定语从句
知识精讲
一、定义
在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句,被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,通常位于定语从句之前。引导定语从句的有关系代词who, whom, whose, which, that等和关系副词where, when, why等,关系代词和关系副词,既起到连接作用,又在定语从句中担任句子成份。总结定语从句的一般结构为:先行词+关系词+定语从句。
一、关系代词
1. 关系代词指代先行词,在从句中作主语,宾语或表语,基本用法如下表:
注意:一般情况下,that既可以指人又可以指物,可以代替who, whom和which,在句子中充当主语,宾语或表语;which指物,在从句中也做主语,宾语或表语,所以which和that在指物时,大多时候可以互换,如:
This is the movie that I like best.
=This is the movie which I like best.
这就是我最喜欢的电影。
2. 关系代词的省略
一般情况下,关系代词作宾语时可以省略,但若关系代词在从句中作介词宾语,且介词在关系代词前,不能省略,如:
I’ll never forget the day that we spent together.
我永远都不会忘记与你共度的时光。(可省略)
I’ll never forget the day on which we met each other.
我永远不会忘记我们初次见面那一天。(不可省)
二、关系副词
注意:与关系代词不同,关系副词在从句中作状语,状语并不是句子必须成分,所以即使没有关系副词,从句的内容也完整。这是关系副词与关系代词最大的不同,也是我们选题的关键。同时,关系副词大多可以拆分成介词+which的形式,如:
This is the house where Luxun once lived.
=This is the house in which Luxun once lived.
这是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。
三点剖析
一、重难点:
定语从句考查形式比较单一,单选一般考关系词的选择,按照上表,我们很容易根据先行词判断出关系词选谁最合适。高中会系统讲解定语从句,所以我们在初中阶段还要了解从句中的各个成分,为之后的学习做好准备。
二、易错点:
前文我们提到若先行词为物,关系词可以用that或which,而且大多数可以互换。但以下几种情况,必须用that引导定语从句:
1. 先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything等,如:
All that we have to do is to practice English.
我们要做的事情就是去练习英语。
2. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰,如:
The first letter that I got from him will be kept.
我收到他的第一封信将会被保存起来。
3. 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some等修饰,如:
I've eaten up all the food that you gave me.
我把你给我的所有事物都吃光了。
4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时,如:
He is the only person that I want to talk with.
他是我唯一想与之交谈的人。
5. 先行词既有人又有物时,如:
They talked about persons and things that they met.
他们谈论了他们见到的人和事。
题模精选
题模一:关系代词
例1.1.1---What shall we do next?
---Take the advice _________ is given by Dr. Bloch.
A.who B.which C.whose D.whom
例1.1.2The Palace Museum is the best place _________ I’ve ever visited. A.who B.when C.that D.where
例1.1.3完成句子
1. 你有什么要对自己说的吗?
Do you have _________ _________ you want to say for yourself?
2. 这是我父亲曾经住过的房子。
This is a house in _________ my father once lived.
题模二:关系副词
例1.2.1This is the primary school _________ I studied three years ago. A.where B.when C.that D.which
例1.2.2Do you remember the days _________ we spent in Sanya?
A.when B.that C.what D.where
例1.2.3完成句子
你知道他缺席的原因吗?
Do you know the reason _________ he is absent?
随堂练习
随练1.1The second book _________ I want to read is Business @ the Speed of Thought. A.which B.what C.that D.as
随练1.2The book_________ is sold out at the moment.
A.you need
B.what you need
C.which you need it
D.that you need it
随练1.3完成句子
1. 人们都喜欢那些有礼貌的人。
People all like those _________ have good manners.
2. 这是我障碍寻找的那本书。
This is the book _________ I’m looking for.
3. 这是我看过的最有趣的电影。
This is _________ _________ interesting _________ _________ I’ve ever seen.
4. 我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。
I still remember the day _________ I first came to Beijing.
5. 你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗?
Can you tell me the office _________ he works?
随练1.4I'll never forget the days _________ I stayed with you.
A.when B.in which
C.that D.for which