first step toward approving a global tobacco treaty that promises to help control the deadly effects of tobacco use throughout the world.美国朝着批准一项全球性烟草协议迈出了第一步。该协议有望在世界范围内控制使用烟草所产生的致命性影响。

2. Countries that ratify it would be required to enact strict tobacco control policies.批准该协议的国家将被要求制定严格的烟草控制政策。

3. For instance, cigarettes sold in those countries would have to have health warnings on at least 30% of the front and back of every pack.例如，在那些国家出售的香烟将必须在每包烟正反面至少30%的地方注明吸烟有害健康的警告。

练习：

1. Paragraph 2______

2. Paragraph 3______

3. Paragraph 4_____

4. Paragraph 5_____

A. What the FCTC Demands

B US Signing of the FCTC

C Opposition to the FCTC

D How the FCTC Came into Bejing

E What the FCTC Will Bring about

F Ratification of the FCT

5. Signing the FCTC is only the first step toward__________.

6. Countries that ratify the FCTC will have to, among other things, __________.

7. It is hoped that the FCTC will greatly help to reduce deaths__________.

8. Much more countries have signed the FCTC than those that__________.

A have ratified it

B approving it

C implement its provisions

D restrict smoking in public places

E caused by tobacco usd

F including higher tobacco taxed

答案与题解：

1. B文章第一段主要讲美国朝着批准一项全球性烟草协议迈出了第一步，这一步指的就是美国本周在联合国签署了烟草控制框架性协议(FCTC)—事。

2. D文章第二段简要介绍了烟草控制框架性协议的形成过程。

3. A文章第三段列举了烟草控制框架性协议的一些具体要求。

4. E文章第四段通过列举吸烟所造成的危害旨在说明实施烟草控制框架性协议将产生的影响。

5. B通过文章的第一句可知，签署烟草控制框架性协议只是批准该协议的第一步。

6. D文章第二段说，通过烟草控制框架性协议的国家必须实施严格的烟草控制措施,而文章的第三段便列举了具体应实施的措施，其中便包括限制在公共场所吸烟。

7. E文章第四段的第一句说，实施烟草控制框架性协议将产生巨大的影响。接下来便列举了吸烟所造成的巨大危害。可见人们希望该协议的实施将大大减少吸烟所造成的危害，尤其是大量的死亡。

8. A从文章的第五段可知，签署烟草控制框架性协议的国家的数量大大超过通过该协议的国家的数量。

参考译文

第五篇美国签订了全球烟草协议

美国朝着批准一项全球性烟草协议迈出了第一步。该协议有望在世界范围内控制使用烟草所产生的致命性影响。卫生和人类服务大臣托米?汤普森本周在联合国签署了烟草控制框架性协议(FCTC)。在美国能够实施其条款之前参议院还必须要批准这个协议。

FCTC是由世界卫生组织制定的，并且是由世界卫生大会的成员们去年批准的，其中包括美国。批准该协议的国家将被要求制定严格的烟草控制政策。

例如，在那些国家出售的香烟将必须在每包烟的正反面至少30%的地方注明吸烟有害健康的警告。这个协议呼吁对烟草收取更多的税，限制在公共场所吸烟和进一步推动禁止烟草的计划。它还要求禁止烟草广告，但是对像美国这样的国家有例外，这些国家的宪法禁止这么直率的禁令。

这个协议的影响可能是巨大的。世界卫生组织估计世界上每年有500万人因为吸烟而死亡。仅在美国，每年大约有44万人死于与烟草相关的疾病;美国所有的癌症中约有1/3是因为吸烟导致的。如果目前的趋势持续的话，世界卫生组织估计，到2025年烟草将每年夺取一千万人的生命。

这个协议至少被40个国家批准才能生效。到目前为止，109个国家已经签订了这个协议，12个国家已经批准了它。

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2015年职称英语考试综合类A级教材字典版

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/858381699.html,/ .375. School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found