地理信息系统专业英语
Photogrammetry can be defined as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable information about physical objects and the environment by recording，measuring and interpreting photographic images ( American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 1987 ) . Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photographs, but it may be also imagery stored electronically on tape or disk taken by video or CCD cameras or radiation sensors such as scanners. The most important feature of photogrammetry is that the objects are measured without being touched.
摄影可以被定义为，通过记录、测量和解释摄影图像获得有关物理对象和环境可靠的信息的艺术，科学和技术。摄影测量是通过照片测量物体的一门技术，但它也可能是用视频或CCD相机或辐射传感器如扫描仪拍摄下来以电子形式存储在磁带或磁盘的图像。摄影测量中最重要的功能是不接触事物进行测量
。
Terrestrial photogrammetry or close-range photogrammetry, which generally refers to a camera-to-object distance less than 100 meters, is to obtain stereo photopairs of an area to be mapped by photographing with a camera located on the ground and then engage in measurement or contour delineation with a stereoplotting instrument. Many uses for terrestrial or close-range photogrammetry include digital modeling for architectural restoration, medical imaging for forensic sciences and reconstructive surgery, data collection for structural stability studies of bridges and hydroelectric dams, and the documentation of traffic accidents and crime scenes by police departments.
地面摄影或近景摄影测量，一般是指相机到物体的距离小于100米的测量。它们是为了获得一个地区的立体象对而用位于地面上的一个摄像头拍摄，然后进行测量或用立体测图仪进行等高线划定。地面或近景摄影测量的许多用途，包括建筑修复的数字化建模，法医学和整形外科医疗成像，为了进行桥梁和水坝的结构稳定性研究以及警察部门为了记录下交通事故和犯罪现场而进行的数据收集。
What Is Remote Sensing?
For the purposes of understanding the concepts of remote sensing, the following definition should be given first: [CCRS, 2003]
“Remote sensing is the science ( and to some extent , art ) of acquiring information about the Earth’s surface without actually being in contact with it . This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information.”
In much of remote sensing, the process involves an interaction between incident radiation and the targets of in-terest. This is exemplified by the use of imaging systems where the following seven elements are involved. Note, however that remote sensing also involves
the sensing of emitted energy and the use of non-imaging sensors (Figure 1)
在许多遥感过程中涉及到了入射辐射和兴趣目标之间的相互作用。这是由以下七个要素参与的成像系统的使用体现的。但是请注意，遥感，还涉及到感知排放的能源和使用非成像传感器
Basically, remote-sensing systems can be classified into two types: passive and active. Passive remote sensing systems sample emitted and reflected radiation from target when the energy source is independent of the recording instrument. Good examples are the camera and thermal infrared detectors. Passive sensors can only be used to detect energy when the naturally occurring energy is available. For all reflected energy, this can only take place during the time when the sun is illuminating the Earth. There is no reflected energy available from the sun at night. Energy that is naturally emitted (such as thermal infrared) can be detected day or night, as long as the amount of energy is large enough to be recorded.
遥感系统基本上可分为两种类型：被动和主动。当能量来源独立记录仪的时候，被动遥感系统从目标中提取出发射和反射出的辐射。相机和热红外探测器就是好的例子。无源传感器只能用于检测当它自然产生时也是可以使用的能量。对于所有的反射能量，这只能在太阳照亮地球时发生。在晚上没有来自于太阳的反射能量。自然排放（如热红外）的能源不管在白天还是在晚上都可以被检测，只要量能大到足以被记录
Certain tools are central to the processing of digital images. These include mathematical tools such as convolution, Fourier analysis, and statistical descriptions, and manipulative tools such as chain codes and run codes. Some operations are fundamental to digital image processing. These operations can be divided into four categories: operations based on the image histogram, on simple mathematics, on convolution, and on mathematical morphology. Further, these operations can also be described in terms of their implementation as a point operation, a local operation, or a global operation.
某些工具是数字图像处理的核心。这些措施包括数学工具，如卷积，傅立叶分析，统计描述，以及操纵的工具，如链代码并运行代码。有些操作是数字图像处理的基础。这些操作，可分为四类：基于图像的直方图，操作简单的数学计算，卷积，数学形态学。此外，这些操作也可以在其实施方面描述为点操作，本地操作，或一个全球性的操作。
This radiation is measured and recorded by a sensor, and ultimately is depicted as an image product such as an air photo or a satellite image. Recognizing targets is the key to interpretation and information extraction. Observing the differences between targets and their backgrounds involves comparing different targets
based on any, or all, of the visual elements of tone, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadow, and association. When remote sensing data are available in digital format, digital processing and analysis may be performed using a computer.
这种辐射是由一个传感器测量和记录，并最终被描绘成一个形象的产品，如一个航空照片或卫星图像。认识目标是解释和信息提取的关键。观测目标和背景之间的差异，包括，基于任何或所有视觉元素的色调，形状，大小，图案，纹理，阴影，和联系，比较不同的目标。当遥感数据在数字格式，数字处理和分析时，可能会使用电脑
。