商务英语

Passage 1

Income 收入

Income may be national income and personal income. 收入有国家收入和个人收入Whereas national income is defined as the total earned income of all the factors of production—namely, profits, interest, rent, wages, and other

compensation for labor, personal income may be defined as total money income received by individuals before personal taxes are paid. 而国家收入的定义是:所有生产要素的总收入——也就是利润、利息、租金、工资和其他劳动补偿，个人收入的定义是在支付个人所得税前个人收入全部款项。National income does not equal GNP(Gross National Product)because the factors of production do not receive payment for either capital consumption allowances or indirect business taxes, both of which are included in GNP. 国家收入和GNP(国民生产总值)是不一样的。因为生产要素不收取因为资本消耗津贴或间接营业税的支付款，而国民生产总值则刚好包括这两者。The money put aside for capital consumption is for replacement and thus is not counted as income. 把钱放在资本消耗上存储以供替代，因此不能算作收入。Indirect taxes include sales taxes, property taxes, and excise taxes that are paid by businesses directly to the government and so reduce the income left to pay for the factors of production. Three-fourths of national income goes for wages, salaries, and other forms of compensation to employees.企业交付的间接税,是直接给中国政府，所以减少了收入剩余以支付生

产要素。四分之三的国民收入用于工资、薪金和其它形式对员工的补贴。

Whereas national income shows the income that the factors of production earn, personal income measures the income that individuals or households receive. 而国家收入显示的生产因素的收入,个人收入衡量个人或者是家庭获得的收入。Corporation profits are included in national income because they are earned. 公司利润都包含在国民收入,因为是他们赚的。Out of these profits, however, corporation profit taxes must be paid to government, and some money must be put into the business for expansion. 而刨除这些利润，公司还要给政府上利润税，还有一部分钱用来投入到生意的夸张上。Only that part of profits distributed as dividends goes to the individual; therefore, out of corporation profits only dividends count as personal income. 只有一部分利润作为红利分配给个人;因此,从公司利润中只有红利才能算作个人收入。The factors of production earn money for social security and unemployment insurance contributions, but this money goes to government(which is not a factor of production), not to individuals. It is therefore part of national income but not part of personal income. 这个生产因素为社会安全生产失业保险的出资挣钱,但是这些钱是给政府(而不是

一种生产要素)，不是给个体的。因此是国民收入的一部分而不是个人收入的一部分

On the other hand, money received by individuals when they collect social security or unemployment compensation is not money earned but money

received. Interest received on government bonds is also in this category, because much of the money received from the sale of bonds went to pay for war production and that production no longer furnishes a service to the economy.在另一方面，个体也会收到钱当他们收集社会安全或是失业保险这不是挣钱而是给钱。在政府债券所得利息也是在这个范畴,因为大部分钱是从出售债券收到的以此来支付战争的生产,而这部分生产不再为经济提供服务。

The money people receive as personal income may be either spent or saved. 人们收到的这笔钱他作为个人收入可以花或者是存起来。However, not all spending is completely voluntary. 然而,并不是所有的开支是完全自愿的。A significant portion of our income goes to pay personal taxes. 我们收入的很大一部分用来去支付个人所得税。Most workers never receive the money they pay in personal taxes, because it is withheld from their paychecks. 绝大多数工人从未收到过要交个人所得税的那笔钱，因为它们在他们的薪水里扣除了。The money that individuals are left with after they have met their tax obligations is disposable personal income. 个体剩下的钱,在他们支付税收义务后成为可支配的个人收入。Disposable income can be divided between personal consumption expenditures and personal savings. It is important to remember that personal saving is what is left after spending. 可支配收入可分为之间的个人消费支出和个人储蓄。重要的是要记住,个人储蓄是开支后剩下的。

1. This passage is mainly about这篇文章主要是

A. the classification of income.收入的分类

B. the difference between national income and personal income.国家收入和个人收入的不同之处

C. the concept of income.收入的概念

D. the difference between disposable income and non-disposable income.可支配收入和不可支配受的不同之处

2. Which of the following statements is true according to the first paragraph?根据第一段下面哪个陈述是正确的

A. GNP equals national income plus indirect business taxes.国民生产总值等于国民收入加上间接营业税

B. GNP excludes both capital consumption allowances and indirect business taxes. 国民生产总值资本包括消耗津贴和排除间接营业税。

C. Personal income is regarded as the total money income received by an individual after his or her taxes are paid. 个人收入被视为，他或她个人税收后的全部款项。

D. The money that goes for capital consumption is not regarded as income.用于资本消耗这笔钱，不作为收入

3. It can be known from this passage that the government levy tax on从这篇短文可以知道政府征收税从

A. corporation profits.公司利润

B. every individual even though his income is very low. 每一个个体,即使他

的收入很低。

C. those who work in joint ventures. 那些在合资企业工作的。

D. those who work in government departments. 那些在政府部门工作的人。

4. According to this passage, the money you get as interest from government bonds is根据这篇文章,你从政府债券得到利益,

A. money earned.挣钱

B. not money earned but money received. 不是挣钱而是收到钱。

C. money received because you have contributed to the economy. 收到钱,因为你要归功于经济的发展。

D. money earned because you have furnished a service to the economy. 因为你提供的钱赚到经济服务。

5. The passage implies that这篇文章暗示

A. people willingly pay taxes because they want to do something useful to the country. 人们自愿缴纳税款,因为他们想要做些有意义的事。

B. people willingly pay taxes because they do not want to be looked down upon by others. 人们自愿缴纳税款,因为他们不想被人瞧不起。

C. people pay taxes unwillingly because they feel they will be arrested if they do not. 人们纳税不情愿,因为如果他们不纳税他们觉得他们会被逮捕,。

D. people pay taxes somewhat unwillingly. 人们纳税有点勉强。

ＢＤＡＢＤ

Passage 2

The Provincial Bank is one of the biggest financial institutions in the U.K. With its 1,900 branches and 58,000 employees, it has become a household name. Almost 4,000 of these employees hold managerial or executive positions.The bank has an outstanding record of profitability, which has been achieved by introducing innovations at the same time as maintaining leadership of the trade The bank's comprehensive training programme concentrates on developing the most important skills that graduates need in order to handle early management responsibility. Trainees take responsibility for their own continuous self-development through visiting other branches and departments, and by attending courses in management skills. They also receive training in order to increase their knowledge of the bank's services The bank supports members of staff who wish to take professional examinations, and its Graduate Training Scheme is linked to the nationally recognized Diploma in Management. Obviously the quality of its mangers is of vital importance to the bank's performance.

It welcomes good graduates in any subject area, therefore they can demonstrate the ability to influence events, and have the potential to succeed both as leaders and as part of a team. Most graduate trainees join the Retail Banking division initially. Those starting on this programme will soon have the chance to work in other parts of the bank and can expect a varied and flexible working life.

Passage 3

Today, Coca-Cola’s trademark is world-famous and its products average a staggering 400 million servings per day in more than 155 countries. According to legend, it began in a three-legged kettle in the back yard of Atlanta pharmacist Dr. John Styth Permberton who carried a jug of his concoction down the street to Jacob’s Pharmacy where it was sold at the soda fountain for 5 cents a glass. Frank Robinson, Pemberton’s partner and bookkeeper thought two ―C‖s would look good in advertising and wrote ―Coca-Cola‖ in the flowering script so famous today.

It is significant that Permberton spent almost twice as much money on advertising during the first years of operation as he made in

profits, for the growth of Coke’s popularity is as much due to the advertising and marketing strategy as it is to the quality of its product. By continually monitoring changes in consumer attitudes and behavior, the Coca-Cola Co. has become a widely recognized leader in advertising. Pemberton could not foresee the greatest future awaiting his soft drink and sold out. Asa Griggs Candler bought the business and organized the Coca-Cola Co. into a Georgia corporation. In 1893, he registered Coca-Cola as a trademark.

Under Candler’s leadership, the company began to grow quickly. In order to instigate a demand for the product, he spent heavily on advertising. Signs were put up from coast and appeared on calendars, serving trays and other merchandising items, urging people to drink Coke. Candler’s campaign paid off.

Candler was a creative talent at adverting, but showed little imagination in understanding Coke’s marketing potential. In 1899, he sold the right to bottle Coke throughout most of the United States for $1, which he never bothered to collect. Candler saw Coke primarily as a soda-fountain drink. But two far-sighed businessmen from Chattanooga, Tennessee, Benjamin Franklin Thomas and Joseph

Brown Whitehead, understand the potential, and, for the unpaid dollar, bought a franchise that became worth millions.

Their agreement with Candler began the franchising bottling system that still remains the foundation of the Coca-Cola Co.’s soft drink operations. Thomas and Whitehead sold the rights to bottle Coke to franchisers in very part of the country in return for the bottler’s agreement to invest in the necessary resources and effort to make the franchise a success. During the following decade, 179 bottling plants went into operation.

In the early 20th century, Coke blazed the advertising trail, developing innovative concepts that became accepted practices in the field. One of the most effective was the distribution and redemption of complimentary tickets, entitling the holder to a glass of Coke tree at the soda fountain of a dispenser.

Passage 4

It is almost twenty years since China began its rapid transformation. It has pursued its own strategies, and its own goals, with remarkable success. As we celebrate Beijing University’s

achievements over the past hundred years, we should also celebrate these great achievements of the past two decades: 200 million people have been lifted out of poverty; per capita income has increased at an average annual growth rate of 7 to 8 percent, and life spans have increased by 10 years (since 1970). These successes need to be put into context and the context helps us see just how impressive they are. China has been by far the most successful of the low-income countries. Between 1978 and 1985, China’s economic growth accounted for nearly two-thirds of the increase in total income of the low-income countries, even though at the beginning of the period, China accounted for only one-quarter of the GDP of the low-income countries and only 40 percent of the population. Equally remarkable is how widely this growth has been shared within china: when we measure the income growth of the 30 provinces separately over that same period, we discover that 20 of those provinces had faster per-capita growth rates than any other country in the world.

The successes look even more impressive when contrasted with the experience of the other countries trying to make a transition into a market economy. It has been almost a decade since the transition to a

market economy began in the countries of the former Soviet Union – a decade during which the inefficient system of central planning was replaced by a more decentralized, market-oriented system, distortionary pricing patterns were mostly eliminated, and private property was supposed to have restored incentives that were so lacking under the previous regime. Y et despite all these changes –which according to standard economic principles should have dramatically increased output – output in those countries remains a third below its pre-reform levels.

Of course, there were major differences between the initial conditions in the two countries. China was far less developed, and even today China’s official poverty line of less than US$ 1 per day is only one-sixth that of Russia. But these differences have made China’s challenge even greater: it has had to manage the transition from a less to a more developed country while at the same time managing the transition from a planned to a market socialist economy. China’s ability to do both successfully –and the contrast with Russia –suggests two lessons about the pace and sequencing of reforms. The first is that introducing competition does more to improve

performance and productivity than privatizing in a non-competitive environment. The second, that it is crucial to maintain social organization during these transitions and to create the institutional infrastructure that a market economy requires.

Passage 5

Personnel Management is regarded as a profession. It is an organizational activity, which is growing in Australia and elsewhere. Many observers believe that the most important and pressing problems of future industrial societies will not be solely concerned with production or technical questions, but will be people oriented and will involve a knowledge of social and behavioral sciences and of the personnel function. Personnel Management is now often called human resource management (HRM). We will use these terms interchangeably.

The role of personnel management has, of course, changed over time. Originally management to obtain and maintain an effective work force only used it and the emphasis was on production and on economic rewards. Later there was a move towards a welfare oriented

personnel function such as benefits and health. This is now only one part of the function. Later it was realized that if worker needs could be understood and met, for example, security, achievement, and job satisfaction, then the organization itself could better achieve its maximization of goals such as profits. Recently added to this has been the social (community) responsibility of the organization. Thus personnel management may now be involved in certain community activities, in equal opportunity employment in developing policies, for example, in employing racial minorities of physically handicapped people and in seeking to provide and maintain a climate in which individual and organization goals are achieved.

Personnel Management is about people. The management of people is an integral part of the organization and of the process of management itself. It is through people that organizations accomplish their goals; thus the management of people is a vital aspect of an organization’s functioning. Personnel management is not so limited that is only carried out by the personnel department; it is an organization wide activity. All levels of management are engaged in managing personnel. Line managers of other detainments e.g.

Marketing and production of various departments of sections in the public service and public agencies e.g. Telecom all have personnel / human resource management duties. They are involved in working in co-operation with the personnel department and its staff in such areas as recruitment, training, appraisal, counseling, safety and health and job design.

Personnel management in its broadest sense involves all matters in an organization regarding people decisions. This broad view focuses attention on three distinct but interrelated topics. The first is that of human relations, in which such matters as individual motivation, leadership, and group relationships and behavior are covered. The second is the field of organization theory, which considers job design, managerial spans of control, the flow of work through the organization, and so forth. The third consists of the specific kinds of decision areas for which the personnel manager or personnel department is directly responsible acquisition, development, rewarding, and maintenance of human resources.

The broad definition of personnel management illustrates that the scope of personnel management pervades the organization. Every

person in an organization is involved with personnel decisions. For example, all managers in any organization will need to know how to train their employees, appraise their performance, and so forth. Similarly, no managerial employees will be exposed to performance appraisals, selection interviews when hired, and so on.

To these sorts of definitions or descriptions must be added that as well as considering the development and maintenance of the human relationships and physical well being of employees, such activities are aimed at achieving individual and organizational objectives or goals.

Passage 6

Demands placed on us at work can often lead to considerable worry and discomfort. There are, however, ways of protecting ourselves from the stress we face at work. We interviewed Jane Collard, a consultant in stress management.

1. In Jane Collard's opinion, stress is becoming an increasingly common feature of the workplace. Stress is a highly individual reaction, which varies considerably from person to person, and it is

difficult for some employees to avoid it. Indeed, stress is regarded by many as part of the organizational culture of our institutions: it comes with the job. Recent figures indicate that time taken off work because of stress has increased by 500 per cent since the 1950s. Undoubtedly, changes in working conditions have led to greater pressure at work at all levels. With reductions in staffing, workloads for individual employees have increased. In addition, many employees are left worrying about the security of their jobs.

2. On the stress management courses that she runs, Jane Collard tries to make the trainees realise that stress in itself is not harmful. Everyone needs a certain level of stress to enable them to feel motivated and to perform effectively. A complete absence of stress can be as damaging as overstress, since it can make people lose interest in their work, and even lead to depression. The difficulties occur when the amount of stress rises above a level which is healthy for a particular individual. If this happens, the effects are very obvious and the trainees are taught to recognize the signs. Stress may be expressed physically, for example through headaches and tiredness, or through emotional problems such as depression. A person suffering from stress

may also start to behave differently, and can be difficult to deal with. 3. While it may not always be possible to prevent stress, there are a number of ways in which it can be controlled. The first thing that the trainees learn is how to manage their time effectively. This involves, first of all, setting realistic goals for both the short and long term. Once this framework has been established, tasks are then prioritised on a daily basis. The trainees are also reminded that when they are under pressure the less important items should be left, and they should never hesitate to delegate. Everyone is encouraged to look at ways of reducing 'wasted time ', for example by grouping similar tasks together or dealing with items immedkiately.

4. Jane feels that one of the most useful features of the course is that it enables trainees to deal with those demands or deadlines that they regard as unreasonable. They are encouraged to avoid being defensive, but at the same time they are advised not to be afraid of saying 'no'. They are asked to give reasons only if necessary. The training helps them to foresee difficult situations or unwanted demands, and they learn how to prepare themselves mentally. Everyone is encouraged not to get stuck in negative thought patterns, where stress can feed a

circular sense of helplessness. One solution they discuss is to think of a more encouraging alternative for each negative message. They learn, for example, to remind themselves that nothing terrible happens when a demand is refused or a deadline missed. Life goes on.

一个教训，在压力管理

要求我们在工作中常常可以导致很大的忧虑和不安。但是，如何保护自己，我们所面临的压力在工作。我们采访了简科勒德，顾问压力管理。

1 。在简科勒德认为，压力正日益成为共同特点，在工作场所。应力是一个高度个人反应，其中有很大不同的人，很难对一些员工，以避免它。事实上，强调的是许多人认为，作为组织文化的机构：它的工作。最近的数字表明，起飞时间，因为工作的压力，增加了500百分之20世纪50年代以来。毫无疑问，工作条件的变化导致了更大的压力，在工作在各级。随着裁减工作人员，个别员工的工作量有所增加。此外，许多员工担心留下的安全工作。

2 。应力管理课程，她运行，简科勒德尝试，使学员认识到，压力本身并不有害。每个人都需要一定程度的压力，使他们能够感受到的动机，并切实履行。完全没有压力可破坏的过，因为它可以使人们失去了兴趣在他们的工作，甚至导致抑郁症。困难时发生的金额高于应力水平是健康的某一个人。如果发生这种情况，其影响是非常明显和学员授课承认迹象。应力可能是表示身体，例如头痛，疲倦，或通过情绪问题，如抑郁症。一个人可能遭受的压力也开始表现方式不同，可能难以处理。

3 。虽然它可能并不总是能够防止压力，有一些方法，它可以控制的。首先，学员学习是如何有效地管理自己的时间。这涉及到，首先，制定切实可行的目标，短期和长期的。一旦这一框架已经建立，然后优先的任务是每天都在发生。受训人员还提醒说，当他们

处于压力之下的不太重要的项目应该是左边，应该毫不犹豫地代表。每个人都感到鼓舞的是研究如何减少'浪费时间' ，例如分组相似的任务一起或处理项目immedkiately 。

4 。简认为，其中一个最有用的特点当然是它使受训人员来处理这些要求或最后期限，他们认为这是不合理的。鼓励他们避免被防守，但同时他们尽量不要害怕说'不' 。他们被要求说明理由，只有必要的。培训帮助他们预见困难的情况下，或不想要的需求，他们了解如何编写自己的精神。大家都鼓励不要停留在消极的思维模式，在强调可养活一个圆形的无助感。他们讨论的一个解决办法是把一个更加令人鼓舞的替代每个负面消息。他们学习，例如，以提醒自己时会发生什么可怕的要求被拒绝或错过一个最后期限。生活就是这样。

(翻译不一定准确，来源网上，出自他人)

Questions 13-16

For questions 13-16, choose the best title for each numbered paragraph from the list below.

For each numbered paragraph 1-4, mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet.

Do not use any letter more than once.

A Higher stress levels among top managers

B Coping with stress through a positive attitude

C Time lost at work through sickness

D Causes of increased stress in the work environment

E Explanations for missed deadlines

F stress reduction through better organisation

G Typical problems associated with stress

13 Paragraph 1

14 Paragraph 2

15 Paragraph 3

16 Paragraph 4

Questions 17—20

Using the information in the text, complete each sentence 17-20 with a phrase A-G from the list below.

For each question 17-20, mark one letter (A-G) on your Answer Sheet.

Do not use any letter more than once.

17 Most people agree that the recent increase in stress is due to changes in ____________.

18 The trainees are taught that the right level of stress at work is important for good.

19 Trainees learn that one way of limiting stress is by deciding upon.

2020商务英语专业大学排名一览表

2020商务英语专业大学排名一览表 商务英语专业方向主要培养具有扎实的英语语言基础和较 系统的国际商务管理理论知识，具有较强的实践技能，能在外贸、外事、文化、新闻出版、教育、科研、旅游等部门从事翻译、管理、教学、研究工作的英语高级专门人才。一起来了解一下商务英语专业大学排名吧! 商务英语专业 排名 高校名称 开此专业学校数 1上海外国语大学3822华南理工大学3823黑龙江大学3824广东外语外贸大学3825上海财经大学3826对外经济贸易大学3827上海对外经贸大学3828江西师范大学3829华中农业大学38210四川外国语大学38211广东工业大学38212广州航海学院38213四川旅游学院38214浙江工商大学38215西南财经大学38216江苏理工学院38217暨南大学38218江西财经大学38219西安外国语大学38220福建江夏学院382 简要介绍 "商务英语"的概念从提出到今天，起始时间已经不短了，但在国际化大趋势下，英语学习市场风起云涌的今天，很多培训机构又把商务英语作为了其主要的培训项目。究竟什么是商务英语?

它又适合什么人读呢?我们仅仅从我们的角度来进行一些阐述，供大家参考。 从英语培训的目的来看，既有考试培训，又有能力培训，商务英语界乎两者之间。 在中国的市场更加深入地融入到国际经济社会之中时，国内人才市场由于大批外资公司的登陆，对商务英语的人才的需求也愈来愈大。不过我们再次要说明商务英语并不是万能的，也不是独立存在的，许多外企需要员工具有更加专业性的英语能力--"职业英语"，比如ETS的TOEIC和TOPE，也有人把TOEIC统称为商务英语，其实二者是有区别的，他们的含义与作用都不同。对于职业英语而言，学员参加某一项测试并得到一定的分数来证明其对英语语言的应用能力。学生需要和得到的是一个分数，证明其有能力承担相关的工作。而事实上，比如托福，得到高分的考生并不证明其拥有了相对应的能力。而商务英语，作为一种特定的教程，强调的不仅仅是语言的水平，而是一种实际综合素质的提高。B E C会帮助学员学会如何利用英语语言达到更高的职业目标。例如西方的管理理念、工作心理、如何与外国人打交道等等，实际的在工作中给学员以帮助。 "商务"、"英语"、若即若离 关于商务英语，不少人会有疑问，究竟是"商务中的英语"还是"商务加英语"，"商务"与"英语"两者内部到底是什么关系?确实

商务英语中营销的常用词汇(H-M)

N Nabisco Biscuit 纳贝斯克饼干公司 national account management 全国性客户管 national market 国内市场 National Semiconductor 美国国家半导体公司 natural products 天然产品 NEC 日本电子 Nescafé雀巢咖啡 Nestlé雀巢 net sales 净销售额 network computer (NC) 网络计算机 new business selling 新业务销售 new buy 购入新产品 new entrants 新进入者 new markets 新市场 new materials 新材料 New Prod screening model 新普罗德筛选模型 new product lines 新产品线 new products 新产品 new-product development 新产品开发

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Day today Office日常事务 1 Faxes传真 2 Telephone Calls电话 3 Making Telephone Appointments电话预约 4 Memos备忘录 5 Business Correspondence商业信函 6 Placing an Order下订单 Office Talk办公室谈话 7 Coworkers同事 8 Bosses老板 9 Brainstorming集体讨论 10 Commuting乘公交车上下班 11 The Working Lunch工作午餐 Business Trip商务旅行 12 International Business Travel国际商务旅行 13 Dressing for Business商务着装 14 Hotel Situations旅馆情景 15 Negotiating the Subway乘地铁 Client Reception接待客户 16 Receiving Clients接待客户 17 Entertaining Clients招待客户

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