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Methodology例文

Methodology例文
Methodology例文

Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the reader with an understanding of the methodology and relevant research approaches adopted in our research. In this chapter, we explain the research philosophy, approaches and strategies, and why the methodology has been adopted, at the same time, the constraints associated with data collection and the limitations to the work will also be discussed.

The research aim for this dissertation is to investigate the current human resource management practices of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in China. Obtaining effective data and information is of vital concern to build an accurate picture of the issue being studied. To a large extent, methodology determines the outcomes of any research. Therefore, it is crucial to choose appropriate research methods and conduct them effectively in order to answer the research question and meet the research objectives well.

Discussion of Methodology Theory

留学生论文网 Research Philosophy

The first question that any researcher should raise before conducting a real research project is what research philosophy you will adopt, this is very fundamental step and generally speaking, there are three views about the research philosophy that dominate the literature: positivism, interpretivism and realism (Saunders et al., 2003).

The key idea of positivism is that the social world exists external, and its properties should be measured through objective methods, rather than being inferred subjectively through sensation, reflection or intuition (Smith et al, 1991). If your research philosophy is positivism, you will assume the role of an objective analyst, make detached interpretations about data collected in a value-free manner and emphasize on a highly structured methodology to facilitate replication (Gill and Johnson, 1997) and quantifiable observations that lead themselves to statistical analysis.

By contrast with positivism, interpretivism is often associated with the term social constructionism which is critical of positivism and argues that rich insights into this complex world are needed. The role of the interpretivist is to seek to understand the subjective reality of those that they study in order to be able to make sense of and understand their motives, actions and intention (Saunders et al., 2003). In other words, social constructionism offers that reality is subjective and it is socially constructed and given meaning by people (Seddighi, 2005).

Finally, realism recognizes the importance of understanding people’s soc ially constructed interpretations and meanings, or subjective reality, within the context of seeking to understand broader social forces, structures or processes that influence, and perhaps constrain, the nature of people’s views and behaviors

(Saunders et al., 2003).(责任编辑:留学生论文网) Based on the differences of three philosophies, this research is of an exploratory nature which is a kind of social constructionism. As Cooper and Schindler (1998, p. 131) state that, “exploratory studies tend toward loose structure with objective of discovering future research tasks”. Besides, MacDaniel and Gates (1999, claim that “exploratory research is usually small-scale research undertaken to define the exact nature of the problem and gain a better understanding of the environment within which the problem occurred”. All of these fit well with the objectives and other conditions of my research project. Therefore, we adopt the interpretivism philosophy of an exploratory nature in this study.

Research Approach

Inductive and deductive approaches

There are two basic research approaches available when conducting business research including deductive and inductive methods (Saunders et al., 2000). Their characteristics are described in the following table:

Table Comparison of Deductive and Inductive Research Approach

Induction emphasizes Deduction emphasizes

-gaining an understanding of the meanings humans attach to events -scientific principles

-a close understanding of the research context -moving from theory to data

-the collection of qualitative data -the need to explain causal relationships between variables

-a more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as the research progresses -the collection of quantitative data

researcher independence of what is being researched

-a realization that the researcher is part of the research process the application of controls to ensure validity of data

-less concern with the need to generalize -the operationalisation of concepts to ensure clarity of definition

-a highly structured approach

-the necessity to select samples of sufficient size in order to generalize conclusions

(Saunders et al., 2003)

The deductive approach is usually regarded as an effective way to test theories, where people develop a theory and a hypothesis (or hypotheses) and design a research strategy to test the theory (Saunders et al., 2000). The focus is on whether or not the suggested theory fits, and is appropriate for the organization (Saunders et al., 2000; Seddighi, 2000). The deduction to research owes much to what we would think of a scientific research, in which you develop a theory and hypothesis and design a research strategy to test the hypothesis (Saunders et al., 2003).On the other hand, inductive approach is usually used to build theories, in practice, people need to collect data and develop theory as a result of data analysis. Nevertheless, the two

methodologies are not mutually exclusive, in reality; they are often used jointly in business and management studies (Seddighi, 2000). However, it is important to point out that the choices of research approach should base on the research question and research objectives.(责任编辑:留学生论文网)

Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality, the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.

Quantitative and Qualitative Approach

There are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).

Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scale surveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough to ensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct a truly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying that quantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.

Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intention of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Th e essence of qualitative research is that it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especially useful for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However,

subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑:留学生论文网)

Therefore, there is no question that the inductive approach is appropriate for this particular research. I will use the inductive approach, from data to theory, by collecting the data first and then developing new hypothesis as a result of the data analysis. In reality, the research focuses on not only understanding why something happens in the business sector but also describing what happens. As the inductive approach usually only tell people why something happens rather than describe what happens (Saunder et al., 2000), it would have advantage to combine the two approaches in this particular research according to the nature and purpose of this research.

Quantitative and Qualitative Approach

There are two main types of marketing research in terms of the two, essentially different types of data that are generated by fundamentally different research approaches-quantitative and qualitative methods (Adcock et al., 1995).

Quantitative research involves the collection of information that can be expressed using a numerical measure (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). However, it includes not only numerical data such as sales figures, market share, market size and demographic information, but also the numerical aspects of other data, often derived from primary research, such as questionnaire-based surveys and interviews (Adcoco et al., 1995). Obviously, the quantitative research usually involves large-scale surveys that enable a factual base to be formed with sufficient strength to allow statistically rigorous analysis (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Therefore, the success of quantitative research to a large extent depends on establishing a representative sample that is large enough to ensure that the data collected are reliable and objective. Due to time and financial constraint, obviously, it is unpractical to conduct a truly quantitative based research regarding the timetable and the requirement of the research project. That is not saying that quantitative data will not be utilized in this project. In fact, it is important to obtain the quantitative data from secondary sources in order to support the argument.

Qualitative research, on the other hand, usually involves the collection of non-numerical data that is open to interpretation, such as customer’s opinions, where there is no intention of establishing statistical validity (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). The essence of qualitative research is that it is ‘diagnostic’; therefore, it is especially useful for investigating attitudes, motivations, beliefs and intentions. In practice, they are usually based on small-scale samples; therefore, it cannot be generalized in numerical terms (Brassington and Pettitt, 2003). Chisnall (1997) further characterized the method as impressionistic rather than conclusive, he also pointed out that the approach could provide a better understanding of certain factors that might influence buying decisions. However,

subjective. But for all its limitations, qualitative research is an effective way to reflect the complexity of the interrelationships associated with marketing activities (Chisnall, 1997).(责任编辑:留学生论文网) Commonly, secondary data come from printed sources (Books, Magazines, Journals, and trade Newspapers) and in electronic sources (CD-ROM encyclopaedias, Software packages, or online services, such as the Internet.) Books are general resource to provide relevant theory support for the study. Journals are a useful resource for information on a daily basis. They could provide the latest views and development in the particular area of study. The Internet is also very helpful for the data collecting, especially professional websites

Advantages of Secondary Data Collection

The most important factor determining me to use the secondary data is that it is easy to do and helps to save both time and money. My research dissertation has to be completed within three months, which implies constraints from the budget, time, and some other factors. Usually, it is much less expensive to use secondary data than to collect the primary data. Furthermore, the verification process is more rapid and the reliability of the information and conclusion is greatly enhanced.

Disadvantages of Secondary Data Collection

Although secondary data collection is very useful for us to collect the existing information, the information collected through this method may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quite clear about what they are looking for and this technique is restricted to the data that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect data. If you are not clear about what you are looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the data you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about what kind of data you want to collect.

And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historic information and can not collect the in-depth information. The data sources of secondary data collection are from the public and existing materials and are not directly from the customers or other market sources.

Primary Data Collection

There are many data collection techniques to collect primary data from the research including interview, questionnaires, focus group and case study and so on. Primary data collection is every important for us to collect in-depth data and information, while secondary data collection only can provide us with the existing and skin-deep data and information.

Table Advantages and Disadvantages of Primary Data

Advantages of Primary Data Disadvantages of Primary Data:

Can probe deeper answers Takes time

Can get detailed information on what causes problems or benefits. More opportunities for bias creep in when results are "coded"

Can also elicit more honest and more sensitive information Also the ever-present problem of all self-report measures

By using interviews, future change agents can also introduce themselves to the people in an organization, and establish both rapport and trust Accuracy(责任编辑:留学生论文网)

Due to the advantages of primary data, it is important for us to collection primary data through data collection techniques like interviews. Primary data collection can provide us with the in-depth data and information related to our research questions. Therefore, primary data collection is crucial to the success of my research despite of its main disadvantage that it could take a long time and cost much to collect the data and information.

Data Collection Methods

According to the different types of research, there are many different data collection techniques such as interviews, questionnaires, survey, observation, focus group, and documentation review and so on (Saunders et al, 2003). The different data collection techniques have their different advantages and disadvantages, and should be adopted according to the different research purposes. In this research, three data collection methods of documentation review, in-depth interviews and observation will be adopted.

Documentation Review

Among data collection techniques, documentation review is the method to quickly and accurately collect the existing information and historical information. This method is to collect data through reviewing the formal company documents and reports about production, sales and finance. (Saunders et al, pp. 104, 2003)

Advantages and Limitations

We choose this method of documentation review, because this method is easy to do and has few limits to the market environment and we need to use this method to collect some existing and historic data and information for the research. This method of documentation review has many advantages and is generally used in the case study. The information collected through documentation review is factual information and through this method, we can get the comprehensive and historical information with few biases. So this method is very useful for us to understand the real information about the company at the beginning, because the documents about the company are all announced by the company, and are real and open to all the people concentrating on the company.

Although the research method of documentation review is very useful for us to collect the existing information, this method often takes time and the information may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quite clear about what they

are looking for and this technique is restricted to the data that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect data. If you are not clear about what you are looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the data you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about what kind of data you want to collect. And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historic information and can not collect the in-depth information. The information sources of this method are from the public and existing materials and are not from the customers or other market sources.(责任编辑:留学生论文网)

In-depth Interviews

Generally, Observation, interviews and questionnaires are three main primary data collection methods (Sekaran, 2000). According to the purpose of this project and the restriction of time and geography, I will mainly focus on the method of interviews to collect qualitative data. The semi-structure interview has been used to collect data.

Interview is a good data collection technique to get the in-depth information and it is particularly useful for getting t he story behind a participant’s experiences. This method is used when we want to fully understand the impressions or experiences of someone or want to learn about their answers to the questionnaires. (Creswell, , 1994) Interview is the process of the communication between the interviewer and interviewee. The communication includes the free talking and the discussion about the assigned questions. This data collection technique provides people with a communication way to know the information they want to know from other people or know the opinions of other people on the assigned questions. This method of interview has strong pertinence to investigate the special issue and widely used in the market research to obtain the in-depth information.

Advantages and Limitations

This data collection technique of interviews has many advantages. It is the most direct way for market researchers to communicate with the interviewees. Through this face-to-face way, the method of interviews can collect the full range and depth of information from the interviewees. This kind of information is very useful and may not be collected through other ways. And this method can be flexible with the different interviewees and the interviewers can determine and choose the questions based on their thoughts and objectives to discuss with the interviewees and obtain the data and information they need. Besides, it is also a good way to develop the relationship with the clients. (Creswell, , 1994)

And data collection technique also has many disadvantages and may lead to the biases of the collected information, because the use of this method may take much time, may be hard for people to analyze and compare, may be costly and the interviewer may bias the responses and opinions of the interviewees. On the one hand, the

interviewees may not tell the full information they know or may tell the wrong information to the interviewers. And on the other hand, the interviewers may misunderstand the information from the interviewees and causes the bias during the process of data collection.

Participant Observation

According to Collis and Hussey (2003), the method of participant observation is where the researcher becomes a working member of the group or situation to be observed. The aim of this method is to understand the situation from the inside: from the viewpoints of the people in the situation, and the researcher shares the same experiences as the subjects and this form of research can be particularly effective in the study of small groups/small firms. Participant observation can be overt (everyone knows it is happening) or covert when the subjects being observed fro research purposes are unaware it is happening (Collis and Hussey, 2003).(责任编辑:留学生论文网)

Company, and this company is one of SMEs in China. This company is a good case for the author to study the research question about the current human resource management practices of SMEs in China, and this is the reason for the author to choose this company for internship. During the period of internship, the author also studies the research questions through observation in daily work of the company.

Sample Selection

Besides the company in which the author worked during the period of internship, the author also chose other ten small and medium sized enterprises in the sample for research. There are many SMEs in the whole China, so it is impossible for the research to include all SMEs in the sample. Because the author was working in Beijing during the period of internship, so ten SMEs in Beijing were randomly selected in the sample.

Access

I contact with these SMEs in the sample to make an appointment with their directors and managers for interviews. The interviews will be conducted in these companies.

Based on the method of interview to collect primary data from the directors or managers of these selected SMEs, I just simply make the sources anonymous and the information about the interviewees such as the name and position will be kept in confidentiality. This technique will not affect the data collection and the research. The true and effective data and information collected from these anonymous sources will be used to analyze the research questions.

In-depth Interview Design

It is true that the quality of the data to a large extent depends upon the structure of the interview as well as the design of each individual question (Saunders et al., 2003). Interview is the method that may take much time and lead to the bias. So we must design the appropriate questions and design the process of the interview. In

order to collect the data and information we need for the analysis, I design the questions according to our research aims and objectives.

The research aim of our paper is to investigate the current human resource management practices of Chinese SMEs. Based on this main research aim and other research objectives that have been decided before the research, the research should focus on the current practices of human resource management in Chinese SMEs including the status quo of the current human resource management for Chinese SMEs, the main problems involved with Chinese SMEs in human resource management. So the questions designed for the interview must help collect the data and information focusing on these aspects relating to research aim and objectives. The collected data must help the study to realize the research objectives.

Besides the contents of the questions, the process of interview is also very important. I plan to start with some simple closed format questions focusing on some general information about human resource management of Chinese SMEs and then majority of questions with open format are created during the interview for the interviewees to express their opinions freely. This way that asking the general questions first and then discussing the in-depth questions gives both the interviewer and the interviewee more flexibility to communicate and discuss the issues. One important point for us to attention is that we should ask the questions in a clear, easy and simple way for the interviewees to understand and discuss.(责任编辑:留学生论文网)

The designed questions for the interview are summarized as follows:

1) Do you think human resource management is important to the development of the enterprise

2) What do you think of the current human resource management in your enterprise 3) What are the differences between practices of human resource management in China and those in the western developed countries

4) What do you think of the role of human resource management to SMEs in China 5) Do you think the current human resource management in your enterprise is effective or not

6) What are the main problems involved with the human resource management in your company

7) As a SME in China, do you think your enterprise have to face more problems in human resource management compared with the large enterprises in China

8) What are your suggestions for Chinese SMEs to improve their human resource management

Data Analysis

The data collected in this research include both the quantitative data and the qualitative data, so the different methods of data analysis have to be adopted to analyze the different types of data.

Analysis of Quantitative Data

Quantitative data refers to numerical and standardized data, which usually can be analyzed through using of diagrams and statistics (Saunders et al., 2000). Basically, data can be divided into categorical and quantifiable data, it is important to edit and code data before start analysis (Saunders et al., 2000). In practice, it is useful to conduct exploratory data analysis in the initial stages of data analysis, this approach highlights the importance of using diagrams to explore and understand data (Saunders et al., 2000). For instance, pie charts and percentage component bar charts can be used to explain the proportions of customers agreeing or disagreeing with the statements which are presented in the questionnaire. “Subsequent analysis will involve desc ribing your data and exploring relationships using statistics” (Saunders et al., 2000). Finally, it is essential to re-emphasis the importance of using PC software programmes during the process of data analysis, such as SAS, APAK EXCEL etc (Greenfield 2002).

Analysis of Qualitative Data

It is obvious that qualitative data here refers to the data collected by semi-structured interviews and the possible secondary source of data. According to the nature of qualitative data, it is important to develop data categories and to classify them into appropriate categories before analysis, “otherwise the most that can result will be an impressionistic view of what it means” (Saunders et al., 2000, p381). It is also important to recognize the relationship between different categories of data, as well as to develop and test hypotheses with regard to the research question and objectives (Saunders et al., 2000). In reality, it is necessary to develop a provisional set of categories from the research question, research themes and initial propositions, the categories should be closely related to the research question. In short, it is critical to conduct data analysis effectively in order to answer the research question and achieve research objectives.(责任编辑:留学生论文网)

Ethical Issues

“Research ethics refer to the appropriateness of researchers’ behavior in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of your work and are affected by the work” (Saunders et al., 2000, p142). They are likely to occur during the whole process of the research: seeking access, data collection, and data analysis and reporting (Skearan, 2000). There are some ethical issues to be considered in my research. First is privacy, which may be seen as the cornerstone of the ethical issues that confront those who undertake research. In my interviews, I will not ask the participants to fill their name and I will keep all the information I have got from the interviews as confidentiality. No matter during the design and initial access stage, the data collection stage or the analysis and reporting stage, the confidentiality and anonymity are always important. I will not attempt to apply any pressure on intended participants to grant access. Once access has been granted, I will remain within the aims of my research project that I shared and agreed with my intended participants. Sometimes, the findings may be used to make a decision

that could adversely affect the collective interest of those who will be my participants, it is ethical for me to refer to this possibility even though it may reduces the level of access that I will achieve. The last problem is netiquette, which has been developed to provide a heading for a number of “rules” or guidelines about how to act ethically when using Internet. Thus, I will pay much attention to the netiquette when I distribute my on-line questionnaire via email.

Moreover, the research does not harm the safe or health of the participants in the research. Thirdly, I will keep the confidentiality of the private information about all participants in the research and also keep the confidentiality of the data collected in the research, and only use the collected data and information for the purpose of research.

Research limitations

Several limitations were encountered during the research. Firstly, the topic of this dissertation should be quite big, and we have the every reason to believe that any each section of this work should be discussed in a great length of article. From this point of view, the discussion of each section could be relative shallow. The second limitation was “time”. Due to the time constraints of the assignment, the study could not be as in-depth as desired. The third limitation was about the data collection in the research. Although we used the data collection techniques to collect primary data and secondary data from the extensive sources, there are some limitations. On the one hand, the secondary data may not perfectly suit the purpose of current research since data was collected for other purposes. Like Zikmund (1997) said “An inherent disadvantage of secondary data is that they were not designed specifically to meet the researcher’s needs” Also, secondary data may not be complete enough. On the other hand, the bias may exist in the primary data because the interviewer may misunderstand the answers from the interviewees and the interviewees may not express their real opinions and thoughts on the questions.(责任编辑:留学生论文网)

Conclusion 留学生毕业论文网

Research methods are quite crucial to any business research. Choosing an appropriate method to a large extent determines the success of the research. Both inductive and deductive approaches are used in this particular project. Both quantitative and qualitative data will be collected. The qualitative data is mainly from primary sources based on the in-depth interviews that have been conducted with the directors of the chosen SMEs in the sample and the observation of the author during the period of internship in the case company, while the quantitative data is mainly obtained from secondary resources such as some existing and historic information. In short, the methodology used in this research is considerably appropriate and effective in order to analyze the research questions and meet the research objectives.

2017公文写作范文大全一

2017公文写作范文大全一 公文写作,是指公务文书的写作,是文件的拟稿工作,它是机关制发文件的第一个工作环节。公文写作,是公务文书的简称。小编今天就公文写作,整理了部分优秀经典的范文,供大家查阅! 2017年公文写作范文大全 三尺讲台,一颗爱心。放飞希望,乐此不疲。这就是Xx老师从师十几年来的真实写照,又是他的执着追求。 镜头一:20xx年5月,省级赛课现场,年青的Xx执教着《恐龙》,他从从容容,入情入景,师生互动连连…… 镜头二:20xx年5月18日,县电视台《师德风采》专访,Xx面对镜头两眼炯炯,落落大方,叙说着自己在平凡的岗位上,用青春和真爱成就的人生…… 切换镜头,我们不难看出,这个1997年走上教育岗位的教师,今天无疑是成功的。那么镜头的背后他又是怎样的奋斗和付出呢? 立身炼志正师德 教师身上社会赋予很多耀眼的光环,作为一名教师,在领受这些美丽光环的同时,更应该去恪尽职守,努力适应时代的的发展,去为这些光环增辉添彩。Xx不但深知这一点,而且无论是做普通教师,还是担任学校中层,他都努力做到了身正为范,用自己的言行诠释了师德的高尚。 他常说:我的肩上有一副担子,一头担着义务,一头担当责任。

我靠履行义务领份薪水养家,责任却让我明确使命,催我奋进,亮丽我的人生。他还说:我的两个心房,一个装的是良心,一个装的是爱心。我扪心自问时,问的是良心,我倾情付出时,洒的是爱心。是啊,在讲求公德,崇尚师德的今天,我们需要他的这份纯真,更祈盼这种由纯真带来的人性的升华!正是这样,他不但自觉端正师德、师风,严格执行各种规章、准绳,使上墙的制度、规定不流于形式,用自己的言行做好同行的典范,而且在师德自查自纠活动中帮助其他教师进一步匡正师德,确保了所在集体师德的良好形象。 他觉得师德的范畴里除了自爱,更重要的是去爱别人。作为教师,他觉得着力点就是爱学生。他曾用关怀,让学生泪流满面;他曾用爱心,去扬起学生心海的风帆。十多年来,他当过班主任,做过语文教研组长,担任过教科室主任,做过教导主任,负责过有1000多名师生小学的全面工作,变的是岗位,不变的是他的爱心。他始终在完成各项工作任务的同时,用爱心去点亮学生的心灯,用爱心去演绎师爱、父爱。他的语文课,最能激起学生学习的兴趣,能最大限度地体现学生的主体性。他的课,作业最少,他要求学生每天都要做好。有时他把爱心转化为对学生的尊重,有时他把爱心体现在对学生的严,体现在对学生习惯的培养上。他的课,学生没有坐姿不正的,没有不思考的,没有迟到的……他的课,学生爱上! 为了关爱和转变学困生,Xx掏钱请学困生吃西瓜成了学校的美谈。很多学困生在他细微处的关爱下成了他的知心朋友,他的爱心是真诚、宽容和坦诚,他赢得了所有学生的心。他还因势而导,在学生

2017公文写作范文大全3

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以来所做的主要工作,提出了建设系统开展抗震工作的总体要求和工作措施,部署了今后一个时期的重点工作。会上,江西省、新疆自治区、北京市、江苏省抗震办的负责同志分别介绍了各自的抗震工作经验;全国超限高层抗震设防审查专家委员会、北京工业大学和中国建筑科学研究院的专家作了有关专题报告;代表们对《关于进一步加强村镇建设抗震防灾工作的通知(讨论稿)》和《市政基础设施工程抗震设防管理规定(草案)》提出了修改意见和建议。全体与会代表还赴瑞昌地震灾区考察了震后建筑破坏情况和恢复重建工作,进一步增强了工作的责任感和紧迫感。 会议指出,今后建设系统的抗震防灾工作要…… 会议提出了以下工作措施:…… 与会代表表示,会后要向相关负责同志汇报、传达会议精神,进一步振奋精神,努力工作,结合各地实际情况,把会议精神落到实处。 【璧尘提醒】 会议纪要的一般结构可分为标题、开头、正文、结尾几个部分。 1、标题 会议纪要的标题要完整和明确,要在“纪要”前冠以会议的名称,使人一目了然。会议的名称要写全称,“纪要”的具体名称也要写明

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公文写作范文大全 一、命令(令) 可考系数:★ 适用范围:适用于依照有关法律公布行政法规和规章;宣布施行重大强制性行政措施;奖惩有关单位及人员;撤销下级机关不适当的决定等。 参考例文: 中华人民共和国国务院令 第546 号 1951 年8 月8 日政务院公布的《城市房地产税暂行条例》自2009 年1 月1 日起废止。自2009 年1 月1 日起,外商投资企业、外国企业和组织以及外籍个人,依照《中华人民共和国房产税暂行条例》缴纳房产税。1987 年2 月6 日国务院批准,1987 年2 月24 日交通部、财政部发布的《长江干线航道养护费征收办法》自2009 年1 月1 日起废止。1992 年5 月15 日国务院批准,1992 年8 月4 日交通部、财政部、国家物价局发布的《内河航道养护费征收和使用办法》自2009 年1 月1 日起废止。 总理温家宝 二○○八年十二月三十一日二、决定 可考系数:★★★ 适用范围:适用于对重要事项或者重大行动做出安排,奖惩有关单位及人员,变更或者撤销下级机关不适当的决定事项。一般可以分为知照性决定、指挥性决定、奖惩性决定。 参考例文: 关于表彰全省优秀农民工和农民工工作先进集体的决定 各市、县人民政府,省农民工工作领导小组各成员单位:农民工是改革开放和工业化、城镇化进程中涌现的一支新型劳动大军,是产业工人的重要组成部分,是推动经济社会发展的重要力量。近年来,各地各有关部门和单位认真贯彻落实国家和省的决策部署,致力于解决农民工问题,取得了显著成绩,产生了一批农民工工作先进集体;广大农民工主动融入城市社会,积极投身江苏“两个率先”伟大实践,为促进经济社会又好又快发展作出了重要贡献,在各行各业

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