工程管理专业英语THE_CONSTRUCTION_INDUSTRY及翻译
CHAPTER 1 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
CHAPTER OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
TYPE OF INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY SECTORS
Residential Sector
Commercial Building Sector
Infrastructure and Heavy Highway Sector
Industrial Sector
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
TRENDS IN THE INDUSTRY
Construction Ethics
Demographics
Opportunities
CONCLUSION
STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES
In this chapter you will learn the following:
1. The principle characteristics that define the construction industry
2. The four major sectors of construction projects
3. The nature of research and development within the construction industry
4. Current trends within the construction industry
INTRODUCTION
"To form by assembling parts" is the dictionary definition for con.struct, but the phrase also is a metaphor for the construction process itself. Just as divergent materials come together to form a structure, so. too. does a diverse group of people come together to make the project possible. To bring together numerous independent businesses and corporate personalities into one goal oriented process is the peculiar challenge of the construction industry. The organizationaJ cultures of architects, engineers, owners. builders. manufacturers. and suppliers may seem to work against the real need to forge a partnership that will ensure the success of a project. Yet, despite these very real chaIJenges in the industry, construction projects do get completed. In fact. it is difficult to think of an industry that is more basic to our economy and to our daily lives. The highways we drive on. the bridges we cross. the water we drink, the fuel we burn: all are made possible by the activities of the construction industry. Likewise. where we shop, where we work. where we worship and learn. and where we live all exist because of the industry. Designers have visions; but until the contractor builds. those visions are just dreams on a sheet of paper.
Construction is also very interwined with other aspects of our lives. It affects and is affected by developments in technology, computers, government policies, labor relations. and economic and political practices. Take. for instance, the technological leap of the skyscraper. Until the late 1800s. most buildings were four or five stories high. Masonry supported the structure from the ground. As the height of the building increased. the massing at the ground level also increased to support the additional Ioad. Thus, if the building were built too high, the mass at the bottom would be too thick. Another limitation to height was that people could only practicably climb four or five stories. Because floors on the upper levels were difficult to rent. Owners had no economic incentive to build any higher. But with the development of cheap methods of producing iron and steel and the invention of the elevator. architects began designing higher buildings. This spurred construction activity: landowners were motivated to develop these new buildings because the return on their investment was higher. Over time. as technological advances have allowed. the skyscraper has gotten taller.
Innovations in robotics and computer modeling have also affected the construction industry. By using computers for modeling structures and imitating wind and seismic loads. architects and engineers can better anticipate nature's constraints and create better designs to counteract them. With robots directing equipment during construction. contractors can gain more control over processes that require precision for success. such as the construction of the underwater tunnel between France and England. The desire for such projects leads to the development of technologies to make them possible, which in turn encourages similar projects to go forward.
TYPES OF INDUSTRY
Construction is big business in the United States. According to the Bureau of Laborn Statistics. the industry employs nearly 6 million people and represents 5 percent of the work force, making it the nation's largest single employer. The total value of construction in 2000 was $815 billion. which represents 8.1 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP). Opportunities in construction have increased significantly in the last ten years. Construction employment in 2000 has risen by 49 percent since 1990. This is in contrast to employment as a whole. which has increased 21 percent. Although construction-related jobs are some of the best-paying in the country, they are often not a person's first career choice. Look at any construction company, and you will find people from a varietV of backgrounds who. through experience and continuing cducation, have been promoted through the ranks. This profile is starting to change, however. with the profcssionalization of the field and the introduction of undergraduate and graduate construction managemcnt programs at colleges and universities. Both the American Institute of Constructors (AIC) and the Construction Management AssociaOon of America (CMAA) have initiated professional certification programs.
Construction projects can be awe-inspiring in their breadth and complexity-from the Egyptian pyramids and Gothic cathedrals to soaring skyscrapers and enormous bridges. Yet the
industry itself does not own thcse products, nor does it control their supply and demand. In fact. construction has relatively few assets compared with those of other industries. Its success or failure depends on the qualities of its people rather than on its technology or product. In this way, it is very much a service industry-one composed of many small businesses, especially in the residential and commercial building sectors. Construction does not require a patent or a large capitalinvestment; anyone with motivation.technical skills. and a sufficient cash flow can start a business and be successful. However, because of the industry 's cyclical nature. it inevitably has slow periods. Without capital to get them through these slow times. these small "moru and pop" businesses are at risk. and many are forced out of the market.
The risk factor is much higher in construction than it is in other industries because outside factors such as government funding, demographics, and market trends largely determine demand.Another reason for this high risk lies in the unpredictable nature of the work itself. Since construction takes place outside, it depends on weather conditions. Any extremes can affect productivity level. damage materials and work in place, create unsafe conditions. and even shut down the site entirely. Moreover. the industry is custom-oriented. meaning that it is difficult to use mass-production techniques in either materials or methods. Each project has its own learning curve for both management and labor. Because all these factors make it difficult to accurately predict how much money will be necessary to complete the project, the industry has a higher risk of losing money than do industries that rely on more predictable factors.
Financial institutions, medical services. accounting firms, and real estate companies have all been involved in recent mergers, consolidations, and conglomerations. Construction, however, is a study of contrasts. At one time, general contractors constructed almost the entire project with their own work crews. But as buildings become more technically complex and the business of building them more sophisticated, the industry has turned increasingly to specialty trades. Thus, the contractor's role has evolved from boss to manager. However. in other aspects of the industry, the reverse is happening. While the technical complexities of projects have strongly influenced the trend toward subcontractor specialization. these same complexities are merging owners. contractors, and designers into more collaborative units. In a very real way, this trend is leading constructors back to their roots-as the master builders.
INDUSTRY SECTORS
Most designers and builders concentrate their business and build expertise in a specific sector of the construction industry, each of which is supported by separate material and equipment suppliers, manufacturers. and subcontractors. These distinct types have evolved because major differences exist in how projects within each sector are funded: in the building methods involved: and in the manner in vrhich designers, builders. and owners interact. These sectors are usually separated into the following four categories:
1. Residential
2. Commericalbuilding
3. Infrastructure and heavy highway
4. Industrial
Residential Sector
The residential construction sector is comprised of individual homes. small condominiums, and apartment complexes. What all these building types have in common (apart from the fact that they house people) are the conditions under which they are constructed. Such projects tend to be privately funded by individual owners for their own use or for speculation. They are typically designed by architects. although the plan may come from a mass-produced catalog. In some instances. the homeowners or the builder may design the structure. Within this sector. there has been some movement toward pre-manufactured homes and products. But despite the tremendous potential in developing pre-manufactured components for the residential market. the tendency is still to build most components on site.
As a site-built product. residential construction uses fairly low technology. Not surprisingly, most of the "mom and pop" operations are found in this sector. Because the technology needed to build residential buildings is readily available, the capital required to step into the business is fairly small: a pickup truck, some basic tools. and an understanding of construction. Supporting these operations are many other small businesses-lumberyards, tool and equipment rentals, specialty suppliers, and hardware stores. When the economy is strong, these small businesses do well; but because residential sector projects are privately funded and homogenous in type, many companies go out of business when money gets tight. Interest rates and government policy toward housing investment also influence the sector's health. In a good economy, about one-half of construction spending takes place in the residential sector.
Commercial Building Sector
This sector includes office buildings, large apartment complexes, shopping malls, theaters. schools. universities, and hospitals. Like residential buildings, these structures tend to be privately funded,although some public funding is usually available for schools and hospitals. They are typically designed by an architect with support from an engineer and are built by general contractors as bid projects or by construction managers who assist during pre-construction and coordinate the construction. The technical sophistication necessary for success is greater than in the residential sector. as is the capital needed to enter the field. These factors lead to fewer players.
Within this sector, there is some specialization. Hospitals, which require a special knowledge
of the activities that happen in them. tend to be technically complex to design and require tight quality control during construction. Commercial structures such as shopping malls, office buildings, and theaters are built for quick turnaround and an eye to marketing and retail image. Firms build their reputations in these specialized fields, and owners choose designers and contractors based on their reputations. Larger firms tend to have various divisions that concentrate on specific segments of the market, meaning that they are generally able to weather economic ups and downs.
Annual construction expenditures are high for this sector. accounting for more than 30 percent of the construction market. However, the sector is highly dependent on regional economic health. Houston in the 1970s, California in the 1980s, and the northeast in the 1990s experienced tremendous economic growth and construction success. But such success inevitably leads to overbuilding, which in turn leads to a real estate glut and very little continued construction activity as the economy slows and overbuilt real estate is absorbed. Such factors are part of the construction cycle.
Infrastructure and Heavy Highway Sector
Construction in this sector enables the distribution of goods and people. Examples include roadways, bridges, canals. dams, and tunnels. These projects are designed principally by civil engineers and built by heavy construction contractors who have engineering backgrounds or support. Because of the complexity of the projects and the importance of equipment and technical know-how, relatively few firms are involved. and those that are tend to be very large.
Most infrastructure projects are publicly funded because they serve the public's needs. Without a strong framework of infrastructure. the nation's productivity decreases, and our standard of living is affected. However. the current condition of infrastructure in the United States requires greater attention. Consider the following statistics from the U.S. Markets Construction Overview (1998):
1.By 1990. one-third of the interstate roadway system had outlived its intended design
life.
2.In spite of increased export and import activities and the use of larger, more
cost-effective vessels, only four U.S. ports can handle large ships.
3.The number of seriously congested airports will increase from six to seventeen by the
year 2002.
4.It is estimated that we will need to build 3.353 new sewage treatment facilities by the
year 2012 to keep up with demand.
The need for building or rebuilding in this sector is great. Infrastructure projects tend to last for a long time and to continue despite regional economic ups and downs. Although they have traditionally been publicly funded, a growing trend toward partnership with private industries
may offset their impact on taxes.
Industrial Sector
Steel mills, petroleum refineries, chemical processing plants. and automobile profacilities. These projects are defined by the production activities within the facility rather than the facility itself. The design and construction of the shell depend on the needs of the process and production equipment. In the United States. most of these facilities are privately funded. However. in other countries, money may come from public sources. Quality and time are extremely important in these projects; productivity and therefore return on investment depend on how well the facility pcrforms. Because of the detailed complexity of each facility, this sector includes many specialties. Only a few designers and builders are qualified to work on any particular type of facility. Since the process technology is critical, designers and builders need to collaboratc closely throughout the project. As a result. builders and designers often deliver services as a single company.
Opportunities in this sector have grown. The downsizing of the industry coupled with more efficient production processes has resulted in Increased demand for U.S. products and therefore increased demand for new or refurbished facilities. In addition. the urgent need to clean up hazardous materials at old industrial sites has spawned the new field of environmental construction. This field combines the talents of scientists and engineers with specialized construction personnel. Presently, these sites are being cleaned using federal Superfund money or state funds. To date. 250.000 hazardous materials sites have been identified in the United States.
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
Traditionally, construction focuses on cash flow and is almost completely driven by projects and their schedules. As a result. there is little incentive for individual companies to invest in research and development except in a propriety manner. The little investment that does exist is at the university level. Few U.S. engineering and construction companies have done any significant research aimed at improving construction processes. Not only are most projects pushed through with tight timetables. but new ideas risk failure and lawsuits. Thus, designers and owners tend to be very conservative when specifying products to be used on their projects. Moreover, even if a company does successfully invest in a new technology, it has no way to protect its investment. Most construction technologies are not patentable, meaning that a competitor could easily use them on its next project.
International companies are starting to challenge this profile-for example, Japanese companies, which spend up to forty times as much as the United States on basic research and development in construction. Organizations such as the Center for Building Technology and the Construction Industry Institute. which are aimed at fostering creativity, research. and innovation.
are starting to influence changes. To be effective. however, labor. the academy, government. and business must work together.
TRENDS IN THE INDUSTRY
The construction industry has an image problem. According to the Jobs Rated Almanac (July, 2000), today's youth ranks construction 247th out of a possible 250 career choices. Only lumberj ack, oil field laborer. and fishing came in lower. Whenever a contractor walks out on a homeowner before ajob is completed, a person is injured or killed on a construction site. traffic is disrupted because of construction activity, or a labor action closes down a job site, the industry's image is further tarnished. Unfortunately, it has few positive images to counteract the negative ones.
In fact. construction is one of the noblest professions. Working with your hands. solving problems in the field. working collaboratively with many other disciplines to create a real product that will be handed down to future generations: this is construction. It is hard to imagine another profession that has such a physical impact on the quality of people's lives. The industry has much to be proud of, but it hasn't done a good job of letting others know about its accomplishments.
One challenge for the future will be to educate people about the industry. Ef-forts at the high school level and even in the lower grades will help to attract youngsters to the field. as well as counteract negative images. Programs such as City/Build (which pairs high school students with design and building professionals) and Youth/Build (which pairs young people with construction projects through work apprenticeships and educational opportunities) are one way to start. They introduce students to the professions and emphasize the importance of getting involved in decisions about our built environment (see Figure l.9). Professional organizations and professional registration of contractors will also create a new image of the constructor.
Construction Ethics
In recent years, the construction industry has become increasingly professional. Along with that professionajism is the reajization that guidelines to expected professional behavior needed to be developed. Society governs behavior by written laws and unwritten moral and ethical codes. Many acts are allowed by law but considered unethical or immoral by a certain group's standards. In professional circles, expected ethical behavior is sometimes written out as a code of ethics. Here is the code of the American Institute of Constructors:
The construction profession is based upon a system of technical competence, management excellence. and fair dealing in undertaking complex works to serve the public with safety, efficiency, and economy. The members of the American Institute of Constructors are committed to the following standards of professional conduct:
I. A member shall have full regard to public interest in fulfilling his or her professional
responsibilities.
II. A member shall not cngage in any deceptive practice, or in any practice that creates an unfair advantage for the member or another.
III. A member shall not maliciously or recklessly injure or attempt to injure the professional reputation of otherS.
IV. A member shaIJ ensure th at when providing a service that includes advice. Such advice shall be fair and unbiascd.
V. A member shall not divulge to any person, firm or company, information of a confidential nature acquircd during the course of professional activities.
VI. A member sh all carry out his or her responsibilities in accordance with current professional practice.
VII. A membcr shall keep informcd of new concepts and developments in the construction process appropriate to the type and level of his or her responsibilities.
Often it is difficult to discern if certain ways of acting are unethical or simply economic business practice. In construction. one example of unethical behavior is bid shopping. This can occur during the bidding period or after the bids are in. It can be instigatcd by contractors. subcontractors. or, in some instances. owners themselves. Basically bid shopping involves letting a specific contractor or subcontractor know enough about the other bids so that he or she can bid below them to win the job. This practice hurts all the bidders. Bids cost money to put together and represent significant effort. It is unfair not to give everyone the same chance of winning the job. In the long run. bid shopping hurts the owner. The subcontractor who wins the job may have reduced his or her profit so significant~y that the incentive to cut corners is high.Additionally, if the construction community learns about this practice, the contractor will find it difficult to get good bids on subsequent jobs.
Being able to trust the people we work with is a big part of putting our best effort into our work. On a construction .j ob, people often do not know each other very well. They come together to do a project but may have no prior common working experience. A key to success is creating a trusting environment in which people feel comfortable with each other. If project participants adhere to a professional code of ethics such as the one you have just read, they already have a foundation for creating that trust.
Demographics
Demographics will shape the construction industry of the future. Today, the field needs 200.000 new employees each year. Because of the baby bust between 1965 and 1976, the industry's image problem. and the retirement of thousands of long-time craftsmen, these positions have been difficult to fill. Those who do take the jobs are not well trained and have inadequate levels of competency. However. the industry has taken steps to rectify these problems. Research and development should reduce the need for workers through better technology and productivity; better recruitment and retention will stabilize the work force: and the second baby
boom from 1977 to 1994 will repopulate the work force after the turn of the century.
Demographics wil! a~so play a big role in the direction of construction. Americans are older. living longer, and living in smaIJer households; they are also more racially and ethnically diverse. These demographics indicate future construction needs. Baby boomers. about 77 million people, have considerable influence over spending patterns. In their wake are the second-generation boomers. 72 million people, who will be the trendsetters of the twenty first century. These children are now pouring into aging schools that often need to be replaced. At the other end, people are living longer, which puts strains on health care facilities and creates additional need for assisted-living facilities.
Opportunities
Increased productivity is the greatest untapped area for improvement in the construction industry. Companies that embrace new technologies, innovative processes, collaborative partnering, improved safety, and reductions in litigation costs through contract arrangements will have a significant advantage over others that continue with past practices. One of the barriers to greater productivity is the increase in government regulations targeted at construction. From 1970 t0 1996 the number of people employed in regulatory agencies increased from 70.000 t0 132,000. Regulatory spending itself went up from $1.4 billion in 1976 to $16.5 billion in 1996.
The ultimate success of the construction industry may lie in its ability to form a collective agenda. Competition from Japan, Germany, and other nations; liability costs; and computerization of the industry could all be rallying points. Every one of those issues has the potential to make or break the industry. If competition from abroad is allowed to continue unabated.if liability costs turn the industry reactive instead of proactive. or if the industry does not respond sufficiently to the electronic age, then the future will see an industry in disarray. On the other hand. these issues could spur great growth. Computerization can open up communication among companies and allow learning to take place across traditional lines. Tlie industry can incorporate international successes while investing money in research and development to move into a better competitive position. By creating demonstration projects (projects not guided solely by budget and schedule), the industry can mitigate traditional risks while testing new products and processes.
CONCLUSION
The construction industry will continue to play a key role in society. From the early days of building simple shelters. we have developed means and metlhods that have become a symbol of our sophislication and maturity. The industry began its life among master builders and seems to be returning full cycle to its roots. Although we still live in a world of competitive bidding, there is a trend toward more collaboration between designers and builders. Compurer technology has created a bridge between the two industries. Owners' ciesire to avoid litigation is pushing them
toward the design/build construction management model. Innovations in construction processes and methods are forging a partnership between design and building as well.
The opportunities in construction are endless. The industry spans small home proj ects and huge civil engineering feats. As each construction sector matures. the divisions among them become more pronounccd. Each sector has its own specialty suppliers and subcontractors. and increasingly contractors build businesses solely in one of the sectors.
The future of construction is an exciting one. International markets. Innovations in technology, and new relationships across disciplines are all avenues of development. To m ake best use of their opportunities, U.S. companies must invest in research and development; undertake public education about the field: and create new. non-traditional partnerships.
REFERENCE
Krantz. Les. Jobs Rated Alnzanac: 7he Best anLi Worst Jobs. New York: St. Martin's Press. 2000.
第1章建造业
本章大纲
引言
三次产业分
行业分类
住宅业务
商业建筑部门
基础设施和重型公路部门
工业部门
研究与发展
行业发展趋势
道德建设
人口统计学
机会
结论
学生的学习目标
在本章中，您将了解以下内容：
1 。的原则特征，定义建筑业
2 。建设项目的四个主要行业
3 。研究和开发建筑行业内的性质
4 。建筑行业内目前的趋势
引言
“要形成靠零件组装”是con.struct字典的定义，但是这句话也是一个隐喻施工过程本身。正如发散材料聚集在一起，形成一个结构，所以。太。没有人的不同群体走到一起，使该项目成为可能。众多独立的企业和企业的个性汇集成一个目标导向的过程是建筑行业的特殊挑战。该organizationaJ文化的建筑师，工程师，业主的。建设者。制造商。和供应商似乎对工作的实际需要，以建立一个伙伴关系，确保项目的成功。然而，尽管在同行业中这些非常现实的chaIJenges ，建设项目也得到完成。事实上。它是很难想到的行业，更基本的对我们的经济和我们的日常生活。在我们的公路上驾驶。桥梁我们穿过。我们喝的水，我们燃烧的燃料：所有由建筑行业的活动成为可能。同样地。在这里我们店，我们工作的地方。我们崇拜和学习。我们住的地方都存在，因为这个行业的。设计师们的愿景，但直到承包商的基础之上。这些愿景都只是梦想在一张纸上。
施工也非常有交织在一起我们生活的其他方面。它影响并受技术的发展，计算机，政府政策，劳资关系。与经济和政治实践。服用。例如，高层建筑的技术飞跃。直到19世纪末期。大多数建筑物都是四五层高。砌筑从地面支撑的结构。作为建筑物的高度增加。体量在地电平也增加以支持附加的IOAD 。因而，如果建筑物被建造得太高，将物料在底部将是太厚了。另一个限制高度为人们只能切实可行爬四五故事。因为上层地板是很难租。业主必须建立任何没有较高的经济激励。但随着生产钢铁和电梯的发明的廉价方法的发展。建筑师开始设计更高层的楼宇。这促使建筑活动：地主被激励去开发这些新的建筑，因为他们的投资回报率较高。随着时间的推移。随着技术的进步已经允许。摩天大楼已经变得更高。
机器人和计算机建模创新也影响了建筑行业。通过使用计算机进行建模结构和模仿风荷载和地震荷载。建筑师和工程师能够更好地预测大自然的制约，创造更好的设计，以抵消它们。随着机器人指挥设备施工过程中。承包商可以更好地控制需要精准的成功过程。如法国和英国之间的海底隧道的建设。对此类项目的欲望导致了技术的发展，使它们成为可能，这反过来又鼓励类似的项目前进。
工业类型
建筑是大企业在美国。据Laborn统计局。该行业员工近600万人，代表5 ％的劳动力，使其成为全美最大的雇主。建于2000年，总价值为815十亿。它代表了国内生产总值（GDP）的8.1％。在建设有机会在过去十年显著增加。建筑业就业在2000年自1990年以来已上升了49％。这是相对于就业作为一个整体。已增长了21％。虽然建造业相关职位是一些最好的高薪在该国，他们往往不是一个人的第一职业选择。看任何建筑公司，你会发现从背景谁一个varietV人。通过经验和持续的cducation ，已通过等级提升。此配置文件已经开始改变，但是。同场的profcssionalization和引进在学院和大学本科和研究生施工managemcnt方案。这两个构造函数的美国学院（AIC）和美国建设管理AssociaOon （CMAA ）发起的专业认证计划。
建设项目可威风在其广度和复杂性，从埃及的金字塔和哥特式大教堂，以高耸的塔
楼和巨大的桥梁。然而，金融业本身并不拥有thcse产品，也不控制他们的供应和需求。事实上。建设具有与其他行业相比，相对较少的资产。它的成功或失败取决于其人民的素质，而不是它的技术或产品。通过这种方式，这不能不说是一个服务行业一由许多小企业，尤其是在住宅和商业建筑部门。施工时不需要专利或大型capitalinvestment ;任何人motivation.technical技能。和充裕的现金流可以开始创业并取得成功。由于行业的周期性特点然而，。它不可避免地具有缓慢时期。没有资本，让他们通过这些缓慢的时期。这些小“MORU和pop ”的企业处于危险之中。和许多人被迫退出市场。
风险因素是建设远远高于它在其他行业，因为外界因素如政府拨款，人口和市场的发展趋势在很大程度上决定于这种高风险在于作品本身的不可预知性demand.Another原因。由于建筑外发生，这取决于天气条件。任何过高或过低也会影响生产力水平。损伤材料和工作地点，创造不安全的情况。甚至关闭该网站完全。此外。该行业是定制为主。这意味着它是很难使用的任一材料或方法大规模生产技术。每个项目都有两个管理和劳动力自身的学习曲线。由于所有这些因素使得难以准确预测多少钱，有必要完成项目，在业界拥有比失去做依靠更可预测的因素的行业赚钱的风险较高。
金融机构，医疗服务。会计师事务所，房地产公司都参与了最近的合并，整合，和团块。建筑，但是，是一个对比的研究。有一段时间，总承包商建造几乎与自己的工作人员对整个项目。但随着建筑物变得更加复杂的技术和他们建立更复杂的业务，该行业已逐渐转向特种行业。因此，承包商的角色演变从老板到经理。不过。在同行业中的其他方面，相反正在发生的事情。而项目的技术复杂性已经强烈地影响分包商向专业化的发展趋势。这些相同的复杂性正在合并所有者。承包商和成更具协作单位的设计师。在一个非常真实的方式，这种趋势导致构造回到自己的根，作为主建设者。
行业分类
每个大多数设计师和建设者专注自己的业务，并在建筑行业的特定领域建立专长，是由单独的材料和设备供应商，制造商的支持。和分包商。这些不同类型的演变，因为在每个部门内的项目如何提供资金存在重大分歧：在所涉及的建筑方法：并在vrhich设计者，建造者的方式。与业主互动。这些行业通常分为以下四类：
1 。住宅
2 。Commericalbuilding
3 。基础设施和重型公路
4 。产业
住宅业务
住宅建筑部门是由每家的。小公寓，和公寓大楼。什么所有这些建筑类型的共同点（除了事实，他们房子的人）是根据他们所建造的条件。此类项目往往是由私人资助由个体业主供自己使用或用于投机。它们通常是由建筑师设计的。虽然该计划可能来自一个大规模生产的产品目录。在一些实例中。房主或制造商可以设计的结构。在这个部门。出现了对预制住房和产品的一些运动。但是，尽管在发展中预先制造的组件为住宅市场的巨大潜力。趋
势仍然是建立在现场大多数组件。
作为一个现场建造的产品。住宅建筑使用相当低的技术。毫不奇怪，大部分的“夫妻店”经营被发现在这个行业。因为建住宅楼所需要的技术是现成的，步入业务所需的资金是相当小的：一辆皮卡车，一些基本的工具。和建筑的理解。支持这些操作很多其他的小企业，贮木场，工具和设备出租，专业的供应商和五金商店。当经济强劲，这些小企业做的很好，但由于住宅市场项目是由私人资助，均匀型，很多企业歇业时缺钱。利率和政府政策对住房投资也影响了行业的健康。在良好的经济性，大约一半营建支出发生在住宅领域。
商业建筑部门
这个部门包括写字楼，大型公寓楼，商场，影剧院。学校。大学和医院。像住宅楼，这些结构往往是私人资助的，虽然有些公共资金通常可用于学校和医院。它们通常是由建筑师设计的，工程师的支持和总承包商被构建为中标项目或施工管理人员施工前的期间谁协助和协调的建设。需要成功的技术复杂大于住宅市场。因为是需要进入该领域的资本。这些因素导致更少的球员。
在这方面，有一些专业化。医院，这需要发生在他们的活动的特殊知识。往往是技术复杂的施工过程中，设计要求和严格的质量控制。商业建筑，如商场，写字楼，和剧院是专门为快速周转，并着眼于市场推广及零售形象。公司建立在这些专业领域的声誉，和业主选择设计师和承包商根据自己的声誉。规模较大的公司往往有一个集中的市场细分具体各部门，这意味着他们一般能够经受
经济大起大落。
年度建设支出高这个行业。占建筑市场的30％以上。然而，该行业是高度依赖于区域经济的健康发展。休斯顿在上世纪70年代，加州在20世纪80年代，与东北在90年代经历了巨大的经济增长和建设的成功。但这样的成功不可避免地导致过度建设，这反过来又导致了房地产供应过剩，很少持续建设活动随着经济增速放缓和过度开发房地产被吸收。这些因素是施工周期的一部分。
基础设施和重型公路部门
建设在这一领域能够物资和人员的分布情况。例子包括道路，桥梁，运河。水坝和隧道。这些项目由土木工程师，主要设计和谁拥有工程背景或支持大型建筑承包商建造。由于项目的复杂性和设备和技术诀窍的重要性，相对较少的企业参与。和那些往往是非常大的。
大多数基础设施项目的公共资金资助的，因为他们所服务的市民的需要。如果没有基础设施的一个强有力的框架。国家的生产力下降，我们的生活水平受到影响。不过。在美国的基础设施目前的状况需要更多的关注。考虑从美国市场建设概述（1998）的统计数据如下：
到了1990年。三分之一的州际公路系统已经失去其预期设计寿命。
尽管出口增加更大，更具成本效益的船只和进口活动和使用，只有四个美国港口可处理大型船舶。
严重拥挤的机场的数量将增加六至17在2002年。
据估计，我们将需要在2012年建造3.353新的污水处理设施，以跟上需求。
需要建设或重建这个部门是伟大的。基础设施项目往往会持续很长一段时间，并继续，尽管区域经济跌宕起伏。虽然他们在传统上被政府资助的，对与私营行业合作伙伴关系的发展趋势可能会抵消其对税收的影响。
工业部门
钢铁厂，炼油厂，化学加工厂。和汽车profacilities 。这些项目是由该设施，而不是设备本身内部的生产活动定义。外壳的设计和施工依赖的工艺和生产设备的需求。在美国。大多数的这些设施由私人资助。不过。在其他国家，资金可能来自公共来源。质量和时间是非常重要的，这些项目;生产力，因此投资回报率取决于设备有多好pcrforms 。因为每个设备的详细的复杂性，这个部门包括了许多特色菜。只有少数设计师和建设者有资格工作在任何特定类型的设施。由于该工艺技术是至关重要的，设计者和建设者需要在整个项目紧密collaboratc 。作为一个结果。建设者和设计者经常提供服务作为一个单一的公司。
在这一领域的机会已经长大。业内加上更有效的生产工艺的小型化已导致对美国产品的需求增加，因此增加了对新的或翻新设施的需求。此外。迫切需要清理有害物质在老工业基地催生了环境建设的新领域。此字段结合的科学家和工程师与专业施工人员的人才。目前，这些网站都在使用联邦超级基金的资金或国有资金被清理。是最新的。250.000有害物质站点已确定在美国。
研究与发展
传统上，建设的重点是现金流，并通过项目和他们的日程安排几乎完全驱动。作为一个结果。很少有激励个别公司在研究和开发投入，除了在恰当的方式。确实存在小的投资是在大学的水平。几个美国的工程和建筑公司做任何显著旨在改进施工工艺。不仅是大多数项目通过推动具有严格的时间表。但新的想法冒失败的危险和诉讼。因此，设计师和业主往往指定产品时，要在他们的项目中使用是非常保守的。此外，即使公司没有成功地投资于一项新技术，它没有办法来保护其投资。大部分建筑技术是不能被授予专利，这意味着竞争对手可以很容易地使用他们的下一个项目。
国际公司也开始质疑此配置文件，例如，日本公司，这花费高达40倍之多，美国对基础研究和开发建设。组织，如中心建筑技术和建造业研究学会。其目的是鼓励创造，研究。和创新。已经开始影响变化。是有效的。然而，劳动。学术界，政府。和企业必须共同努力。
行业发展趋势
建筑行业有一个形象问题。按照乔布斯额定年鉴（2000年7月），今天的青年队伍建设第247走出了一条可能的250职业选择。只有lumberj ACK ，油田工人。和钓鱼排在较低的。每当承包商走出一个房主ajob完成之前，任何人受伤或死亡在工地上。交通被中断，因为建筑活动的，或者劳动的行动关停工作现场，行业形象进一步受损。不幸的是，
它有几个正面形象来抵消消极的。
事实上。建筑是最崇高的职业之一。用你的双手工作。解决现场问题。与其他许多学科共同协作来创建一个真正的产品，将被传给后代：这是建筑。这是很难想象的另一个专业，对人们的生活质量这样的物理冲击。业界有许多值得骄傲的地方，但它并没有这样做让别人知道它的成就了很好的工作。
其中一个挑战，未来将是教育人们了解这个行业。EF-堡垒在高中水平，甚至在低年级将有助于吸引年轻人到外地。以及抵消负面形象。方案，如城市/建筑（高中生设计和建筑专业人士的对）和青年/生成（这对年轻人通过工作实习和教育机会的建设项目）的启动方式之一。他们向学生介绍专业，并强调卷入我们的建筑环境（见图L.9 ）决定的重要性。专业机构和承包商的专业注册还将创建构造函数的一个新形象。
道德建设
近年来，建筑行业已变得越来越专业。连同professionajism是指引，预计专业的行为需要被开发的reajization 。社会由成文法律和不成文的道德和伦理规范执政行为。很多行为是法律允许的，但认为是不道德的或不道德由一组特定的标准。在专业圈子里，预计道德行为有时写出来的道德守则。下面是构造函数的美国学院的代码：
建筑行业是基于技术能力，卓越的管理体系。和公平交易中进行复杂的工程，以安全，高效，经济的服务于大众。构造函数的美国学院的成员都致力于专业操守以下标准：一，会员须充分顾及在履行其专业职责的公共利益。
二。会员不得cngage任何欺诈行为，或在创建该成员或其他不当利益的行为。
三。会员不得恶意或罔顾后果地伤害或试图伤害别人的专业声誉。
四。成员shaIJ确保日提供包括咨询服务时的。这样的建议应公平unbiascd 。
五，会员不得泄露给任何人士，商号或公司，属于机密性质acquircd的专业活动过程中的信息。
六。成员SH全部履行自己的职责，按照目前的专业实践。
七。一个membcr须备存的新概念和新的发展在施工过程中适当的他或她的职责的类型和级别informcd 。
往往是难以辨别，如果演戏的某些方面是不道德的或只是经济的商业行为。在建设中。不道德行为的一个例子是出价购物。这可以发生在招标期间或之后的出价。它可以由承包商来instigatcd 。分包商。或者，在某些情况下。业主自己。基本上出价购物涉及到让一个特定的承包商或分包商充分了解对方的出价，以便他或她可以出价低于他们赢得这份工作。这种做法伤害了所有投标人。投标花钱放在一起，代表显著努力。这是不公平的不是给大家赢得工作的机会相同。从长远来看。竞价购物伤害了所有人。谁赢得工作的分包商有可能降低他或她的利润如此显著?y表示的诱因偷工减料是high.Additionally ，如果建设社区学习了解这种做法，承建商会发现很难得到后续工作好的投标。
如果能够相信与我们合作的人是把我们最好的努力为我们工作的一个重要组成部分。在建筑百灵OB ，人们往往不知道对方很好。他们走到一起，做一个项目，但可能没有事先共同的工作经验。成功的关键是建立一个信任的环境，使人们感到舒适与对方。如果项
目参与方遵守职业道德，如您刚才所读的一个专业代码，他们已经有一个基础，建立这种信任。
人口统计学
人口统计学将塑造未来的建筑行业。如今，场每年需要200.000新员工。由于1965年和1976年之间的生育低谷，行业的形象问题。和成千上万的长期工匠退休，这些位置已经难以填补。那些谁从事的工作并非训练有素和有竞争力的水平不足。不过。业界已采取措施以改善这些问题。研究和开发，通过更好的技术和生产力，应减少对工人;更好的招聘和留任将稳定的工作力：与世纪之交后的第二个生育高峰1977年至1994年将重新填充工作队伍。
人口统计学西港岛线！一?所以在建设的方向起到了很大的作用。美国人是老年人。寿命延长，以及生活在smaIJer家庭，他们也更种族和种族多元化。这些人口统计数据表明未来建设的需要。婴儿潮一代。约77亿人，有相当大的影响力，消费模式。在其身后是第二代婴儿潮一代。72000000人，谁将会成为二十一世纪的潮流。这些孩子正在浇入老化的学校，经常需要更换。在另一端，人们的寿命延长，这使菌株在医疗保健设施，并为辅助生活设施的额外需求。
机会
生产力的提高是最大的未开发区域，改善建筑行业。那个拥抱新技术，创新工艺，协作伙伴关系，提高了安全性，并减少通过合同安排的诉讼费用公司将拥有其他人继续与过去的做法一个显著的优势。其中一个障碍，提高生产率的上升，针对建筑的政府法规。从1970年T0 1996人在监管机构的就业人数从70.000 T0 132,000增加。监管本身的支出上升从$ 1.4十亿在1976年至165十亿在1996年。
建筑行业的最终成功是它可能形成一个集体议事日程的能力。竞争来自日本，德国和其他国家，责任成本，以及该行业的电脑都可以被凝聚点。这些问题每个人都有作出或打破行业的潜力。如果来自国外的竞争持续下去unabated.if责任成本把行业的反应，而不是主动的。或者如果行业没有充分的电子时代回应，那么未来会看到一个行业处于混乱状态。另一方面。这些问题可能会刺激很大的增长。电脑可以打开通讯公司之一，并让学习发生跨越传统线路。Tlie行业可以结合国际成功经验，同时在研究和开发投资资金进入一个更好的竞争地位。通过创建示范项目（不完全由预算和计划引导项目），该行业可以减轻传统风险，同时测试新的产品和工艺。
结论
建筑行业将继续在社会中发挥了关键作用。从建立简单的庇护所的初期。我们已经开发手段，已成为我们sophislication和成熟的象征metlhods 。业界开始其生命的主要建设者之一，似乎是返回完整的周期，以从其根。虽然我们仍然生活在竞标的世界里，对设计者和建设者之间有更多合作的趋势。Compurer技术已经创造了两个行业之间的桥梁。业主ciesire ，以避免诉讼是推动它们朝着设计/建造施工管理模式。在施工工艺和方法创新是锻
造设计和建筑之间的伙伴关系也是如此。
在施工的机会是无限的。行业跨度小家项目和项目的巨大土木工程壮举。由于每个建筑行业的成熟。它们之间的分歧变得更加pronounccd 。每个部门都有自己的特长的供应商和分包商。和日益承包商只在部门之一建立业务。
建筑的未来是一个令人兴奋的。国际市场。在技术，和跨学科的新的关系的创新是发展的各种途径。为了自己的机会米AKE尽其用，美国公司必须投资于研究和开发;承担有关领域的公众教育：创造新的。非传统的合作伙伴关系。
工程管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献 中英文对照外文翻译 The Internet is Applicated in Real Estate The Real Estate Industry and the World Wide Web: Changing Technology, Changing Location.The Internet, in its Web based graphics version, has captured the imagination of both consumers and businesses. Its convenience, speed, low cost and versatility are being exploited on a daily basis in ever-changing ways. Together with its capacity to transform existing businesses, promote new businesses and facilitate exchange of information and data, its other striking attribute has been the speed with which this new technology has spread throughout the global economy. Keywords:The internet;Real Estate;Applicated The number of computer hosts grew by more than ten-fold between 1995 and early 1999. The number of Web sites increased almost 100-fold, to over two million, between 1995 and 1998.Ｂy the year 2000, there will be approximately 400-500 million Internet users in the world, and the total number of Web sites will exceed five million. This new technology has the potential for affecting the real estate industry directly and indirectly. Directly, it may become a tool that allows a real estate business to expand its information and sales network. Indirectly, it may change the location equation where and how firms do business which in turn will affect the role of firms involved in real estate development, investment and transactions. Measuring the Spread of the Web
(完整word版)工程管理专业英语徐勇戈课-第二版-后答案
专业英语 Unit1 第一题1.设计/施工过程Design and construction process 2.房地产开发商Real estate developer 3.投机性住宅市场Speculative housing market 4.项目管理Project management 5.项目全寿命期Project life cycle 6.项目范围Scope of a project/project scope 7.专业化服务Professional services 8.重大基础项目建设Construction of major infrastructure projects 9.住宅类房屋建设Residential housing construction 10.办公和商业用房建设office and commercial building construction 11.专业化工业项目建设Specialized industrial projects construction 12.专业咨询师Professional consultants 13.总承包商Original contractor 14.价值工程value engineering 15.竞争性招标Competitive bidding 16.建筑和工程设计公司Architectural and engineering design company 17.运营与维护管理operation and maintenance 18.设计/施工公司design and construction company 19.分包商subcontractor 20.设施管理facility management 第一章 1、从项目管理的角度看，“业主”和“发起方”是同义的，因为两者的基本权力是制定所有重大决策。 2、项目范围界定后，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。 3、此外，业主可用内部能力处理整个过程中每一个阶段的工作，或者它可能会在各个阶段寻求专业意见及服务。 4、业主可以根据项目的规模和性质选择把整个过程或多或少的分解到各个阶段上，从而获得在实施中最有效的结果。 5、所有的组织方法各有利弊，这取决于在施工管理中的业主的知识以及项目的类型，规模和位置。 6、各类建筑的规划、采购的专业服务、建筑合同的制定、以及建筑设施融资的方法都可以完全不同。 7、. 专门的工业建筑，通常涉及技术复杂程度高，如炼油厂，钢铁厂，化学处理厂和燃煤或核电厂等的大型项目，如图1-4所示。 8、传统上，在初步设计开发阶段，业主作为技术顾问从事于建筑和工程（A / E）的公司或集团。 9、通过集成到一个单一的组织设计和施工管理，设计者和建筑者之间的许多冲突是可以避免的。 10、近年来，建设项目从成立到完成，新的施工管理人员（CM）的提供专业服务。 11、因此，业主必须明白自己的责任，也希望把过程中的风险分配给自己和其他参与者。 12、除非业主或专业的施工经理执行此功能，一个良好的总承包商会与他的团队合作，专业的承包商或分包商作过的项目数量在过去可以最有效的鼓励人的忠诚与合作。 13、例如，在纽约，专业承包商，如机械和电气承包商，不受建设项目总承包商的监督，公共项目初期必须签订独立合约。 14、主要原料供应商，包括钢结构制造和架设，金属板材，预拌混凝土输送，钢筋详图，屋面，玻璃等专业承包商。 第二章
国际工程管理海外项目常用英文英语词汇单词
工程管理常用英文词汇 英语国别海外工程项目现场积累词汇，本人经历过中亚俄语国别项目，英语国别项目，手机下载百度翻译或者谷歌翻译，遇上需要表达的词汇就会去查，经过不断搜集，不断练习，发现其实，想说一口流利的俄语英语，其实用不了那么多词汇，常用的就那几百个，都是反复的用。而且国外项目只要言能达意就善莫大焉，无需拐弯抹角，为难了自己老外也听不懂。我们平时学的英语是哑巴英语，即使掌握几千词汇也很难脱口，但是，当你身处外语国别，身处语言环境，而且身边没有翻译，你需要给工人交代工艺，给工程师解释流程。词汇就会记的非常快，基本用一两次就掌握了。加上最先学会的肢体语言，基本学会个二三百词汇，你就能脱口而出，言能达意！在此贡献出自己日常积累的词汇，希望对你有用，少走弯路。 孤独的海外工程人，愿你砥砺前行，风雨共勉！ 1.检验报告Inspection report 2.（项目）完工报告close-out report 3. 报价；投标bid;quotation;proposal;tender;offer 4.询价文件评审委员会inquiry review committee [IRC] 5.报价策略会议bid strategy meeting 6.报价经理proposal manager
7. 报价书；标书；建议书proposal；quotation; bid; tender; offer 8. 图细标书评审；报价评审bid evaluation 9.标书评选表;报价评选表bid tabulation form;tabulation of bids 10.谈判negotiation 11. 厂商协调会议；协调会议vendor coordination meeting[ VCM];coordination meeting 12. 订货合约；定约成交commitment 13. 订货电传；订货通知（书）telex order；notification of commitment 14.订单（即定单）采买订单;订货合同purchase order[PO] 15. 签订合同；合同签约contract award 16. 询价；招标Inquiry;invitation to bid 17.资格预审pre-qualification 18. 合格投标商表；合格供货商表qualified bidders list;qualified 19. 询价书；招标文件Inquiry（package）;request for quotation （package）[RFQ] request for proposal [RFP]；invitation to bid[TB] 20. 请购文件；请购单requisition（package）；requisition documents 21. 采购规格书；采购说明书purchasing specification [PS] 22. 投标者须知；报价须知Instructions to bidders[TB] 23.变更change 24. 用户变更；合同变更client change；contract change 25.待定的用户变更pending client change 26.认可的用户变更approved client change
工程管理专业英语(翻译)
工程管理专业英语(翻译) 第一章业主视角 1.1项目生命周期 该设施的建造，通常是一个重大的收购资本投资，无论它的主人恰好是个人，私人公司或公共机构。由于资源的这种投资的承诺是出于市场需求或感知的需求，预计该设施内，以满足业主及有关法规规定的限制某些目标。随着住房市场的投机，其中可出售的住宅单位所建的房地产开发商外，大部分的建设都是在定制与业主协商。一个房地产开发商可能会被视为对建设项目的赞助商，多达一政府机构可能是一个公共项目发起人和打开它转移到另一个完成后，政府单位。从项目管理的角度中，“老板”和“赞助”是一回事，因为两者的最终权力，使所有重要decisionsr。由于业主在本质上是收购协议中的承诺某些形式的设施，这将是明智的任何业主有一个清醒的认识收购程序，以保持公司的质量控制，及时性和已完成的设施的费用。。 从业主的角度来看，一个构造设施项目生命周期可能示意如图1-1所示。从本质上讲，一个项目的构想，以满足市场需求或及时需求。可以考虑各种可能性，在概念性规划阶段，每个替代技术和经济可行性进行评估和比较，以便选择最佳的项目。拟议替代品的融资计划还必须审查，该项目将得到尊重，供其完成时间和可用现金流编程。
后该项目的范围明确，详细的工程设计将提供建设蓝图，并最终费用估计将作为控制成本的基准。在采购和施工阶段，材料的运送和安装在现场的项目必须是经过精心策划和控制。工程完成后，通常有一个短暂的启动或摇下来的建造设施时，先占领。最后，该设施的管理是全面入住移交给业主的生活设施，直到其使用寿命，是拆除或conversaon指定。当然，在图1-1的发展阶段可能不严格顺序。该阶段的一些需要迭代，其他人可能进行的平行或重叠的时间框架，在性质，规模和项目的紧迫性而定了。此外，业主可在内部能力来处理整个过程的每一个阶段的工作，也可能寻求在各阶段工作的专业咨询和服务。可以理解，大部分业主选择来处理内部的工作，一些合同其他部分的工作需要外部专业服务。通过检查从所有者的角度来看项目的生命周期，我们可以集中精力和参加各种活动，在适当的角色，不论各个阶段的合同安排不同的工作类型。 在美国，例如，美国陆军工程兵部队在内部处理能力，规划，预算，设计，建造和操作flcxxl水路控制结构。其他公共机构，如国家交通部门，也深入参与建设项目的所有阶段。在THC的私营部门，如杜邦，埃克森，和IBM的许多大公司有足够的人手，以进行厂房扩建大多数活动。所有这些业主，无论是公共和私营，或大或小的程度时，它变得更加有利，这样做以外使用代理。 该项目的生命周期可以被看作是通过一个项目是从摇篮到坟墓执行过程中。这个过程往往非常复杂，但是，它可以分解成几个阶段按图1-1所示的大纲。在各阶段的解决方案，然后综合，得到最终结
国际工程管理专业英语
兰州交通大学 学期论文 中文题目建筑市场及其发展 英文题目Construction Market and its Development 专业通信工程 姓名徐宏 学号201210048 指导教师刘虹 提交日期December.24 兰州交通大学
学期论文评语
摘要 随着市场经济快速的发展，作为领军行业的工程建筑行业发展势头迅猛，并成为我国市场经济发展中的领军行业，带动我国市场经济的发展。 自从改革开放以来，我国建筑业得到了很大的发展，其产值在国民生产总值中的比重逐年增加，它的发展带动了一大批相关产业，如钢铁、建材、化工、家电等上下游产业的迅猛发展。从发达工业化国家建筑业发展的规律来看，我国正处在农业国逐步转变为工业化国家的历史阶段。在这个较长的历史发展阶段，建筑市场潜力巨大，建筑业具有广阔的发展前景。建筑业作为国有经济的重要的物质生产部门，将随着我国工业化进程的加快，而进入长期稳定发展的时期。本论文通过对建筑市场及其发展的介绍，让我们进一步了解我国建筑行业的发展。 本论文由五部分组成。第一章，简介建筑市场及其分类方式。第二章，从广义和狭义两个方面来简述建筑市场的概念。第三章，说明建筑市场的主体，包括业主，承包商，中介机构三方面。第四章，介绍建筑市场的客体，也就是建筑产品。第五章，结论部分，介绍我国建筑市场现状及其发展趋势。 关键词：建筑行业建筑市场现状发展
Abstract With the rapid development of market economy, construction industry as the leading industry is developing rapidly, and become China's market economy development in the leading industry, promote the development of market economy in china. ○1“Since the reform and opening up, China's construction industry has been greatly developed, the proportion of its output value in GDP has increased year by year, which led to the development of a large number of related industries, such as the rapid development of iron and steel, building materials, chemical, home appliances and other downstream industries.”From the view of development of construction industry of developed industrial countries, China is in an agricultural country gradually into the historical stage of industrialized countries. In the long historical development stage, the construction market has great potential, the construction industry has a broad development prospect. The construction industry as a state-owned economy the important material production sector, along with the acceleration of China's industrialization, and enter a long-term stable development period. In this paper, through the construction market and its development is introduced, let us further understand the development of the construction industry in our country. This thesis consists of five parts. The first chapter, introduction of the construction market and its classification. The second chapter, from the broad sense and narrow sense concept of two aspects of the construction market. The third chapter, the main body, the construction market include the owner, contractor, agencies from three aspects. The fourth chapter introduces the architecture, object market, also is the building products. The fifth chapter, the conclusion part, introduces the status quo of China's construction market and its development trend. Keywords: Construction industry Construction market The present situation Development
国际工程招标书中英文对照范本
中英文对照：国际工程招标说明书中英文对照：国际工程招标说明书 国际工程招标说明书 日期： 合同招标 一、中华人民共和国从世界银行申请获得贷款，用于支付＿＿＿＿＿项目的费用。部分贷款将用于支付工程建筑、＿＿＿＿等各种合同。所有依世界银行指导原则具有资格的国家，都可参加招标。 二、中国＿＿公司邀请具有资格的投标者提供密封的标书，提供完成合同工程所需的劳力、材料、设备和服务。 三、具有资格的投标者可从以下地址获得更多的信息，或参看招标文件： 中国A公司 四、每一位具有资格的投标者在交纳＿＿＿＿＿美元，并提交书面申请后，均可从上述地址获得招标文件。 五、每一份标书都要附一份投标保证书，且应不迟于＿＿＿＿＿提交给A公司。 六、所有标书将在＿＿＿＿＿当着投标者代表的面开标。 七、如果具有资格的国外投标者希望与一位中国国内的承包人组建合资公司，需在投标截止日期前30天提出要求。业主有权决定是否同意选定的国内承包人。 八、标前会议将在＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿＿召开。 投标者须知 一、工程概述 二、资金来源 中华人民共和国向世界银行申请一笔贷款，用以支付＿＿＿＿＿工程。其中部分贷款将用于支付此合同工程。只有应中国政府的要求，根据贷款协议的条件，IFI才会同意付款。除中国外，任何组织不能从贷款协议中获得权利或取得贷款。 世行贷款只用于支付瑞士和与中国有商贸关系世行成员国生产的产品和提供的服务。 世行贷款不足的部分将由业主用中国政府提供的资金支付。 三、资格要求 所有根据世行的“采购指导原则”具有资格的国家均可投标。 本合同项下的一切货物、服务均应来自上述具有资格的国家。本合同项下的一切开支仅限于支付这样的货物和服务。 货物、服务来源地与投标者国籍含义不同。 为说明自己有资格中标，投标者应向业主提供所规定的证明，保证有效地执行合同。为此，业主和中国A公司在公布中标者前，可要求投标者更新其先前提供的资格证明材料。投标者提供的材料应包括：法律地位证明文件复本，注册地及主要经营场所。如果是合资公司，应提供合资者的材料。 提供主要合同执行人的资格、经历证明材料。 填写执行合同计划所需设备。 填写可能的分包人。 目前进行中涉及投标者的诉讼的情况。 建设构想细节。 投标者可更新资格证明申请，在投标日亲手交出。 由两家或两家以上公司组成的合资企业应满足以下条件： 标书和投标成功后的协议书对所有合资人都有法律约束力。 由所有合资人的授权签字人签署并提交一份委托书，提名合资人中的一个为主办人。 合资主办人被授权承担义务，代表任何一位或全体合资人接受指导。整个合同的执行，包括款项支付
工程管理工程造价中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料对照外文翻译 Design phase of the project cost management Abstract Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. Described the current stage of the project cost management situation on the strengthening of the various stages of construction cost management of the importance of and raised a number of key initiatives. Keywords：cost of the construction project cost management status investment decision phase of the design phase of the implementation phase of the cost management in a market economy, Even under the WTO and China's accession to the world community, China's construction industry how to effectively control construction cost of the construction and management of an important component part. However, the current budget for the construction projects - estimate, budget, Super budget accounts for the "super three" is still widespread and that eventually led to a serious loss of control of project investment. Project cost management is the basic contents to determine reasonable and effective control of the project cost. As the project cost to the project runs through the entire process, stage by stage can be divided into Investment Decision stage, the design and implementation phases. The so-called Project Cost effective control is the optimization of the construction plans and design programs on the basis of in the building process at all stages, use of certain methods and measures to reduce the cost of the projects have a reasonable control on the scope and cost of the approved limits.
工程管理专业英语翻译(第二版)徐勇戈
U2-S1什么是项目管理？ 建筑项目管理不仅需要对设计和实施过程有所理解，而且需要现代管理知识。建设项目有一组明确的目标和约束，比如竣工日期。尽管相关的技术、组织机构或流程会有所不同，但建设项目同其他一些如航天、医药和能源等准等领域的项目在管理上仍然有共同之处。 一般来说，项目管理和以项目任务为导向的企业宏观管理不同，待项目任务的完成后，项目组织通常也会随之终止。（美国）项目管理学会对项目管理学科有如下定义：项目管理是一门指导和协调人力物力资源的艺术，在项目整个生命周期，应用现代管理技术完成预定的规模、成本、时间、质量和参与满意度目标。 与此形成对照，一般的工商企业管理更广泛地着眼于业务的更加连贯性和连续性。然而，由于这两者之间有足够的相似和差异，使得现代管理技术开发宏观管理可以用于项目管理。 项目管理框架的基本要素可以用图2-1表示。其中，应用宏观管理知识和熟悉项目相关知识领域是不可或缺的。辅助性学科如计算机科学和决策科学也会发挥重要作用。实际上，现代管理实践与各专业知识领域已经吸收应用了各种不同的技术和工具，而这些技术和工具曾一度仅仅被视作属于辅助学科领域。例如，计算机信息系统和决策支持系统是目前常见的宏观管理工具。同样，许多像线性规划和网络分析这样的运算研究工具，现在广泛应用在许多知识和应用领域。因此，图2- 1反映了项目管理框架演变的唯一来源。 具体来说，建设项目管理包含一组目标，该目标可能通过实施一系列服从资源约束的运作来实现。在规模、成本、时间和质量的既定目标与人力、物力和财力资源限制之间存在着潜在冲突。这些冲突应该在项目开始时通过必要的权衡和建立新备选方案来解决。另外，施工项目管理的功能通常包括以下: 1. 项目目标和计划说明书中包括规模、预算安排、进度安排、设置性能需求和项目参与者的界定。 2. 根据规定的进度和规划，通过对劳动力、材料和设备的采购使资源的有效利用最大化。 3. 在项目全过程中，通过对计划、设计、估算、合同和施工的适当协调控制来实施项目各项运作。 4. 设立有效的沟通机制来解决不同参与方之间的冲突。 项目管理学会聚焦九个不同独特领域，这些领域需要项目经理所具有的知识和关注度： 1. 项目宏观管理，确保项目要素有效协调。 2. 项目范围管理，确保所需的所有工作（并且只有所需的工作）。 3. 项目时间管理，提供有效的项目进度。 4. 项目成本管理，确定所需资源和维持预算控制。 5. 项目质量管理，确保满足功能需求。 6 . 项目人力资源管理，有效地开发和聘用项目人员。 7 . 项目沟通管理，确保有效的内部和外部通信。 8. 项目风险管理，分析和规避潜在风险。 9. 项目采购管理，从外部获得必要资源。
土木工程专业英语翻译(武汉理工大学出版社段兵廷主编)完整版
第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他
国际物流专业英语词汇
1、电子数据交换的英文缩写为 EDI； 2、条形码的英文为 Bar Code; 3、第三方物流的英文缩写是 TPL 4、Autodiscrimination中文意思为自动辨别 5、Automated Warehouse 中文意思是自动化仓库 6、自动识别的英文是 Automatic Identification 7、Average Inventory 中文意思平均存货 8、Bar Code Reader 中文意思为条形码阅读器 9、Zero inventory 中文意思为零库存 10、ISO的全称为国际标准华组织 11、On-hand inventory 中文意思为现货 12、JITC 中文意思为准时供（送）货系统 13、B/L中文意思是提单 14、Turnover Ratio of inventory 中文意思为存货周转率 1、条形码系统包括 Bar Code、Bar Code Label、Bar Code Reader 2、仓库系统的设施包括Warehouse、Forks 、Goods Shelf 3、海运集装箱物流系统由 Container、Ship、Port 、Yard 4、运输工具为Air Cargo Carrier、Shipping Lines 、Motor Carrier 5、Carrier 中文意思是运送人、承运人 三、 1、Terminal 在港口物流中的含义是港口 T 2、Terminal 在电子商务中是终端机口 T 3、Cargo意为物运输 F 4、大量货物运输是Bulk carrier T 5、企业经营进出口均要付 Duty F 6、在仓库中的货物称为 Invention F 7、Quality Control 意思是品质管制 T 8、零售商店常常经客人Discount,以便助销。 T 9、Shipper和Carrier 是同一个货运的参与方。 T 10、Logistics的中文既是物流，又是后勤。 T 四、 1、Electronic Data Interchange Means 的意思是电子数据交换系统 2、Bar Code ,Bar Code Label and Bar Code Reader Compose A 条形码识别与 阅读System; 3、销售住处系统的英文是Point Of Sales 4、TEU指 20英尺集箱 5、Zero Inventory 意思是零库存 6、Material Requirement Planning (MRP) Is 物料需求计划
国际工程项目有关英文缩写释读
国际工程项目有关英文 缩写释读 集团公司文件内部编码：（TTT-UUTT-MMYB-URTTY-ITTLTY-
国际工程项目有关英文缩写释读 一、国际工程建设管理模式的主要类型 DBB（Design-Bid-Build）：设计-招标-建造 EPC（Engineering-Procurement-construction）：设计-采购-施工 演化体EPCF：设计-采购-施工-财务（Finance） BOT（Build-Operate-Transfer）：建设-营运-移交 演化体BT：建设-移交 演化体BOOT：建设-拥有（Own）-营运-移交 二、国际工程有关协议术语 MOU：MemorandumofUnderstanding，谅解备忘录 PDA：ProjectDevelopmentAgreement，项目开发协议 CA：ConcessionAgreement，特许权协议 PPA：PowerPurchaseAgreement，购电协议 （购买方式1：TakeorPay，照付不议；购买方式2：TakeandPay，提货-付款） SA：ShareholdersAgreement，股东协议 O&M：Operation&Maintenance，委托运营 LOI：LetterofIntent，采购意向书 IA：InvestmentAgreement，投资协议 三、国际工程有关国际组织 ISO：国际标准化组织，InternationalOrganizationforStandardization，简称ISO FIDIC：国际咨询工程师联合会，FédérationlnternationaleDeslngénieursConseils，法文缩写FIDIC
工程管理专业英语全文翻译
Unit 1 the owner’s perspective 第1单元业主的观点 1.2 Major Types of Construction 1.2大建筑类型 Since most owners are generally interested in acquiring only a specific type of constructed facility, they should be aware of the common industrial practices for the type of construction pertinent to them [1]. Likewise, the construction industry is a conglomeration of quite diverse segments and products. Some owners may procure a constructed facility only once in a long while and tend to look for short term advantages. However ,many owners require periodic acquisition of new facilities and/or rehabilitation of existing facilities. It is to their advantage to keep the construction industry healthy and productive. Collectively, the owners have more power to influence the construction industry than they realize because, by their individual actions, they can provide incentives for innovation, efficiency and quality in construction [2]. It is to the interest of all parties that the owners take an active interest in the construction and exercise beneficial influence on the performance of the industry.由于大多数业主通常只对获得特定类型的建筑设施感兴趣，所以他们应该了解与他们有关的建筑类型的常见工业实践[1]。同样，建筑行业是一个相当多样化的部门和产品的集团。一些业主可能会长时间采购建筑设施一次，并倾向于寻找短期优势。然而，许多业主需要定期收购新设施和/或修复现有设施。保持建筑业的健康和生产力是有利的。总的来说，业主对施工行业的影响力比他们意识到的要大，因为他们可以通过个人行动来提供创新，效率和施工质量的激励[2]。所有各方的利益，业主积极兴趣，对行业表现有利影响。 In planning for various types of construction, the methods of procuring professional services, awarding construction contracts, and financing the constructed facility can be quite different. For the purpose of discussion, the broad spectrum of constructed facilities may be classified into four major categories, each with its own characteristics.在规划各类施工时，采购专业服务，授予施工合同，建设设施融资方式可能有很大的不同。为了讨论的目的，广泛的建筑设施可以分为四个主要类别，每个类别都有自己的特点。 Residential Housing Construction住宅建设 Residential housing construction includes single-family houses, multi-family dwellings, and high-rise apartments [3]. During the development and construction of such projects, the developers or sponsors who are familiar with the construction industry usually serve as surrogate owners and take charge, making necessary contractual agreements for design and construction, and arranging the financing and sale of the completed structures [4]. Residential housing designs are usually performed by architects and engineers, and the construction executed by builders who hire subcontractors for the structural, mechanical, electrical and other specialty work. An exception to this pattern is for single-family houses as is shown in Figure 1-2, which may be designed by the builders as well. The residential housing market is heavily affected by general economic conditions, tax laws, and the monetary and fiscal policies of the government. Often, a slight increase in total demand will cause a substantial investment in construction, since many housing projects can be started at different locations by different individuals and developers at the same time [5]. Because of the relative ease of entry, at least at the lower end os the market, many new builders are attracted to the residential housing construction. Hence, this market is highly competitive, with potentially high risks as well as high rewards.住宅建设包括单户住房，多户住宅和高层公寓[3]。在开发和建设这些项目时，熟悉建筑行业的开发商或赞助商通常作为代理业主，负责设计和建造的必要合同协议，并安排完成的建筑物的融资和销售[4 ]。住宅设计通常由建筑师和工程师进行，建筑师由结构，机械，电气和其他专业工作的分包商执行施工。这种模式的一个例外是单户住宅，如图1-2所示，也可以由建设者设计。 住房市场受到一般经济状况，税法以及政府货币和财政政策的严重影响。通常，总需求略有增加将对建设进行大量投资，因为许多住房项目可以在不同的地点由不同的个人和开发商同时启动[5]。由于入口相对容易，至少在市场上较低端，许多新建筑商被吸引到住宅房屋建设中。因此，这个市场竞争激烈，风险高，回报率高。 Institutional and commercial building construction encomprasses a great variety of project types and sizes, such as schools and universities, medical clinics and hospitals, recreational facilities and sports stadiums, retail chain stores and large shopping centers, warehouse and light manufacturing plants, and skyscrapers for offices and hotels, as is shown in Figure1-3 [6]. The owners of such buildings may or may not be familiar with construction industry practices, but they usually are able to select competent professional