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美国统一商法典中英

美国统一商法典中英
美国统一商法典中英

美国统一商法典Uniform Commercial Code

2008-7-29【大中小】

U.C.C. - ARTICLE 1 - GENERAL PROVISIONS

PART 1. GENERAL PROVISIONS [Table of Contents]

§ 1-101. Short Titles.

(a)This [Act] may be cited as the Uniform Commercial Code.

(b)This article may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code-General Provisions.

§ 1-102. Scope of Article.

This article applies to a transaction to the extent that it is governed by another article of [the Uniform Commercial Code].

§ 1-103. Construction of [Uniform Commercial Code] to Promote its Purposes and Policies: Applicability of Supplemental Principles of Law.

(a)[The Uniform Commercial Code] must be liberally construed and applied to promote its underlying purposes and policies, which are: (1)to simplify, clarify, and modernize the law governing commercial transactions; (2)to permit the continued expansion of commercial practices through custom, usage, and agreement of the parties; and (3)to make uniform the law among the various jurisdictions.

(b)Unless displaced by the particular provisions of [the Uniform Commercial Code], the principles of law and equity, including the law merchant and the law relative to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, bankruptcy, and other validating or invalidating cause supplement its provisions.

第1—101条简称

本法称为并可被引用为《统一商法典》。

第1—102条宗旨;解释原则;通过协议改变本法条款的效力

1.本法应作灵活的解释和适用,以促进本法之基本宗旨的实现。

2.本法之基本宗旨为:

a.使调整商业交易的法律更加简洁、明确并适应现代要求;

b.使商业作法能够通过习惯、行业惯例和当事方协议不断获得发展;

c.使各州调整商业交易的法律归于统一。

3.在本法没有相反规定的情况下,本法各条款的效力可以通过当事方的协议加以改变。本法规定的善意、勤勉、合理和注意的义务,不得通过协议加以排除;但是,当事方可以通过协议确定履行这些义务的标准。所确定的标准不得明显不合理。

4.本法某些条款包含有“除非另有协议”或类似词句,这并不意味着未包含此类词句的其它条款的效力就不可以通过本条第3款所规定的协议加以改变。

5.除上下文另有所指外,在本法中,

a.单数词包含复数含义,复数词包含单数含义;

b.阳性词包含阴性含义和中性含义;在可以得到合理解释时,中性词包含任何词性的含义。

§ 1-104. Construction Against Implied Repeal.

[The Uniform Commercial Code] being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.

§ 1-105. Severability.

If any provision or clause of [the Uniform Commercial Code] or its application to any person

or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of [the Uniform Commercial Code] which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of [the Uniform Commercial Code] are severable.

第1—103条一般法律原则应作为本法的补充

在本法没有具体条款予以排除的情况下,普通法和衡平法的各项原则,包括商人法和涉及合同能力、本人和代理人、禁止反悔、欺诈、虚伪说明、胁迫、强制、错误或破产的法律,或其它使合同生效或失效的法律,应作为本法的补充。

第1—104条不作默示废除之解释

本法是一部旨在统一其领域内法律规范的一般法。在可以合理避免的情况下,本法的任何部分均不应被认为被本法以后的立法所默示废除。

第1—105条本法的地域效力;当事方选择适用法的权力

1.除本条后述另有规定外,如果一项交易同时与本州和它州或它国有合理联系,当事方可以协议选择本州法律或它州或它国法律作为确定他们权利和义务的法律。如果无协议,本法适用于与本州有适当联系的交易。

2.当本法下列任何条款对适用法作出规定时,应按条款之规定适用有关的适用法;相反之协议,只在所规定之适用法(包括冲突法规范)允许的范围内才有效:

债权人对已售出之货物的权利第2—402条;

银行存款和收款篇的适用第4—102条;

受大宗转让篇约束的大宗转让第6—102条;

投资证券篇中的法律适用问题第8—106条;

担保交易篇中有关担保权益之完善的条款第9—103条。

§ 1-106. Use of Singular and Plural; Gender.

In [the Uniform Commercial Code], unless the statutory context otherwise requires: (1)words in the singular number include the plural, and those in the plural include the singular; and (2)words of any gender also refer to any other gender.

§ 1-107. Section Captions.

Section captions are part of [the Uniform Commercial Code].

§ 1-108. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act.

This article modifies, limits, and supersedes the federal Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, 15 U.S.C. Section 7001 et seq., except that nothing in this article modifies, limits, or supersedes Section 7001(c)of that Act or authorizes electronic delivery of any of the notices described in Section 7003(b)of that Act.

第1—106条灵活提供救济

1.应为使受损方尽可能地恢复到另一方充分履行义务时他本应达到的状态而灵活提供本法所规定的救济;但除非本法或其它法律另有特别规定,受损方无权就间接损失或特别损失取得赔偿,也无权取得惩罚性赔偿。

2.本法所规定的任何权利或义务,均可通过诉讼强制执行,除非设定此种权利或义务的条款另有不同的和限制性的规定。

第1—107条放弃因对方违约而产生的请求权或其它权利

受损方可在签署并交付书面弃权声明后无对价地全部或部分放弃因对方违约而产生的请求权或其它权利。

第1—108条条款的独立性

如果本法的任何条款或其对任何人或任何情况的适用被判决无效,此种无效不应影响本法的

其它条款或其适用,除非此种无效必然导致该其它条款或其适用的无效。在此种意义上,本法的各条款是独立的。

第1—109条标题

本法各条的标题均为本法的组成部分。

PART 2. GENERAL DEFINITIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF INTERPRETATION [Table of Contents]

§ 1-201. General Definitions.

(a)Unless the context otherwise requires, words or phrases defined in this section, or in the additional definitions contained in other articles of [the Uniform Commercial Code] that apply to particular articles or parts thereof, have the meanings stated.

(b)Subject to definitions contained in other articles of [the Uniform Commercial Code] that apply to particular articles or parts thereof:

(1)"Action", in the sense of a judicial proceeding, includes recoupment, counterclaim, set-off, suit in equity, and any other proceeding in which rights are determined.

(2)"Aggrieved party" means a party entitled to pursue a remedy.

(3)"Agreement", as distinguished from "contract", means the bargain of the parties in fact, as found in their language or inferred from other circumstances, including course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade as provided in Section 1-303.

(4)"Bank" means a person engaged in the business of banking and includes a savings bank, savings and loan association, credit union, and trust company.

(5)"Bearer" means a person in possession of a negotiable instrument, document of title, or certificated security that is payable to bearer or indorsed in blank.

(6)"Bill of lading" means a document evidencing the receipt of goods for shipment issued by a person engaged in the business of transporting or forwarding goods.

(7)"Branch" includes a separately incorporated foreign branch of a bank.

(8)"Burden of establishing" a fact means the burden of persuading the trier of fact that the existence of the fact is more probable than its nonexistence.

(9)"Buyer in ordinary course of business" means a person that buys goods in good faith, without knowledge that the sale violates the rights of another person in the goods, and in the ordinary course from a person, other than a pawnbroker, in the business of selling goods of that kind. A person buys goods in the ordinary course if the sale to the person comports with the usual or customary practices in the kind of business in which the seller is engaged or with the seller's own usual or customary practices. A person that sells oil, gas, or other minerals at the wellhead or minehead is a person in the business of selling goods of that kind. A buyer in ordinary course of business may buy for cash, by exchange of other property, or on secured or unsecured credit, and may acquire goods or documents of title under a preexisting contract for sale. Only a buyer that takes possession of the goods or has a right to recover the goods from the seller under Article 2 may be a buyer in ordinary course of business. "Buyer in ordinary course of business" does not include a person that acquires goods in a transfer in bulk or as security for or in total or partial satisfaction of a money debt.

(10)"Conspicuous", with reference to a term, means so written, displayed, or presented that a reasonable person against which it is to operate ought to have noticed it. Whether a term is "conspicuous" or not is a decision for the court. Conspicuous terms include the following: (A)a

heading in capitals equal to or greater in size than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same or lesser size; and (B)language in the body of a record or display in larger type than the surrounding text, or in contrasting type, font, or color to the surrounding text of the same size, or set off from surrounding text of the same size by symbols or other marks that call attention to the language.

第二章一般定义和解释原则

第1—201条一般定义

除本法以后各篇为适用该篇或其任何一章而对下列定义作出补充定义或上下文另有所指外,在本法中,

1.“诉讼”包括反诉、反请求、债务抵销、衡平诉讼以及其它任何确定权利的法律程序。2.“受损方”指有权获得救济的当事方。

3.“协议”指当事方事实上达成的合意。此种合意可以根据当事方使用的语言得到证实,也可以根据其它客观情况,包括本法所规定的交易过程、行业惯例或履约过程(第1—205条,第2—208条),得到推定证实。协议是否产生法律后果,在可能的情况下应依本法条款予以确定;否则,应依合同法原则予以确定(第1—103条)。(请比较“合同”)4.“银行”指任何从事银行业务的人。

5.“持票人”指占有凭票付款(或交货)或空白背书票据、所有权凭证或证券的人。6.“提单”指由从事货物运输或递送业务的人开出的证明收到待运货物的单据,包括空运单。“空运单”指空运货物时能起到与海运或铁路运输提单相同之作用的单据,包括空运托运单或空运货单。

7.“分行”包括银行在外州或外国独立注册登记的分行。

8.对某项事实承担“举证责任”,指承担说服事实之审判员,使其相信该事实存在之可能性大于其不存在之可能性的责任。

9.“正常业务中的买方”指在不了解所售货物侵犯了第三方之所有权或担保权益的情况下以善意通过正常方式向从事该种货物销售之卖方买进货物的人。此处的卖方不包括典当商。所有在井源或矿源销售矿物或类似物质(包括石油和天然气)的人,均应被视为从事该种货物销售的人。“买进”既指用现金买,也指用其它财产交换或利用有担保或无担保之信用赊买,也包括依据前存买卖合同收取货物或所有权凭证,但不包括大宗转让,也不包括为担保金钱债务所作的转让,以及为部分或全部清偿金钱债务所作的转让。

10.“醒目”:任何条款或句子,如果其书写方式使作为其阅读对象的通情达理的人在阅读时不至忽略,即为醒目。印刷的大写标题属于醒目(如大写的“不可流通提单”)。表格中间的任何字句,如果使用较大字体或使用其它明显不同的字体或颜色,即为醒目。电报中的任何字句均为醒目。条款或句子是否醒目,由法院判定。

(11)"Consumer" means an individual who enters into a transaction primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.

(12)"Contract", as distinguished from "agreement", means the total legal obligation that results from the parties' agreement as determined by [the Uniform Commercial Code] as supplemented by any other applicable laws.

(13)"Creditor" includes a general creditor, a secured creditor, a lien creditor, and any representative of creditors, including an assignee for the benefit of creditors, a trustee in bankruptcy, a receiver in equity, and an executor or administrator of an insolvent debtor's or

assignor's estate.

(14)"Defendant" includes a person in the position of defendant in a counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party claim.

(15)"Delivery", with respect to an instrument, document of title, or chattel paper, means voluntary transfer of possession.

(16)"Document of title" includes bill of lading, dock warrant, dock receipt, warehouse receipt or order for the delivery of goods, and also any other document which in the regular course of business or financing is treated as adequately evidencing that the person in possession of it is entitled to receive, hold, and dispose of the document and the goods it covers. To be a document of title, a document must purport to be issued by or addressed to a bailee and purport to cover goods in the bailee's possession which are either identified or are fungible portions of an identified mass.

(17)"Fault" means a default, breach, or wrongful act or omission.

(18)"Fungible goods" means: (A)goods of which any unit, by nature or usage of trade, is the equivalent of any other like unit; or (B)goods that by agreement are treated as equivalent.

(19)"Genuine" means free of forgery or counterfeiting.

(20)"Good faith," except as otherwise provided in Article 5, means honesty in fact and the observance of reasonable commercial standards of fair dealing.

(21)"Holder" means: (A)the person in possession of a negotiable instrument that is payable either to bearer or to an identified person that is the person in possession; or (B)the person in possession of a document of title if the goods are deliverable either to bearer or to the order of the person in possession.

11.“合同”指当事方通过协议而承担的受本法或其它适用法约束的全部法律义务。(请比较“协议”)

12.“债权人”包括普通债权人、担保债权人、留置权债权人以及债权人的任何代表。此种代表包括代表债权人利益的受让与人、破产管理人、衡平法中的清算人,以及破产债务人或让与人之财产的执行人或管理人。

13.“被告”包括反诉和反请求中处于被告地位的人。

14.涉及票据、所有权凭证、动产契据和投资证券时,“交付”指自愿转移占有。

15.“所有权凭证”包括提单、码头收货单、码头收据、仓单或书面交货指示,也包括任何在正常商业或金融业务中足以证明凭证占有人有权利接收、持有或处置凭证或其所代表之货物的其它凭证。一项凭证要成为所有权凭证,它必须表示出,凭证系由货物保管人开出或是开给货物保管人的,并表示出凭证代表着由货物保管人占有的货物。此种货物必须或者是特定的,或者是特定的一批货物中具有种类物性质的一部分。

16.“过错”指不当行为、不履行义务或违约。

17.涉及货物或证券时,“种类物”指货物或证券的任何一个单位在本质上或根据行业惯例均与任何其它类似单位完全相同。在本法范围内,如果任何特定的协议或单据将不同种类的货物视为同种,则非种类物亦可被视为种类物。

18.“真实”指不存在伪造或仿造。

19.“善意”指有关行为或交易中事实上的诚实。

20.“执票人”指占有所有权凭证、票据或投资证券的人,且所占有的所有权凭证、票据或投资证券必须系对占有人或系对其指定人所开立,或系背书给该占有人或给其指定人,或系为凭票付款(或交货)式或空白背书式。

21.“兑付”指付款或指承兑并付款;或在信用证有规定时,指购买或贴现符合信用证条款的汇票。

(22)"Insolvency proceeding" includes an assignment for the benefit of creditors or other proceeding intended to liquidate or rehabilitate the estate of the person involved.

(23)"Insolvent" means: (A)having generally ceased to pay debts in the ordinary course of business other than as a result of bona fide dispute; (B)being unable to pay debts as they become due; or (C)being insolvent within the meaning of federal bankruptcy law.

(24)"Money" means a medium of exchange currently authorized or adopted by a domestic or foreign government. The term includes a monetary unit of account established by an intergovernmental organization or by agreement between two or more countries.

(25)"Organization" means a person other than an individual.

(26)"Party", as distinguished from "third party", means a person that has engaged in a transaction or made an agreement subject to [the Uniform Commercial Code].

(27)"Person" means an individual, corporation, business trust, estate, trust, partnership, limited liability company, association, joint venture, government, governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality, public corporation, or any other legal or commercial entity.

(28)"Present value" means the amount as of a date certain of one or more sums payable in the future, discounted to the date certain by use of either an interest rate specified by the parties if that rate is not manifestly unreasonable at the time the transaction is entered into or, if an interest rate is not so specified, a commercially reasonable rate that takes into account the facts and circumstances at the time the transaction is entered into.

(29)"Purchase" means taking by sale, lease, discount, negotiation, mortgage, pledge, lien, security interest, issue or reissue, gift, or any other voluntary transaction creating an interest in property.

(30)"Purchaser" means a person that takes by purchase.

22.“破产程序”或“破产诉讼”包括为债权人利益所作的财产总让与或其它旨在清算或重整债务人财产的程序。

23.“破产”指某人在正常业务中停止清偿债务,或在债务到期时无能力清偿,或被联邦破产法视为失去清偿能力。

24.“金钱”指由本国或外国政府授权或批准作为流通货币之一种的交换媒介。

25.一个人在下列情况下被视为已得到关于某一事实的“通知”:

a.他实际上已知道该事实;或

b.他已经收到有关该事实的通告;或

c.根据当时他所了解的各种事实和客观情况,他有理由知道该事实的存在。

一个人对某一事实实际上有所了解时,即为“知道”或“了解”该事实。“发现”或“得知”或含义相似的其它词句,指知道而不是有理由知道。通知失效的时间和条件,不由本法规定。26.任何人如果在通知他人时采取了正常的合理的通知方式,即被视为已“通知”他人或已向他人“作出”通知,而不论他人是否实际上了解该通知。一个人在下列情况下应被视为已“收到”通知:

a.他注意到了通知;或

b.通知被适当地送至他订立合同时的营业地,或送至因他的行为而使人认为适于接收此类通讯的其它地点。

27.涉及一项特定交易时,当一个组织内从事该交易的人注意到了该组织所收到的涉及该交易的通知时,通知即从该时起生效;无论如何,通知均从该组织行使适当勤勉时该人应该注意到该通知时起生效。如果一个组织具有合理的日常工作制度,使从事该交易的人能够得

到所有重要情况的通知,并且该组织实际上也遵守了这些制度,该组织即行使了适当勤勉。适当勤勉并不要求为该组织工作的某个人在其正常职责以外去传送通知,除非该人有理由知道该交易并有理由知道该通知对该交易有重大影响。

28.“组织”包括公司,政府或政府机构,商业信托公司,遗产管理委员会,信托基金会,合伙或联合体,两个或两个以上有共同或联带权益的人,或其它法律上或商业上的实体。29.“当事方”系与“第三方”相区别,指从事某种本法所规定的交易或订立某种本法所规定的协议的人。

30.“人”包括个人或组织(见第1—102条)。

(31)"Record" means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.

(32)"Remedy" means any remedial right to which an aggrieved party is entitled with or without resort to a tribunal.

(33)"Representative" means a person empowered to act for another, including an agent, an officer of a corporation or association, and a trustee, executor, or administrator of an estate.

(34)"Right" includes remedy.

(35)"Security interest" means an interest in personal property or fixtures which secures payment or performance of an obligation. "Security interest" includes any interest of a consignor and a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, a payment intangible, or a promissory note in a transaction that is subject to Article 9. "Security interest" does not include the special property interest of a buyer of goods on identification of those goods to a contract for sale under Section 2-505, the right of a seller or lessor of goods under Article 2 or 2A to retain or acquire possession of the goods is not a "security interest", but a seller or lessor may also acquire a "security interest" by complying with Article 9. The retention or reservation of title by a seller of goods notwithstanding shipment or delivery to the buyer under Section 2-401 is limited in effect to a reservation of a "security interest." Whether a transaction in the form of a lease creates a "security interest" is determined pursuant to Section 1-203.

(36)"Send" in connection with a writing, record, or notice means: (A)to deposit in the mail or deliver for transmission by any other usual means of communication with postage or cost of transmission provided for and properly addressed and, in the case of an instrument, to an address specified thereon or otherwise agreed, or if there be none to any address reasonable under the circumstances; or (B)in any other way to cause to be received any record or notice within the time it would have arrived if properly sent.

(37)"Signed" includes using any symbol executed or adopted with present intention to adopt or accept a writing.

(38)"State" means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.

(39)"Surety" includes a guarantor or other secondary obligor.

(40)"Term" means a portion of an agreement that relates to a particular matter.

31.“假定”指事实审的审判员在没有得到相反证明的情况下,必须认定所假定的事实是存在的。

32.“购买”包括通过下列方式取得财产:买卖、贴现、流通、抵押、质押、留置、发行或再发行、馈赠,或任何创设财产权益的其它自愿交易。

33.“购买人”指通过购买取得财产的人。

34.“救济”指受损方通过或不通过法院而取得救助的权利。

35.“代表”包括代理人、公司或联合体的行政管理人员,遗产的受托人或执行人或管理人,或任何被授权代表他人作为的人。

36.“权利”包括救济。

37.“担保权益”指对动产或不动产附着物所享有的作为付款或履行义务之担保的权益。卖方在货物已发运或已交付给买方后所保留的对货物的所有权(第2—401条),效力上只相当于保留“担保权益”。“担保权益”这个词还包括第九篇范围内之帐债或动产契据的买方所拥有的权益。第2—401条中所规定的货物特定于买卖合同项下后买方对货物所享有的特殊财产权,不属于“担保权益”,但买方可在满足第九篇的要求后取得“担保权益”。租赁或寄售中所保留的所有权不属于“担保权益”,但当事方确有设立担保之意图时除外;在任何情况下,寄售均受有关寄售之条款(第2—326条)的约束。租赁交易的当事方是否确有设立担保之意图,应根据当事案件的事实确定;但是(a)购买选择权本身并不证明存在设立担保之意图;(b)如果协议规定,在满足租赁条件之后,承租人不需另外支付对价或只需支付形式对价即成为或可以成为财产的所有人,该项租赁中即存在设立担保之意图。38.涉及书面材料或通知时,“寄送”指在支付邮费或传送费并正确标明地址后将书面材料或通知交付邮寄或通过任何其它常用通讯手段交付传送。涉及票据时,应按票据上注明的地址或另外商定的地址交付传送;如果无此种地址,则应送往在当时条件下为合理的地址。如果收到书面材料或通知的时间不晚于适当寄送时该材料或通知应该到达的时间,即可认为寄送适当。

39.“签名”包括当事方意图认证一份书面材料时所作的或所使用的任何符号。

40.“担保人”包括保证人。

(41)"Unauthorized signature" means a signature made without actual, implied, or apparent authority. The term includes a forgery.

(42)"Warehouse receipt" means a receipt issued by a person engaged in the business of storing goods for hire.

(43)"Writing" includes printing, typewriting, or any other intentional reduction to tangible form. "Written" has a corresponding meaning.

41.“电报”包括通过无线电、电传机、电缆和任何机械传送方式或类似方式所传送的信息。

42.“条款”指协议中与某一特定问题有关的那一部分。

43.“无授权”签名或背书指未经实际授权、默示授权或表见授权而作的签名或背书,包括伪造的签名或背书。

44.“对价”:除涉及流通票据和银行收款时另有规定外(第3—303条,第4—208条,第4—209条),如果一个人在取得权利时同时作出下列行为,即为支付“对价”:a.承担有关提供信用的有约束力的义务;或提供即期信用,不论该信用是否已被提用,也不论他是否有权在收款遇到困难时作出倒帐;或

b.将取得的权利作为前存请求权的担保;或将其用来全部或部分地偿付此种请求权;或c.根据前存购买合同接受货物的交付;或

d.一般地讲,支付了足以支持简式合同的价值。

45.“仓单”指从事商业性货物存储业务的人开出的收据。

46.“书面”或“书写”包括印刷、打字或任何其它有意作出的可见记号。

§ 1-202. Notice; Knowledge.

(a)Subject to subsection (f), a person has "notice" of a fact if the person: (1)has actual knowledge of it; (2)has received a notice or notification of it; or (3)from all the facts and circumstances known to the person at the time in question, has reason to know that it exists.

(b)"Knowledge" means actual knowledge. "Knows" has a corresponding meaning.

(c)"Discover", "learn", or words of similar import refer to knowledge rather than to reason to know.

(d)A person "notifies" or "gives" a notice or notification to another person by taking such steps as may be reasonably required to inform the other person in ordinary course, whether or not the other person actually comes to know of it.

(e)Subject to subsection (f), a person "receives" a notice or notification when: (1)it comes to that person's attention; or (2)it is duly delivered in a form reasonable under the circumstances at the place of business through which the contract was made or at another location held out by that person as the place for receipt of such communications.

(f)Notice, knowledge, or a notice or notification received by an organization is effective for a particular transaction from the time it is brought to the attention of the individual conducting that transaction and, in any event, from the time it would have been brought to the individual's attention if the organization had exercised due diligence. An organization exercises due diligence if it maintains reasonable routines for communicating significant information to the person conducting the transaction and there is reasonable compliance with the routines. Due diligence does not require an individual acting for the organization to communicate information unless the communication is part of the individual's regular duties or the individual has reason to know of the transaction and that the transaction would be materially affected by the information.

第1—202条第三方的单据构成初步证据

形式适当并注明为提单、保险单或保险凭证、正式过磅单或检验单、领事发票,以及其它任何经合同授权或要求而由第三方开出的单据,构成其本身之权威性和真实性的初步证据,也构成该第三方之单据中所陈述之事实的初步证据。

§ 1-203. Lease Distinguished from Security Interest.

(a)Whether a transaction in the form of a lease creates a lease or security interest is determined by the facts of each case.

(b)A transaction in the form of a lease creates a security interest if the consideration that the lessee is to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is an obligation for the term of the lease and is not subject to termination by the lessee, and: (1)the original term of the lease is equal to or greater than the remaining economic life of the goods; (2)the lessee is bound to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods or is bound to become the owner of the goods; (3)the lessee has an option to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods for no additional consideration or for nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement; or (4)the lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for no additional consideration or for nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement.

(c)A transaction in the form of a lease does not create a security interest merely because: (1)the present value of the consideration the lessee is obligated to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is substantially equal to or is greater than the fair market value of

the goods at the time the lease is entered into; (2)the lessee assumes risk of loss of the goods; (3)the lessee agrees to pay, with respect to the goods, taxes, insurance, filing, recording, or registration fees, or service or maintenance costs; (4)the lessee has an option to renew the lease or to become the owner of the goods; (5)the lessee has an option to renew the lease for a fixed rent that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal at the time the option is to be performed; or (6)the lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for a fixed price that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market value of the goods at the time the option is to be performed.

(d)Additional consideration is nominal if it is less than the lessee's reasonably predictable cost of performing under the lease agreement if the option is not exercised. Additional consideration is not nominal if: (1)when the option to renew the lease is granted to the lessee, the rent is stated to be the fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal determined at the time the option is to be performed; or (2)when the option to become the owner of the goods is granted to the lessee, the price is stated to be the fair market value of the goods determined at the time the option is to be performed.

(e)The "remaining economic life of the goods" and "reasonably predictable" fair market rent, fair market value, or cost of performing under the lease agreement must be determined with reference to the facts and circumstances at the time the transaction is entered into.

§ 1-204. Value.

Except as otherwise provided in Articles 3, 4, [and] 5, [and 6], a person gives value for rights if the person acquires them: (1)in return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit, whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a charge-back is provided for in the event of difficulties in collection; (2)as security for, or in total or partial satisfaction of, a preexisting claim; (3)by accepting delivery under a preexisting contract for purchase; or (4)in return for any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract. 第1—203条善意的义务

对本法范围内的任何合同或义务,当事方均须以善意作出履行或寻求强制执行。

第1—204条时间;合理时间;“及时”

1.如果本法要求在合理时间内作出一项行为,当事方可以通过协议对此种时间作自由规定,只要所规定的时间不是明显不合理。

2.作出一项行为所需要的合理时间,应根据该行为的性质、目的和客观情况确定。3.如果一项行为在协议规定的时间内作出,或当协议无规定时在合理时间内作出,该行为即为“及时”。

§ 1-205. Reasonable time; Seasonableness.

(a)Whether a time for taking an action required by [the Uniform Commercial Code] is reasonable depends on the nature, purpose, and circumstances of the action.

(b)An action is taken seasonably if it is taken at or within the time agreed or, if no time is agreed, at or within a reasonable time.

§ 1-206. Presumptions.

Whenever [the Uniform Commercial Code] creates a "presumption" with respect to a fact, or provides that a fact is "presumed," the trier of fact must find the existence of the fact unless and until evidence is introduced that supports a finding of its nonexistence. 第1—205条交易过程和行业惯例

1.交易过程指特定交易的当事方在此交易之前做出的,可被合理地视为构成一种当事双方共同的理解基础,以解释他们之意图和其它行为的一系列行为。

2.行业惯例指进行交易的任何作法或方法,只要该作法或方法在一个地区、一种行业或一类贸易中已得到经常遵守,以至使人有理由相信它在现行交易中也会得到遵守。此种惯例是否存在及其适用范围,应作为事实问题加以证明。如果可以证明此种惯例已载入成文的贸易规范或类似的书面文件中,该规范或书面文件应由法院解释。

3.当事方之间的交易过程和当事方所从事之行业或贸易中的行业惯例,或当事方知道的或应该知道的行业惯例,使协议条款产生特定含义,并对协议条款起补充或限制作用。4.在合理的情况下,应将协议的明示条款与适用的交易过程或行业惯例作一致解释;如果此种解释不合理,明示条款的效力优于交易过程和行业惯例,交易过程的效力优于行业惯例。5.协议中任何一部分内容之履行地的行业惯例,应作为解释协议该部分之履行的依据。6.一方为证明某种有关的行业惯例而提供的证据,只有在该方曾已经适当地通知对方,使法院认为该通知已足以避免不公正地使对方感到意外时,该证据才可被法院接受。

第1—206条适用于本法未另作规定之动产的反欺诈法

1.除本条第2款另有规定外,一项动产买卖合同,在救济金额或价值超过5000美元时,如果缺乏书面材料证实:当事方已达成买卖合同,且合同规定了价格或确定价格的方法,且合同规定了可合理辨认的标的,且被要求强制执行的当事方或其授权代理人已在合同上签名,合同即不可通过诉讼或抗辩予以强制执行。

2.本条第1款不适用于货物买卖合同(第2—201条),也不适用于证券买卖合同(第8—319条)和担保协议(第9—203条)。

第1—207条在保留权利的情况下履行义务或作出允诺

明确声明保留权利的一方,即使以他方要求或提出的方式履约或允诺履约或同意履约,也不因此损害其明确保留的权利。“不受损害”、“保留异议”或类似词句,可以构成明确声明。

PART 3. TERRITORIAL APPLICABILITY AND GENERAL RULES [Table of Contents] § 1-301. Territorial Applicability; Parties' Power to Choose Applicable Law.

(a)In this section:

(1)"Domestic transaction" means a transaction other than an international transaction.

(2)"International transaction" means a transaction that bears a reasonable relation to a country other than the United States.

(b)This section applies to a transaction to the extent that it is governed by another article of the [Uniform Commercial Code].

(c)Except as otherwise provided in this section:

(1)an agreement by parties to a domestic transaction that any or all of their rights and obligations are to be determined by the law of this State or of another State is effective, whether or not the transaction bears a relation to the State designated; and

(2)an agreement by parties to an international transaction that any or all of their rights and obligations are to be determined by the law of this State or of another State or country is effective, whether or not the transaction bears a relation to the State or country designated.

(d)In the absence of an agreement effective under subsection (c), and except as provided in subsections (e)and (g), the rights and obligations of the parties are determined by the law that would be selected by application of this State's conflict of laws principles.

(e)If one of the parties to a transaction is a consumer, the following rules apply:

(1)An agreement referred to in subsection (c)is not effective unless the transaction bears a reasonable relation to the State or country designated.

(2)Application of the law of the State or country determined pursuant to subsection (c)or (d)may not deprive the consumer of the protection of any rule of law governing a matter within the scope of this section, which both is protective of consumers and may not be varied by agreement: (A)of the State or country in which the consumer principally resides, unless subparagraph (B)applies; or (B)if the transaction is a sale of goods, of the State or country in which the consumer both makes the contract and takes delivery of those goods, if such State or country is not the State or country in which the consumer principally resides.

(f)An agreement otherwise effective under subsection (c)is not effective to the extent that application of the law of the State or country designated would be contrary to a fundamental policy of the State or country whose law would govern in the absence of agreement under subsection (d).

(g)To the extent that [the Uniform Commercial Code] governs a transaction, if one of the following provisions of [the Uniform Commercial Code] specifies the applicable law, that provision governs and a contrary agreement is effective only to the extent permitted by the law so specified: (1)Section 2-402; (2)Sections 2A-105 and 2A-106; (3)Section 4-102; (4)Section 4A-507; (5)Section 5-116; [(6)Section 6-103;] (7)Section 8-110; (8)Sections 9-301 through 9-307.

§ 1-302. Variation by Agreement.

(a)Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b)or elsewhere in [the Uniform Commercial Code], the effect of provisions of [the Uniform Commercial Code] may be varied by agreement.

(b)The obligations of good faith, diligence, reasonableness, and care prescribed by [the Uniform Commercial Code] may not be disclaimed by agreement. The parties, by agreement, may determine the standards by which the performance of those obligations is to be measured if those standards are not manifestly unreasonable. Whenever [the Uniform Commercial Code] requires an action to be taken within a reasonable time, a time that is not manifestly unreasonable may be fixed by agreement.

(c)The presence in certain provisions of [the Uniform Commercial Code] of the phrase "unless otherwise agreed", or words of similar import, does not imply that the effect of other provisions may not be varied by agreement under this section.

§ 1-303. Course of Performance, Course of Dealing, and Usage of Trade.

(a)A "course of performance" is a sequence of conduct between the parties to a particular transaction that exists if: (1)the agreement of the parties with respect to the transaction involves repeated occasions for performance by a party; and (2)the other party, with knowledge of the nature of the performance and opportunity for objection to it, accepts the performance or acquiesces in it without objection.

(b)A "course of dealing" is a sequence of conduct concerning previous transactions between the parties to a particular transaction that is fairly to be regarded as establishing a common basis of understanding for interpreting their expressions and other conduct.

(c)A "usage of trade" is any practice or method of dealing having such regularity of observance in a place, vocation, or trade as to justify an expectation that it will be observed with respect to the transaction in question. The existence and scope of such a usage must be proved as facts. If it is established that such a usage is embodied in a trade code or similar record, the interpretation of the record is a question of law.

(d)A course of performance or course of dealing between the parties or usage of trade in the vocation or trade in which they are engaged or of which they are or should be aware is relevant in ascertaining the meaning of the parties' agreement, may give particular meaning to specific terms of the agreement, and may supplement or qualify the terms of the agreement. A usage of trade applicable in the place in which part of the performance under the agreement is to occur may be so utilized as to that part of the performance.

(e)Except as otherwise provided in subsection (f), the express terms of an agreement and any applicable course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade must be construed whenever reasonable as consistent with each other. If such a construction is unreasonable: (1)express terms prevail over course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade; (2)course of performance prevails over course of dealing and usage of trade; and (3)course of dealing prevails over usage of trade.

(f)Subject to Section 2-209, a course of performance is relevant to show a waiver or modification of any term inconsistent with the course of performance.

(g)Evidence of a relevant usage of trade offered by one party is not admissible unless that party has given the other party notice that the court finds sufficient to prevent unfair surprise to the other party.

§ 1-304. Obligation of Good Faith.

Every contract or duty within [the Uniform Commercial Code] imposes an obligation of good faith in its performance and enforcement.

§ 1-305. Remedies to be Liberally Administered.

(a)The remedies provided by [the Uniform Commercial Code] must be liberally administered to the end that the aggrieved party may be put in as good a position as if the other party had fully performed but neither consequential or special damages nor penal damages may be had except as specifically provided in [the Uniform Commercial Code] or by other rule of law.

(b)Any right or obligation declared by [the Uniform Commercial Code] is enforceable by action unless the provision declaring it specifies a different and limited effect.

§ 1-306. Waiver or Renunciation of Claim or Right After Breach.

A claim or right arising out of an alleged breach may be discharged in whole or in part without consideration by agreement of the aggrieved party in an authenticated record.

§ 1-307. Prima Facie Evidence by Third-Party Documents.

A document in due form purporting to be a bill of lading, policy or certificate of insurance, official weigher's or inspector's certificate, consular invoice, or any other document authorized or required by the contract to be issued by a third party is prima facie evidence of its own authenticity and genuineness and of the facts stated in the document by the third party.

§ 1-308. Performance or Acceptance Under Reservation of Rights.

(a)A party that with explicit reservation of rights performs or promises performance or assents to performance in a manner demanded or offered by the other party does not thereby prejudice the rights reserved. Such words as "without prejudice," "under protest," or the like are sufficient.

(b)Subsection (a)does not apply to an accord and satisfaction.

§ 1-309. Option to Accelerate at Will.

A term providing that one party or that party's successor in interest may accelerate payment or performance or require collateral or additional collateral "at will" or when the party "deems

itself insecure," or words of similar import, means that the party has power to do so only if that party in good faith believes that the prospect of payment or performance is impaired. The burden of establishing lack of good faith is on the party against which the power has been exercised.

§ 1-310. Subordinated Obligations.

An obligation may be issued as subordinated to performance of another obligation of the person obligated, or a creditor may subordinate its right to performance of an obligation by agreement with either the person obligated or another creditor of the person obligated. Subordination does not create a security interest as against either the common debtor or a subordinated creditor.

U.C.C. - ARTICLE 2 - SALES

PART 1. SHORT TITLE, GENERAL CONSTRUCTION AND SUBJECT MA TTER [Table of Contents]

§ 2-101. Short Title.

This Article shall be known and may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code-Sales.

§ 2-102. Scope; Certain Security and Other Transactions Excluded From This Article.

Unless the context otherwise requires, this Article applies to transactions in goods; it does not apply to any transaction which although in the form of an unconditional contract to sell or present sale is intended to operate only as a security transaction nor does this Article impair or repeal any statute regulating sales to consumers, farmers or other specified classes of buyers.

§ 2-103. Definitions and Index of Definitions.

(1)In this Article unless the context otherwise requires

(a)"Buyer" means a person who buys or contracts to buy goods.

(b)[Reserved.]

(c)"Receipt" of goods means taking physical possession of them.

(d)"Seller" means a person who sells or contracts to sell goods.

(2)Other definitions applying to this Article or to specified Parts thereof, and the sections in which they appear are:

"Acceptance". Section 2-606.

"Banker's credit". Section 2-325.

"Between Merchants". Section 2-104.

"Cancellation". Section 2-106(4).

"Commercial unit". Section 2-105.

"Confirmed credit". Section 2-325.

"Conforming to contract". Section 2-106.

"Contract for sale". Section 2-106.

"Cover". Section 2-712.

"Entrusting". Section 2-403.

"Financing agency". Section 2-104.

"Future Goods". Section 2-105.

"Goods". Section 2-105.

"Identification". Section 2-501.

"Installment contract". Section 2-612.

"Letter of Credit". Section 2-325.

"Lot". Section 2-105.

"Merchant". Section 2-104.

"Overseas". Section 2-323.

"Person in position of Seller". Section 2-707.

"Present sale". Section 2-106.

"Sale". Section 2-106.

"Sale on approval". Section 2-326.

"Sale or return". Section 2-326.

"Termination". Section 2-106.

(3)"Control" as provided in Section 7-106 and the following definitions in other Articles apply to this Article:

"Check". Section 3-104.

"Consignee". Section 7-102.

"Consignor". Section 7-102.

"Consumer Goods". Section 9-102.

"Dishonor". Section 3-502.

"Draft". Section 3-104.

(4)In addition Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this Article.

第二篇买卖

第一章简称、解释原则和适用范围

第2—101条简称

本篇称为并可被引用为“统一商法典——买卖”。

第2—102条适用范围;某些不包括在本篇内的担保交易和其它交易

除上下文另有所指外,本篇适用于涉及货物的交易;本篇不适用于采用无保留销售合同形式或现售形式而实质上纯属担保交易的交易,本篇也不损害或废除任何其它的有关向消费者、农业生产者或其他特定种类买方出售货物的法律。

第2—103条定义和定义索引

1.除上下文另有所指外,在本篇中,

a.“买方”指买进货物或订立买进货物合同的人。

b.涉及商人时,“善意”指事实上的诚实和遵守同行中有关公平交易的合理商业准则。c.“收到”货物,指实际取得对货物的占有。

d.“卖方”指出售货物或订立出售货物合同的人。

2.适用于本篇或本篇某些章的其它定义及其索引:

“接受”第2—606条

“银行信用证”第2—325条

“商人之间”第2—104条

“解除”第2—106条第4款。

“商业单位”第2—105条

“保兑信用证”第2—325条

“符合合同”第2—106条

“买卖合同”第2—106条

“补进”第2—712条

“委托”第2—403条

“融资机构”第2—104条

“期货”第2—105条

“货物”第2—105条

“特定化”第2—501条

“分批交货合同”第2—612条

“信用证”第2—325条

“一宗”第2—105条

“商人”第2—104条

“海外”第2—323条

“处于卖方地位的人”第2—707条

“现售”第2—106条

“买卖”第2—106条

“试用”第2—326条

“试销”第2—326条

“终止”第2—106条

3.其它各篇中适用于本篇的定义:

“支票”第3—104条

“收货人”第7—102条

“发货人”第7—102条

“消费品”第9—109条

“拒付”第3—507条

“汇票”第3—104条

4.此外,第一篇中的一般定义和解释原则适用于本篇通篇。

§ 2-104. Definitions: "Merchant"; "Between Merchants"; "Financing Agency".

(1)"Merchant" means a person who deals in goods of the kind or otherwise by his occupation holds himself out as having knowledge or skill peculiar to the practices or goods involved in the transaction or to whom such knowledge or skill may be attributed by his employment of an agent or broker or other intermediary who by his occupation holds himself out as having such knowledge or skill.

(2)"Financing agency" means a bank, finance company or other person who in the ordinary course of business makes advances against goods or documents of title or who by arrangement with either the seller or the buyer intervenes in ordinary course to make or collect payment due or claimed under the contract for sale, as by purchasing or paying the seller's draft or making advances against it or by merely taking it for collection whether or not documents of title accompany or are associated with the draft. "Financing agency" includes also a bank or other person who similarly intervenes between persons who are in the position of seller and buyer in respect to the goods (Section 2-707).

(3)"Between Merchants" means in any transaction with respect to which both parties are chargeable with the knowledge or skill of merchants.

第2—104条定义:“商人”;“商人之间”;“融资机构”

1.“商人”指从事某类货物交易业务或因职业关系以其它方式表明其对交易所涉及的货物或作法具有专门知识或技能的人,也指雇佣因职业关系表明其具有此种专门知识或技能的代理人、经纪人或其他中介人的人。

2.“融资机构”指任何银行、融资公司或其他人,只要它在正常业务中以货物或所有权凭证为凭提供贷款,或只要它依据与卖方或买方达成的协议以正常方式参与支付或收取买卖合同中已到期或已规定的款项,如购买或支付卖方的汇票,或为购买或支付该汇票提供贷款,或为收款单纯取得汇票,而不论汇票是否同时附有所有权凭证。“融资机构”还包括以同样方式介入就货物处于卖方和买方地位之当事方(第2—707条)之间的银行或其他人。3.“商人之间”指交易的当事双方均可被视为具有商人之专门知识或技能。

§ 2-105. Definitions: Transferability; "Goods"; "Future" Goods; "Lot"; "Commercial Unit".

(1)"Goods" means all things (including specially manufactured goods)which are movable at the time of identification to the contract for sale other than the money in which the price is to be paid, investment securities (Article 8)and things in action. "Goods" also includes the unborn young of animals and growing crops and other identified things attached to realty as described in the section on goods to be severed from realty (Section 2-107).

(2)Goods must be both existing and identified before any interest in them can pass. Goods which are not both existing and identified are "future" goods. A purported present sale of future goods or of any interest therein operates as a contract to sell.

(3)There may be a sale of a part interest in existing identified goods.

(4)An undivided share in an identified bulk of fungible goods is sufficiently identified to be sold although the quantity of the bulk is not determined. Any agreed proportion of such a bulk or any quantity thereof agreed upon by number, weight or other measure may to the extent of the seller's interest in the bulk be sold to the buyer who then becomes an owner in common.

(5)"Lot" means a parcel or a single article which is the subject matter of a separate sale or delivery, whether or not it is sufficient to perform the contract.

(6)"Commercial unit" means such a unit of goods as by commercial usage is a single whole for purposes of sale and division of which materially impairs its character or value on the market or in use. A commercial unit may be a single article (as a machine)or a set of

articles (as a suite of furniture or an assortment of sizes)or a quantity (as a bale, gross, or carload)or any other unit treated in use or in the relevant market as a single whole. 第2—105条定义:可转让性;“货物”;“期货”;“一宗”;“商业单位”

1.“货物”指除作为支付价款之手段的金钱、投资证券(第八篇)和诉权物以外的所有在特定于买卖合同项下时可以移动的物品(包括特别制造的货物)。“货物”还包括尚未出生的动物幼仔、生长中的农作物和有关将与不动产分离之货物的第2—107条所规定的其它附着于不动产但已特定化的物品。

2.货物必须同时是现实存在并已特定化,其权益才能转让。不是现实存在并已特定化的货物称为“期货”。对期货或期货中任何权益作出的现售,效力上相当于销售合同。

3.可以仅出售现实存在并已特定化之货物中的部分权益。

4.特定化的一批种类物,即使总量未知,其中已定量的任何部分仍可在未与整批货物分离的情况下被视为已特定化而用于出售。该批种类物中以数量、重量或其它标准计算的任何已议定的部分或数量,可在卖方所拥有之权益的范围内出售给买方。买方因此成为该批种类物的共同所有人。

5.“一宗”指构成单独一次出售或交货的一组或一件物品,不论它是否足以履行整个合同。

6.“商业单位”指商业惯例中货物的基本销售单位,即如果将此单位分割,将损害货物的特性或损害其使用价值或销售价值。一个“商业单位”可以是一件物品(如一台机器),可以是一组物品(如一套家具或一套尺寸不同的物品),可以是一定数量(如一包、一罗、一车),也可以是在使用中或在有关市场上被视作单一整体的任何或它单位。

§2-106. Definitions: "Contract"; "Agreement"; "Contract for sale"; "Sale"; "Present sale"; "Conforming" to Contract; "Termination"; "Cancellation".

(1)In this Article unless the context otherwise requires "contract" and "agreement" are limited to those relating to the present or future sale of goods. "Contract for sale" includes both a present sale of goods and a contract to sell goods at a future time. A "sale" consists in the passing of title from the seller to the buyer for a price (Section 2-401). A "present sale" means a sale which is accomplished by the making of the contract.

(2)Goods or conduct including any part of a performance are "conforming" or conform to the contract when they are in accordance with the obligations under the contract.

(3)"Termination" occurs when either party pursuant to a power created by agreement or law puts an end to the contract otherwise than for its breach. On "termination" all obligations which are still executory on both sides are discharged but any right based on prior breach or performance survives.

(4)"Cancellation" occurs when either party puts an end to the contract for breach by the other and its effect is the same as that of "termination" except that the cancelling party also retains any remedy for breach of the whole contract or any unperformed balance. 第2—106条定义:“合同”;“协议”;“买卖合同”;“买卖”;“现售”;“符合合同”;“终止”;“解除”1.除上下文另有所指外,在本篇中,“合同”与“协议”仅指与货物的现售或未来销售有关的合同与协议。“买卖合同”既包括货物的现售,也包括在未来某一时间出售货物的合同;“买卖”(或“出售”、“销售”)指卖方在取得价款的条件下将货物所有权转移至买方(第2—401条);“现售”指订立合同与出售货物同时完成的买卖。

2.货物或行为,包括履约中的任何步骤,如果符合合同所规定的义务,即为“符合”合同。3.如果任何一方非因违约,而是根据协议规定或根据法律赋予的权力结束合同,该合同即告“终止”。合同一旦“终止”,当事方尚待履行的各项义务即被解除,但在此之前因对方违约或已方履约而产生的权利仍然存在。

4.由于一方违约致使另一方结束合同时,合同即告“解除”。解除的效力与终止相同,但解除合同的一方保留因他方全部或部分违反合同而应得到的救济。

§ 2-107. Goods to Be Severed From Realty: Recording.

(1)A contract for the sale of minerals or the like (including oil and gas)or a structure or its materials to be removed from realty is a contract for the sale of goods within this Article if they are to be severed by the seller but until severance a purported present sale thereof which is not effective as a transfer of an interest in land is effective only as a contract to sell.

(2)A contract for the sale apart from the land of growing crops or other things attached to realty and capable of severance without material harm thereto but not described in subsection (1)or of timber to be cut is a contract for the sale of goods within this Article whether the subject matter is to be severed by the buyer or by the seller even though it forms part of the realty at the time of contracting, and the parties can by identification effect a present sale before severance.

(3)The provisions of this section are subject to any third party rights provided by the law

relating to realty records, and the contract for sale may be executed and recorded as a document transferring an interest in land and shall then constitute notice to third parties of the buyer's rights under the contract for sale. 第2—107条将与不动产分离的货物:登记

1.出售将与不动产分离的矿物或类似物质(包括石油和天然气)的合同,以及出售将与不动产分离的建筑结构或其材料的合同,属于本篇范围内的货物买卖合同,只要此种物品与不动产的分离系由卖方进行;但在分离之前,如果卖方的现售不能构成土地上所存权益的有效转让,则该现售在效力上只相当于一项销售合同。

2.出售正在长于土地上的农作物或本条第1款中未作规定的其它附着于不动产但分离后又不至造成实质损害的物品的合同,或出售待砍伐树木的合同,属于本篇所规定的货物买卖合同,而不论分离系由买方还是由卖方进行,也不论物品在订立合同时仍为不动产的组成部分。对此种物品,当事方可在分离前通过特定化而完成现售。

3.第三方根据有关不动产登记的法律所取得的权利,优于本条各款的效力;但上述买卖合同可作为转让土地上所存权益的文件,经签名和登记,构成对第三方有关买方依买卖合同所取得的权利的通知。

PART 2. FORM, FORMA TION AND READJUSTMENT OF CONTRACT [Table of Contents]

§ 2-201. Formal Requirements; Statute of Frauds.

(1)Except as otherwise provided in this section a contract for the sale of goods for the price of $500 or more is not enforceable by way of action or defense unless there is some writing sufficient to indicate that a contract for sale has been made between the parties and signed by the party against whom enforcement is sought or by his authorized agent or broker. A writing is not insufficient because it omits or incorrectly states a term agreed upon but the contract is not enforceable under this paragraph beyond the quantity of goods shown in such writing.

(2)Between merchants if within a reasonable time a writing in confirmation of the contract and sufficient against the sender is received and the party receiving it has reason to know its contents, it satisfies the requirements of subsection (1)against such party unless written notice of objection to its contents is given within 10 days after it is received.

(3)A contract which does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (1)but which is valid in other respects is enforceable

(a)if the goods are to be specially manufactured for the buyer and are not suitable for sale to others in the ordinary course of the seller's business and the seller, before notice of repudiation is received and under circumstances which reasonably indicate that the goods are for the buyer, has made either a substantial beginning of their manufacture or commitments for their procurement; or

(b)if the party against whom enforcement is sought admits in his pleading, testimony or otherwise in court that a contract for sale was made, but the contract is not enforceable under this provision beyond the quantity of goods admitted; or

(c)with respect to goods for which payment has been

made and accepted or which have been received and accepted (Sec. 2-606). 第二章合同的形式、订立和修改

第2—201条形式要求;反欺诈法

1.除本条另有规定外,价款达到或超过500美元的货物买卖合同,如果缺乏充足的书面材料,表明当事方已达成买卖合同,且合同已由被要求强制执行的当事方或其授权代理人或经纪人签名,合同即不得通过诉讼或抗辩强制执行。一份书面材料,即使疏漏或错误书写一项业经商定的合同条款,也不因此失去证明效力,但合同只能在不超出此种书面材料所标明之货物数量的范围内强制执行。

2.在商人之间,如果一方寄送出足以对抗自己的用以确认合同的书面文件,且书面文件在合理时间内由另一方收到,且收到方有理由知道其内容,则收到方如果未在收到后10天之内以书面形式拒绝其内容,该书面文件在对抗收到方时即满足本条第1款的要求。

3.不符合本条第1款要求但在其它方面有效的合同,在下列情况下可以强制执行:a.货物系专门为买方制造,且不适于卖方在正常业务中向他人出售,且卖方在得知对方毁弃合同之前,已经实质上开始其制造活动或已为履行此合同而另外承担了义务,且情况合理地表明货物确系为买方而准备;或

b.被要求强制执行的一方在法庭上以答辩、作证或其它形式承认已订立买卖合同;但在这种情况下,强制执行的程度不得超过该方所承认的货物数量;或

c.货款已支付且已被接受,或货物已收到且已被接受(第2—606条);但在这种情况下,合同只能就有关部分货物进行强制执行。

§ 2-202. Final Written Exp

ression: Parol or Extrinsic Evidence.

Terms with respect to which the confirmatory memoranda of the parties agree or which are otherwise set forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to such terms as are included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement but may be explained or supplemented (a)by course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade (Section 1-303); and (b)by evidence of consistent additional terms unless the court finds the writing to have been intended also as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement .

§ 2-203. Seals Inoperative.

The affixing of a seal to a writing evidencing a contract for sale or an offer to buy or sell goods does not constitute the writing a sealed instrument and the law with respect to sealed instruments does not apply to such a contract or offer.

第2—202条书面文件构成最终意思表示:口头证据或外部证据

当事方在确认性备忘录中所同意的条款或当事方以其它方式在书面文件中规定的表示当事方所商定的最终协议的条款,不得以任何前存协议或同时达成的口头协议加以反驳,但可以

美国统一继承法典

《美国统一继承法典》概述 周强刘晓星 美国是一个联邦制的国家,法律制度实行的是双轨制,即联邦颁布的法律和各州颁布的法律。由于诸多原因,各州所颁布的法律极不统一,因而常常引起相互间的法律冲突。为了克服这种现象,自本世纪初以来,美国一些非官方机构在致力于统一美国各州法律的问题上作出了很大的努力。迄今为止,已制定了大量的统一法律规范供名洲采角或立法参考,其中有些法律规范已为各州采用或修改采用,‘发生法律效力。一九六八年八月美国州法律全国统一委员会和美国律师协会批准的《美国统一继承法典》(以下简称法典)就是在统一美国各州继承法律制度方面起着重要作用的一部示范性的法典。该法典的特点是:内容详尽,立法精巧,实体法与程序法紧密结合,法典既保留了各州原来实行的普通法中的一些继承制度,又兼收了罗马法的一些原则。所以,自该法典获批准以来,巳有十几个州采用或在不同程度上修改后采用。 法典共有三百零四条,主要内容如下: 一、无遗嘱继承。 无遗嘱继承,是指被继承人死亡时未立遗嘱,其遗产依无遗嘱继承的法律规定转移给无遗嘱继承人。 l、无遗嘱继承人的范围和顺序:法典规定,配偶、子女、父母、兄弟姐妹、祖父母、外祖父母均为无遗嘱法定继承人..对配偶、子女、父母的定义,法典又作了特殊的规定。对配偶的规定中指出,凡与被继承人离婚或与被继承人的婚姻宣告无效的人,得到或同意在本州尚未被承认有效的与被继承人离婚或宣告他们婚姻无效的最终判决的人,同意法院依被继承人提议作出的离婚或宣告他们婚姻无效的判决的人,均不属于被继承人的配偶。子女是指有权根据法律规定通过无遗嘱继承从与其有血缘关系的父母处取得遗产的一切子女。但继子女和非婚生子女不包括在内。父母是指在子女无遗嘱死亡时,有权根据无遗嘱继承从与其有血缘关系的已亡子女处取得财产的人。但继父母不包括在内。 由此可见,法典真接规定的无遗嘱继承人的范围,要比原来各州所规定的范围小得多。由此法典规定,无遗嘱继承人的继承顺序是:(1)子女、(2)父毋、(3)兄弟姐妹、(4)祖父母、外祖父母。被继承人的配偶未列入任何具体的顺序,由法律另行单独规定继承权。 2、遗产继承份额.法典采用法定份额和同一继承人均分遗产的混合制度。所谓法定应继份额,是指法律对某些继承人的应继遗产份额直接作出规定。相同顺序继承人均分制,是指享有法定份额以外的其他同一顺序继承人依照法律的规定平等地分配遗产。 享有法定份额的人,包括配偶和未成年的子女以及未独立生活的成年子女。配偶的法定遗产份额,是在被继承人没有第一、第二顺序无遗嘱继承人的情况下,继承全部遗产,如在被继承人留有父母的情况下,先继承五万美元的遗产后,再继承剩余遗产的二分之一,如在被继承人留有子女的情况下,先继承五万美元的遗产后,再继承剩余遗产的二分之一卜在被继承人留有亲生子女,但该子女并非与生存配偶所生的子女时,则生存配偶只能继承遗产 的二分之一。此外,法典还废除了某些州实行的寡妇产和鳏夫产制度,而赋予生存配偶选择权和取得宅园特留份、

美国统一电子交易法案

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广东外语外贸大学 《国际商法》试题(1) 一、判断题(请判断对错,正确的,在题前的括号内打“?”,错误的在括号内 打“?”,每小题1分,共15分) (X)1、根据《美国统一商法典》的规定,只要以书面签字形式发出 的有关货物买卖的要约,在要约规定的有效期内,不得撤消。 (?)2、根据大陆法国家的规定,如果买方在订立合同时已经知道出 售的产品有瑕疵者,卖方可不负瑕疵担保责任。 (?)3、一方违反合同,没有违约的一方所能得到的损害赔偿金,最 多不超过违约方在订立合同时所能预见到的损失赔偿金。 (X )4、根据联合国《国际货物买卖合同公约》的规定,只要卖方未 按期交货,买方都有权立即宣告合同无效。 (X )5、现行的德国产品责任法规定,索赔的主体只能是消费者。 (X )6、对产品有关的危陷或产品的不正确使用,未给予适当的警告或指示,致使产品存在不合理的不安全性,被称之为设计缺陷。 (?)7、如果一方违约未给对方造成实际损害,依据大陆法,另一方不能要求损害赔偿;根据英美法,另一方可以取得名义上的赔偿。 (?)8、成文法不是英美法的主要渊源。 (X)9、英美法认为,卖方对货物的默示条件或默示担保,是根据买卖合同的规定而产生的。 (X )10、按照联合国《国际货物买卖合同公约》的规定,要约在任何情况下都得撤消。 (?)11、英国普通法认为,金钱赔偿是对违约的一种基本的补救方法。 (X )12、根据各国的法律规定,如果当事人在订立合同时发生错误,即产生合同无效或可撤消的后果。 (?)13、“格林曼规则”即严格责任,该规则标志着严格责任在产品责任领域被正式予以确认。 (X )14、根据联合国《国际货物买卖合同公约》,损害赔偿的范围仅限于直接损失,对利润的损失不予赔偿。 (X)15、美国产品责任法规定,任何产品都可以被产品责任法所调整,包括人体器官。 二、单项选择提(本大题共15小题,每小题1分,共15分) 在每小题列出的四个被选项中只有一个是符合题目的要求的,请将其选出,未选、少选或多选均不得分。

美国统一商法典

【相关组织】美国【发文字号】 【发布日期】1912.03.01 【实施日期】1912.03.01 【条约分类】【唯一标志】67109507 【全文】 美国统一商法典 (1912年3月1日颁布1912年3月1日实施) 第一篇总则 第一章本法的简称、解释和适用 第1—101条简称 本法称为并可被引用为《统一商法典》。 第1—102条宗旨;解释原则;通过协议改变本法条款的效力 1.本法应作灵活的解释和适用,以促进本法之基本宗旨的实现。 2.本法之基本宗旨为: a.使调整商业交易的法律更加简洁、明确并适应现代要求; b.使商业作法能够通过习惯、行业惯例和当事方协议不断获得发展; c.使各州调整商业交易的法律归于统一。 3.在本法没有相反规定的情况下,本法各条款的效力可以通过当事方的协议加以改变。本法规定的善意、勤勉、合理和注意的义务,不得通过协议加以排除;但是,当事方可以通过协议确定履行这些义务的标准。所确定的标准不得明显不合理。 4.本法某些条款包含有“除非另有协议”或类似词句,这并不意味着未包含此类词句的其它条款的效力就不可以通过本条第3款所规定的协议加以改变。 5.除上下文另有所指外,在本法中, a.单数词包含复数含义,复数词包含单数含义; b.阳性词包含阴性含义和中性含义;在可以得到合理解释时,中性词包含任何词性的含义。 第1—103条一般法律原则应作为本法的补充 在本法没有具体条款予以排除的情况下,普通法和衡平法的各项原则,包括商人法和涉及合同能力、本人和代理人、禁止反悔、欺诈、虚伪说明、胁迫、强制、错误或破产的法律,或其它使合同生效或失效的法律,应作为本法的补充。 第1—104条不作默示废除之解释 本法是一部旨在统一其领域内法律规范的一般法。在可以合理避免的情况下,本法的任何部分均不应被认为被本法以后的立法所默示废除。 第1—105条本法的地域效力;当事方选择适用法的权力 1.除本条后述另有规定外,如果一项交易同时与本州和它州或它国有合理联系,当事方可以协议选择本州法律或它州或它国法律作为确定他们权利和义务的法律。如果无协议,本法适用于与本州有适

美国统一商法典(中英文第9-406款至9-515款)

§ 9-406. DISCHARGE OF ACCOUNT DEBTOR; NOTIFICATION OF ASSIGNMENT; IDENTIFICATION AND PROOF OF ASSIGNMENT; RESTRICTIONS ON ASSIGNMENT OF ACCOUNTS, CHATTEL PAPER, PAYMENT INTANGIBLES, AND PROMISSORY NOTES INEFFECTIVE. 应收账款债务人的清偿; 转让通知; 转让的证明和证据;对应收账款、担保债权凭证、付款无体财产权和本票转让的限制无效. (a) [Discharge of account debtor; effect of notification.] Subject to subsections (b) through (i), an account debtor on an account, chattel paper, or a payment intangible may discharge its obligation by paying the assignor until, but not after, the account debtor receives a notification, authenticated by the assignor or the assignee, that the amount due or to become due has been assigned and that payment is to be made to the assignee. After receipt of the notification, the account debtor may discharge its obligation by paying the assignee and may not discharge the obligation by paying the assignor. (b) [When notification ineffective.] Subject to subsection (h), notification is ineffective under subsection (a): (1) if it does not reasonably identify the rights assigned; (2) to the extent that an agreement between an account debtor and a seller of a payment intangible limits the account debtor's duty to pay a person other than the seller and the limitation is effective under law other than this article; or (3) at the option of an account debtor, if the notification notifies the account debtor to make less than the full amount of any installment or other periodic payment to the assignee, even if: (A) only a portion of the account, chattel paper, or general intangible has been assigned to that assignee; (B) a portion has been assigned to another assignee; or (C) the account debtor knows that the assignment to that assignee is limited. (c) [Proof of assignment.]

美国统一商法典

美国统一商法典 本法名称为统一商法典,涉及下列关于个人财产、合同及其文件的特定商业交易,包括买卖、商业票据、银行押金和托收、信用证、整体交易、仓单、提单、其它权属文件、投资证券和担保交易,包括某些账单、动产文据与合同权利的买卖;在一定条件下向公众告知交易第三方;在涉及该类交易、合同或文件的特定法庭诉讼中规范程序、证据和赔偿金;统一此类法律;和废除不统一的立法。 第一编总则 第一章本法的简称,解释,适用与主旨 1-101 简称 本法可被引称为统一商法典。 1-102 宗旨;解释规则;协议变更 (1)本法应被自由解释使其适用得以促进其基本宗旨和政策。 (2)本法的基本宗旨和政策为: (a)简化、阐明调整商业交易的法律,并使其现代化; (b)允许当事人之间通过惯例、习惯和协议表现的商业实践的继续发展; (c)统一不同司法管辖权之间的法律。 (3) 本法条文的效力可以通过协议变更,除非本法另有规定或者除非本法要求的善意、勤勉、合理和谨慎的义务不能用协议排斥,但当事人可经协议确定履行该义务的标准,如果该标准不是明显不合理。 (4)本法某些条款中“除非有相反约定”或相似的字句不意味其他条款的效力不能被(3)款规定的协议变更。 (5)除非情况有其他要求,在本法中 (a)单数单词包括复数,复数单词也包括单数; (b)阳性单词包括阴性和中性,且在词义允许时,中性单词可指代任何性别。 1-103 对法律适用一般原则的补充 除非被本法特定条款排除,法律原则和衡平法,包括商人法以及与缔约能力、本人与代理、禁止反言、欺诈、不实陈述、强迫、威胁、错误、破产有关的法律,或者其它生效或不生效原因都可作为本法条款的补充。

_涉及商人_美国_统一商法典_买卖篇对我国合同法的启示

“涉及商人” ——美国《统一商法典》买卖篇对我国合同法的启示 中南财经政法大学法学院 董金鑫 [摘 要]美国《统一商法典》是一部世界闻名的商法典,其“涉及商人”条款很有特色,为我国合同法的完善提供了许多 有益的启示。由吴志忠教授编写的《美国商事法研究》是我国最早、最有声望的一部系统介绍美国统一商法典的专著,本文的写作从中多有借鉴。 [关键词]商人 商法典 涉及商人 一、美国《统一商法典》概述 美国《统一商法典》(以下简称“商法典”)是与《法国商法典》 齐名的世界级的综合性商法典,是美国商事领域中最重要的法律。商法典不仅调整商人间的交易,而且非商人在交易时也可以适用商法典,但并不意味着商人与非商人在商法典中具有相同的权利与义务。商法典一大特点是在交易“涉及商人”时,即交易的一方或双方是商人时,规定商人具有不同于一般人的权利和义务。之所以界定“涉及商人”,是因为双方是商人,适用于专门的商事交易规则;,另一方是非商人,则专门规则可能仅适用于商人,而不适用于非商人。下面仅就商法典买卖篇之若干条款对此做一番探究。 二、“涉及商人”条款在商法典买卖篇的体现首先,商法典在第2-104条界定“商人”的概念。“商人”指“那些从事所涉某类货物交易的人;或指那些按其职业表明对交易所涉的业务活动或货物具有专门知识或技能的人;或指那些通过雇佣代理人、经纪人或中间人即认为具备此种知识或技能的人。”可见,商法典在界定“商人”时,采用两种标准:1、职业标准,即以从事交易职业为标准。2、技能标准,即拥有或通过雇佣他人拥有所涉交易知识或技能为标准。只有把握商人的内涵,我们才能确定在何种情形下交易“涉及商人”,从而决定是否适用特殊的法律条款。 商法典在第2-103条对“诚信”做如下定义:“对商人而言,诚信是指忠于事实真相,在商业中遵守公平买卖之合理商业准则。”作为专门从事买卖的职业商人对买卖中各行业的交易规则和标准都应谙熟。但对于偶尔进行某种货物买卖的普通人而言,他未必懂得这套规矩。“因此商法典只要求普通人遵守忠于事实真相的普通原则,而不强求他们“遵守公平买卖之合理商业准 则。”(吴志忠《美国商事法研究》武汉大学出版社1997年版第15页)由于在交易时商人对货物、对市场行情掌握着更多的信息,如果商人遵守和常人一样的诚信标准,则有可能利用非商人一方的无经验、经济上的弱势地位进行实质上的不公平交易,因此,商法典对商事信用专门地做出界定。 第2-201条对合同形式要件规定:“除本条另有规定外,价款达到或超过500美元的货物买卖合同,如果缺乏书面文件,充分表明当事人间达成货物买卖协议,且合同已由被要求执行的当事人或其授权之人签字,合同即不得通过诉讼或抗辩强制执行。”可见价款达到500美元的货物买卖合同必须以书面订立,且该书面文件要有签字,否则不能得到法院强制执行。但是,如果“在商人之间,如果在一段合理时间内,一个对合同做出确认且对发送者有效的书面文件被收到,而且收到它的一方当事人有理由知道其内容,它就符合了第一款对该当事人的要求,除非该当事人在收到它后10天之内发出对其内容表示异议的书面通知。”因为在商法典公布以前的法律规定,仅有发送者一方签字的合同,签字仅对该方有约束力,对未签字方则不得强制执行。(参见沈木珠《国际贸易法研究》法律出版社2002年第59页)这种规定有失公平,尤其买卖双方都是商人的情况下,因此商法典做了修改。 第2-205条对确定的要约做出规定:“有商人以签字的书面形式发出买卖货物的要约,只要其条款保证该要约将保持有效,则在规定时间内,或未规定的时间,则在合理的时间内,要约不得因缺乏对价而被撤销。”传统英美法认为,一项要约在被撤销前,不使要约人承担义务,只是给受要约人创设了一个表示接受的权利。这就意味着要约原则上对要约人没有约束力,除非对 方给与“对价”或合同“签字蜡封” (signed and sealed )。可是,若受要约人在收到要约后,已经为履约做积极准备,要约人不受约 束地撤销要约,则受要约人的辛苦劳动岂不白费?商法典突破上述限制,“如果要约人拒不履行,则受要约人可以控告要约人违约,这样便使那些基于对商人发出的确定要约的信赖而与商人 发生交易的期望受到法律的保护。”(吴志忠《美国商事法研究》 武汉大学出版社1997年版第35页) 第2-207条规定“承诺或确认的补充条款应解释为对合同的补充建议。在商人之间这些条款即成为合同的一部分,除非:a 要约明确说明承诺以要约条款为限;b 补充条款实质上改变了要约;c 要约人在收到载有补充条款的承诺通知后已经或在合理的时间内发出拒绝补充条款的通知书。”根据传统英美法的镜合原则(m irro r rule ),承诺和要约必须完全一致,否则将被视为反要约。但是随着商事交易的迅猛发展,“如果对这一原则掌握过严,承诺与要约有差别,稍许附加一点条件,就视为反要约,而 不视为承诺,那么合同就很难成立。”(吴志忠《美国商事法研究》 武汉大学出版社1997年版第38页)这不利于商事交往的展开,又违背商业效率原则。因此,商法典对商人之间的交易做出了特殊规定。 三、我国合同法引进“涉及商人”条款的原因有人认为我国是“民商合一”的国家,商事交易适用一般的民法规范即可,不应做专门的立法。但是,民商分立还是民商合一只是法典编纂的形式,不意味着商人这一特殊群体进行专门的立法没有意义。一般民事主体间进行的民事交易和商人间进行的商事交易是不同的,而这种不同是不容忽视的:在商人与非商人间发生买卖,对商人要求有更高的诚信义务,以保护交易经验少的非商人一方的利益,使商人不得利用相对方经验不足谋取不正当利益。在商人与商人间发生交易,双方都被具有商人的知识或技能,为了交易的简便、快捷,则不必遵守一般民事交易的一些规定。因此,对“涉及商人”的合同适用专门的法律规则是十分必要的。 由于我国现行《合同法》的买卖合同过分“借鉴”《联合国国 际货物买卖合同公约》 (下简称公约),使得我们忽视了公约的一个适用前提:公约适用营业地位于不同国家的当事人之间的货物买卖合同,其“营业地”的表述足以说明该当事人为商人,且公约明确排除对私人消费买卖的适用,因此公约未区分涉商条款和非涉商条款。而我国《合同法》既适用于一般民事交易,又适用于交易的一方或双方是商人的商事交易,而不加区分的适用同一法律规范势必会造成实务操作上的麻烦及法律适用的不便。 以要约撤销的规定为例,我国对要约撤销的规定未区分要约人是否为商人的情形而一味规定附承诺期限的要约不得撤销,这实际上不利于非商人间交易的进行。因为,非商人只是偶尔进行交易而且交易以消费而非转售为目的,对非商人发出的要约受要约人并不会产生强烈的信赖与期望,受要约人往往会再三询问对方的缔约意向才做出承诺,因此,在充分了解要约人缔约意向之前,其一般不会做先期的履约准备,因此也不存在缔约过失的问题。对要约人而言,他更倾向于签订书面合同来完成大宗买卖,对零星购用则习惯于“一手交钱,一手交货”,其对合同法的要约不得撤销理论并不熟悉。因此,在非商人间规定要约不得撤销情形是没有太大必要的。总之,区分民事交易和商事交易有现实意义,我们可以借鉴美国《统一商法典》中的“涉及商人”条款对我国合同法进行完善。但借鉴不等于照搬,我们要尊重国情的基础上吸收商法典中的先进成果,为我国的法制建设服务。 — 213—科技信息 专题论述

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