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高考英语语法专题篇讲义之冠词

英语语法专题篇之冠词

一.定义

位于名词之前，对名词起到限定作用。冠词是虚词，不能单独使用。冠词分为不定冠词a/an,定冠词the以及零冠词（名词前不用冠词），冠词通常在句中不重读。

二．用法

（一）不定冠词

△不定冠词a/an 用法区别

a位于辅音音素之前，an用于元音音素之前。但是需注意的是并不是所有的元音字母开头的单词都发元音，同理，也并非所有辅音字母开头的单词都发辅音。例如：

There is a “u”in the word “useful”.

[an A/E/F/H/I/L/M/N/O/R/S/X,其余字母音都是辅音音素开头，故表示‘一’的时候其前用a]

用于a之后的以元音开头的单词通常有useful/use/useless/university/European

△不定冠词的具体用法

1.位于可数名词之前表示泛指。

Life is like a race.

2.表示类别，类指。

A horse is bigger than a dog.

3.首次提到某个人或者某物

I have a cat.

4表示数量‘一’的概念

I only want a cup of milk.

5.表示单位‘每一’，相当于every/each/per.

You’d better drive at 50 miles an hour.

6.表示相同的，与the same 用法相同。

Although the two cats are different in appearance,but they are of a kind.

7.物质名词前，如coffee，tea，rain,snow等前面加不定冠词，表示一杯，一场等含义。

A heavy rain fell this morning.

8.抽象名词具体化

a pressure 一种压力 a pity 一件令人同情的事 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事

9.在姓名，月份，地名等专有名词前，表示某个，在人名前除了表示某个，还可以译成特定时期的某人或者第二个某人。

My son is good at inventing new things and my friends all call him an Edison.

-This is Tom speaking,and Jack is wanted. -Sorry,there isn’t a Jack here.

10、具有动词意义的名词在与have/take/get/make/give等词构成特定短语时

have a look / take a walk /have a rest/ make a choice /

11.用于同源宾语前

dream a good dream

Smile a sweet smile

12.用于序数词和形容词比较级前表示又一，再一

Please give me a second chance.

I have never met a better boy than Tom.

13.固定搭配

a great deal of

in a hurry

in a moment

（二）定冠词的用法

1.表示特指上文提到的人或者物或者说话双方都知道的人或事The women in red is my English teacher.

2.表示世界上独一无二的事物

The earth moves around the sun.

3.某类别的全体

The horse is a useful animal.

4.形容词最高级和序数词之前，或比较级之间的对比。

This is the first time I have seen the film.

He is always the first one to get to school.

Jim is the taller of the two boys.

5.the+姓氏复数表示某某一家人

The Greens are going to Japan tomorrow.

6.用于乐器前。

Can you play the piano?

7.the+形容词/分词表示某某一类人。

The old need our help.[注：此结构做主语，表示一类人，是复数意义，故谓语动词也用复数]

常用于此结构的有：the old the young the rich the poor the disabled the living

8.the+比较级+句子，the +比较级+句子

The more careful you are,the fewer mistakes you will make.

9.由形容词+普通名词构成的专有名词前加定冠词。

the Great Wall

the Pacific Ocean

10.及物动词+宾语（somebody）+介词+the+身体部位

be+adj+in+the+身体部位

hit sb on the head 打某人的头。

pull sb by the hand 拉某人的手

pat sb on the shoulder 拍某人的肩膀

seize sb by the sleeve 抓住某人的袖子

be blind in the left eye 左眼失明

11.by+the+计量单位名词

by the kilo 按照千克计算

by the year 按年计算

by the day 按天计算

by the week 按周计算

[注意]by+类别名词by weight 按照重量计算

12.发明物之前

Do you know who invented the aeroplane?

13.表示朝代和年代前

the Tang Dynasty 唐朝

in the 1990s 在20世纪90年代

14.固定搭配

in the morning/afternoon/evening 在早上/下午/晚上at the moment 此刻

at the age of 在......岁数

at the corner of 在......角落

at the beginning of 在......开端

at the end of 在.....末端

at/on the top of 在......顶部

in the end 在最后

at the foot of 在......脚下

all the time 一直

all the best 一切顺利

all the same 尽管如此

the same 同样

by the way 顺便说一下

in the way 挡道

with the help of 在......帮助下

rule the roost 首屈一指

in the west/east/north/south 在西方/东方/北方/南方

（三）零冠词

1、表示泛指的不可数名词和可数名词复数前不用冠词

Money isn’t everything.

Computers are widely used in the world nowadays.

2.名词有其他限定词，名词前有且只能有一个限定词

This is my first time to visit China.

3.星期，月份，季节，年份表示一般性概念时

On Sunday in May in 2009

4.学科，语言，球类，棋类，三餐前

I like history.

5.职位，头衔，称呼前

He was elected monitor.

6.一人兼有两种身份，只在第一个身份前加冠词

A worker and writer

7.普通名词在发挥其职能作用的时候，其前不用任何冠词

be ill in hospital

be sent to prison

8.as和though引起的倒装让步状语从句，若做表语的单数名词位于句首，该名词前不用介词。

Child as he is,he knows a lot about history.

Teacher though he is,he also has great achievements on medical science.

9.职位、头衔、称呼前，不用冠词

Doctor,I am not feeling well.

He was finally elected chairman.

We decide to appoint him as captain of the Red Team.

10.turn后面的表语为单数名词，其前不用冠词

Through ten years of hard work,he turned scientist.

11.单数名词+介词短语构成的独立主格结构前，该名词不用冠词。

He came into the classroom,book in his hand.

12.在kind of、a kind of 、a type of、one/a +量词+of+名词等结构中，该名词为单数，其前不用冠词。

I’d like a piece of bread.

What kind of plant do you like?

13.by+交通工具在句中做方式状语，表示出行的方式，其前不用任何冠词，也不用其他限定词;by+类别名词，表示按照.....计算，其前也不用冠词。

by car/bike/ship/taxi/bus/airplane

I often go to school by bike.

by weight/height/time/length

I will divide you into three groups by height.

14.man/mankind/human being表示人类时，其前不用冠词。

These days I am making a deep study on the evolution of man.

15.word表示“消息”，尤其是作主语和后接同位语从句的情况下，其前用零冠词。

Word came that the craft criminal had been caught.

16.对等结构中

father and son 父子

war and peace 战争与和平

day and night 日夜

face to face 面对面

day by day 日日夜夜

one by one 一个接一个

little by little 渐渐地

from west to east 从西到东

from time to time 不时

△在许多固定短语中，名词前用零冠词at present 目前

at first 起初

at last 最后

at night 在夜晚

at noon 在中午

at ease 自由自在地

at times 有时候

by chance 偶然地

by accident 偶然地

by hand 手工

on foot 步行

on purpose 故意

on time 准时

on occasion(s) 偶尔

on board 在船（飞机，火车等)上

in advance /ahead of time 提前

in use 在使用中

in time 及时

in addition 而且

in terms of 就......而言

in danger 处于危险中

in agreement with 同意

in favor of 同意

in fact 事实上

in public 在公共场合

in need 处于需要

in trouble 在困难中

for example/instance 例如

for sure 确切

out of control/danger 失控/脱离危险come into force/power 开始实施/掌权ask for advice/help 寻求建议/帮助

ask for leave 请假

pay attention to 注意

take notice of 注意

lose heart/control 失去信心/控制

do good/harm to 对......有好/坏

take place 发生

take advantage of 利用

[扩展] 有些短语，有无冠词，意义区别很大。

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