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词汇学之构词法

Lexicology (Lecture Four)

2011.9.22

The structure of a word

Word is not an unanalysible unit, it can be analyzed. e.g. …M an?can not be broken down into any smaller unit, but …manly? can. Word is the minimum free form (最小的自由使用单位).

1. 词素morpheme

Morpheme: the minimum meaningful unit. 最小的意义单位. There are two types of morphemes:

Free morpheme: the morphemes that can occur alone可以独立使用, e.g. dog, nation, close

Bound morpheme：the morphemes that cannot occur independently尽管能表达意

义，但不能独立使用，至少要与另外的一个形位结合才能

使用, e.g. the word distempered has three morphemes,

namely, dis-, temper- and -ed, of which temper is a free

morpheme, dis- and -ed are two bound morphemes. Allomorph: 词素有变体，如自由词素take的变体为took和taken；粘着词素in-的变体为il-, im-, ir等。

2. Root and affix

A root is the base form of word that can not further be analysed without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is the part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.

Affix：affixes add meaning to the root

roots may be bound or free but affixes are always bound.

Inflectional and derivational affix

Inflectional affix: They only carry relevant grammatical information. An inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. e.g. plural. Thus,book and books are both nouns referring to the same kind of entity.

Derivational affix: They are so called because when they are added to another morpheme, they “derive” a new word either by changing the meaning of the base to which they are attached or by changing the grammatical category (part of speech) of the base. The derivational affixes may be further classified as prefix and suffix.

Example: The word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a free morpheme. "un-" is also a prefix, "-able" is a suffix. Both "un-" and "-able" are affixes.

Summary:

1.Words are composed of morphemes.

2. Morphemes may be classified as free or bound.

3. Morphemes can also be classified into roots and affixes.

4 Affixes are classified into inflectional and derivational affixes. Derivational affixes are subdivided into prefixes and suffixes,

Major types of word-building

1. Affixation:

a process in which a free morpheme is combined with a bound morpheme, a prefix or a suffix.

Prefix: generally do not change part of speech of the word 不改变词的词性Suffix: change part of speech of the word

2. Conversion

Conversion is also referred to as Zero Derivation.

It is a process that can transfer a word belonging to one word class to another word class without any change of form, either in pronunciation or spelling.

3. Compounding 复合法

A word made in process which consists joining two or even more words to form a

new entity. A compound is the result of the process of putting together two (or more) individual words to form a complex word.

Compounding is perhaps the most common way of expanding the vocabulary of English. It allows users to combine two familiar words to form a new lexeme.

4. Back-formation 逆生法

Back-formation is process of word building by which elements are extracted from a complex word.

Burglar---to burgle

Helicopter---to helicopt

Mass-production—to mass-produce

Cozy---to coze

Browbeaten---to browbeat

5. Shortening 缩短法

What we get from shortening is a lesser unit. There is a trend in modern English to shorten words. Three ways of shortening

a. Clipping

The process by which one part in a word of two or more syllables is cut without changing its function.

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Examination---exam

b. initialism (abbreviation)

words formed from the initial letters of words which are pronounced as sequences of letters

e.g. EEC

c. acronyms

formed by the initial letters but are pronounced as a word.

e.g. UNESCO OPEC

6. Blending

Blending is the process of combining the first element of the first word and the last element of the second word. Blends are originally created for comic effect.

telecast (television broadcast)

motel (motor hotel), hotel

7. Onomatopoeia

(making words by echoing a sound that is linked to the thing we want to name) Classification (by Stephen Ullmann英国语言学家、语义学家奠基人)

Primary onomatopoeia (基本拟声词)

Secondary onomatopoeia (次要拟声词)

8. Words from Proper Names

Another minor word-formation process is the creation of new words from proper names. The transition from proper names to common nouns is a gradual one.

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英语词汇学论文构词法

英语构词法及其在英语词汇教学中的应用

英语构词法及其在英语词汇教学中的应用［摘要］学好英语构词法能够进一步帮助学生更好的学习单词。英语构词法可以帮助学生正确辨认单词的词形、词性和理解词意,并迅速扩大词汇量,是学习英语的有效途径。本文在分析构词法主要种类的基础上举例说明构词法在词汇教学中的应用，给教师以启示的作用。一、构词法的定义及种类所谓英语构词法就是按照语法规则构成新词的方法,同一个词根如果添上或去掉不同的词缀,可以构成一系列不同的派生词。英语构词法的种类有以下几种：（一）合成法合成法即把两个或两个以上的词按照一定的次序排列组成一个复合词。如basketball, life-long, face-to-face, blackboard。在英语发展的过程中，合成法在构词方面起到很大作用，为英语补充了大量词汇。复合词的后兹材料多数由基本词汇提供。合成词的含义多数可从字面看出，如以上各例，但其特定含义，则不受词中各个成分连接方式的影响，其写法由习惯而定，可用连接号，亦可不用。如mouth-filling(气势十足的)，mouth-to-mouth method(口对口人工呼吸法)。合成词的含义往往由其各个成分的关系而定，各词之间意义千变万化，毫无规则可言，但实际上，对于其含义，从上下文就可以看出，且很少会产生误解。合成词可分为合成名词，合成形容词，合成动词等。 1.合成名词的主要构成方式有： ⑴.名词+名词,如news +paper= newspaper(报纸),class +room=classroom(教室)； ⑵.形容词+名词，如black +board=blackboard(黑板)，high +way=highway(公路)； ⑶.动词+名词，如scare +crow=scarecrow(稻草人)。 2.合成形容词的主要构成方式： ⑴.名词+形容词,如color +blind= colorblind(色盲的)，world +wide=worldwide(全世界范围的)； ⑵.形容词+形容词，如bitter +sweet=bittersweet(又苦又甜的)； ⑶.副词+形容词，如over +sensitive=oversensitive(过敏的)。 3.合成动词的主要构成方式： ⑴.副词+动词，如uphold(支持)，under-line(在下面划线)； ⑵.名词+动词，如sun-bathe(日光浴)。 4.合成代词的主要构成方式： ⑴.代词宾格或物主代词+self/selves,如ourselves(我们自己)； ⑵.某些不定代词+body,如nobody, everybody。 5.合成副词的主要构成方式： ⑴.名词+名词，如sideways(横着)； ⑵.形容词+名词，如meanwhile(同时)； ⑶.介词+名词，如beforehand(事先)。在英语合成词中，合成名词数量很多，而且可以按照既定规律自行构造新词。在学生掌握了一定的基础词汇后，可对一些合成词汇猜测词义，更有利于单词的记忆，扩大词汇量。（二）派生法在一个词的前面或后面加上前缀或后缀，从而构成一个新词的方法叫做派生法。