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美国文学复习提纲

美国文学复习提纲
美国文学复习提纲

第一部分殖民时期

一、时期综述(关于清教的应该都是重点)

1、清教徒采用的文学体裁:A、narratives 日记B、journals 游记

2、清教徒在美国的写作内容:①their voyage to the new land ②adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops

③about dealing with Indians ④guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit

★3、清教徒的想法:①Puritans want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices.净化信仰和行为方式②wish to restore simplicity to church services and the authority of the Bible to theology.重建教堂,提供简单服务,建立神圣地位③look upon themselves as a chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God’s will and is not to be accepted.认为自己是上帝选民,对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝。④Puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated.反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步。⑤religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面,忽视上帝仁慈的一面。

4、典型的清教徒:John Cotton and Roger Williams

他们的不同:John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy.

Williams begins the history of religious toleration in America.

5、Williams的宗教观点:Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious

convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God.

行为上的德,信仰上的诚,并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。

6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人:Anne Bradstreet

7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人:the best of Puritan poets is Edward Taylor.

第二部分理性和革命时期

一、时期综述

1、美国的性质:The war for Independence ended in the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic – the

United States of America.联邦的资产阶级民主共和国——美利坚合众国。

二、代表作家:

1、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明.弗兰克林

①代表作:“Poor Richard’s Almanac”穷人理查德的年鉴annual collection of proverbs 流行谚语集

It soon became the most popular book of its kind, largely because of Franklin’s shrewd humor, and first

spread his reputation. 机智、幽默、风趣成为最畅销的书籍,弗兰克林的成名作。

②Found the Junto, a club for informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideas.

建立了一个秘密俱乐部,讨论的主题是政治、经济和科学等时事方面的问题。

③established America’s first circulating library, founded the college —University of Pennsylvania.

建立了美国第一个可租借的图书馆,还创办了一所大学—就是现在的宾夕法尼亚大学。

④first applied the terms “positive” and “negative” to electrical charges.

在电子运动中,首次使用了电流中的“正电”和“负电”的专业术语。

⑤As a representative of the Colonies, he tried in vain to counsel the

British toward policies that would let America grow and flourish in association with England. He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for

America in the war. 作为殖民地的代表,他不断建议英国改变政策,使美国可以和英国一起发展、繁荣。他说服法国支持美国的独立战争。

⑥As an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor, sarcastic. 作为作家具有非凡的才能,表达简洁明了,幽默,讽刺天才。

⑦“Autobiography”自传18世纪美国唯一流传至今的自传

2、Thomas Paine 托马斯.佩因“Great Commoner of Mankind” 最平凡的人

①famous pamphlet “Common Sense”著名的政治小册子《常识》,it

boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”, and brought the separatist agitation to a crisis. 拥护“独立宣言”,使分裂活动发展成最后危机。

②“American Crisis”《美国危机》, si gned “Common Sense”.署名为“常识”。(P31,第一段看一下)

3、Thomas Jefferson 托马斯.杰弗逊

①drafted the Declaration of Independence. 起草了独立宣言。

②与清教不一样,主张追求幸福。All Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness.人人生而平等,他们都从他们的“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。

4、Philip Freneau 菲利浦.弗瑞诺poet and political journalist 诗人和政治方面的新闻记者。

①perhaps the most outstanding writer of the post-Revolutionary period.可能是革命战争后期最杰出的作家。

②has been called the “Father of American Poetry” 美国诗歌之父

第三部分浪漫主义时期

一、文学特征:

1、environment:①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境

②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮

2、美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化,manifestations表现形式: Varied多样, Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾

3、romanticism的特点:frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source o f goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的,都注重道德,强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受,并且认为自然是美的源头,人类社会是腐败之源。

★4、transcendentalism超验主义:

①as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor

systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual

expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不讲逻辑,不讲系统,只强调超越理性的感受,超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

②they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of

American society.呼吁文化复兴,反对美国社会的拜金主义。

③they believed in the transcendence of “Oversoul,” an all-pervading

power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.相信精神上的超越,相信无所不能的善的力量,强调善为万物之源。

④it could exercise a healthy and restorative influence on the human

mind. “Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influen ce and you’ll become spiritually whole again.” The natural implication of all this was, of course, that things in nature tended to become symbolic, and the physical world was a symbol of the spiritual.

This in turn added to the tradition of literary symbolism in

American literature.

⑤代表人物:Emerson爱默生,believed that man was a part of absolute

good。人性本善

Thoreau 梭罗,beheld divinity in the “unspotted innocence” of nature.

自然才是神圣的“洁白无瑕”

5、Literary forms文学形式:Novels, short stories, and poems replaced

sermons and manifestos as America’s princ ipal literary forms.长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌取代说教类及宣言类作品成为美国主要的文学形式。

6、Imaginative literature想象类文学

7、the wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that illustrated moral law.戏剧化特色的野性讽喻了时代的道德准则。

8、The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. 逃离社会,回到自然成为了美国文学永恒的创作习惯。

9、Nationalism stimulated a greater literary interest in America’s language. In 1828 Noah Webster published “An American Dictionary of the English Language”. American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. 受民族主义影响,作家的目光转向了美国本土的语言,具有美国特征的本土方言开始在诗歌和小说中大量涌现。

10、At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England.” Led by Hawthorne, Emerson, and Thoreau. New England →Transcendentalism, 从新英格兰文学到超验主义。

二、代表作家:

1、Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文the first great belletrist 第一个纯文学作家,划线部分为三个主要contribution

①the first great prose stylist of American romanticism. 美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家

②“Sketch Book”《见闻札记》, the first modern short stories and the

first great American juvenile literature.现代文学史上第一部短篇小说和美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物。

③Irving restored the waning Gothic romances which Poe soon infused

with psychological subtleties.重振了没落的哥特式浪漫主义小说,随后坡在此基础上,把心理学的一些知识融入了这种体裁。

④“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《西班牙征服记》

⑤manner 形式>matter 内容;avoid moralization教化to entertain

娱乐/ amuse消遣

2、James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯.芬尼莫.库珀

①contribution: launched two kinds of immensely popular stories →

the sea adventure tale and the frontier saga

开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁,边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说。

②“Leatherstocking Tales”《皮袜子故事集》,包括“The Deerslayer”

《杀鹿者》、“The Last of the Mohicans”《最后的莫希干人》、“The Pathfinder”《探路人》、“The Pioneers”《拓荒者》、“The Prairie”《大草原》, regard as “the nearest approach yet to an American epic.” 被认为是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的作品。

③the central figure in the novels, Natty Bumppo. 小说的中心人物,纳

蒂.班波

④(笔记上添的) the Critic 评论家认为,他揭示了矛盾the direction was

morally right

the other practically / inevitable

Leatherstocking: insist on old forest freedom 皮袜子:保存了这些原始森林的面貌

Judge Temple: man remain savage without law and order

3、William Cullen Bryant 威廉.卡伦.布莱恩特poet 诗人

①as Irving had shown that American prose had cone of age, so Bryant

demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was

ready to demand serious attention.当欧文预示美国散文时代的到来时,布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌达到相当高的水平。

②He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.第一

个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家。

③“To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》the most perfect brief poem in the

language. 用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗。

4、Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加.阿伦.坡

①show his true talents as an editor, poet, literary critic. 编辑、诗人、

文学评论家。

②Graham’s Magazine 格雷厄姆杂志(坡的工作场所)

③“The Fall of the House of Usher”《鄂谢府崩溃记》、“The Raven”

《乌鸦》the title poem of a collection,

“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”《述异集》first collection of short stories. 第一部短篇小说集。

④often use grotesque or fantastic events.擅长描写哥特式和幻想类的小

说。

⑤(笔记上添的)integrate 统一性one sitting →brevity 简洁readability 可读性→totality of impression 开门见山,加强印象compression 浓缩

finality 要求结局

5、Ralph Waldo Emersion 拉尔夫.沃尔多.爱默生

①be responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England, 是

把超验主义引入新英格兰的先驱。

②Emerson believed above all in individualism个人主义, independence

of mind思想独立, and self-reliance自强.

③作品:“Nature”《论自然》、“Essays”《随笔录》、“The American

Scholar”《美国学者》, our intellectual Declaration of

Independence.我们知识分子的独立宣言。

④his most important works are “Representative Men”《代表》and

“English Traits”《英国人》、“Poems”《诗集》

⑤摘自《论自然》:Standing on the bare ground, -my head bathed by the

blithe air, and uplifted into infinite space, -all mean egotism

vanishes. I become a transparent eye-ball. 人形的约束没有了。

6、Henry David Thoreau 亨利.戴维.梭罗

①Emerson’s truest disciple. Put into practice many of Emerson’s

theories 爱默生最忠实的信徒,把爱默生的许多理论付诸于实践。

②“In Walden”《沃尔登》成名作。“Civil Disobedience”《平民反抗》

essay 随笔。非暴力不合作

③教义:I would not have anyone adopt my mode of living, each should

find out his own way, not his neighbor’s or his parents. 我不希

望人们接受我的生活模式,每一个都应该发现自己的生活方式,不是邻居的,也不是他父母的。

★7、Nathaniel Hawthorne 纳萨尼尔.霍桑

①background: one of his ancestors was Judge Hathorne, who harm a

person.曾经有个做法官的祖辈害人。

②“The House of the Seven Gables”七尖角阁房,是霍桑著名神秘小说中

的一个房屋名称。

③he reveals the depth of his concern with the dark side of Puritanism,

the harshness and the persecutions.对清教徒阴暗面的深切关注,

认为清教徒的戒行过于森严,对不同信仰人的迫害过于残酷。

④“Mosses from an Old Manse”《古厦青苔》、“The Marble Faun”

《玉石神像》

⑤特点⑴unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories

which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. 独特才

能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深

处的道德品质。

⑵his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great

moral questions appears strongly in his short stories. 短篇小

说里,通过活生生、极具有象征意义的想象来体现人类社会的一些重

大道德问题。

⑶to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as

a moral symbol.杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正

义标准之中来讲述,他书中的正义标准成为当时人们的道德参考。

⑥(课堂笔记提及的)“The Scarlet Letter”《红字》

⑴女主角honest, calmly face fault 诚实,坦然的面对罪过。

⑵弗洛伊德人格理论:Id 本我→欲望,只要快乐→Roger 女主角的丈夫Ego 自我→分辨对错,受约束,符合现实→Hester 女主角

Superego 超我→→Dim 女主角的情人,牧师

⑶女主角的自我成长和自我救赎的过程。Ego growth and redeem by her

own of process

⑦“The Scarlet Letter”analysis分析:it not a praise of a Hester

sinning, but a hymn on the moral growth of the woman when

sinned against. Young Hester borders on being licentious. Her drive is sexual. She does her best to keep her hold on the magic chain humanity. Her life eventually acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her

fellowmen Symbolic of her moral development is the gradual

imperceptible change with the scarlet letter undergoes in

meaning. At first it is a token of shame, “Adultery” but then the gen uine sympathy and help Hester offered to her fellow villagers’ changes it to “Able”. Later in the story, the letter A appears in the sky, signifying “Angel”. There is reason to agree with the critical observation that A may represent Adamic, or prehistoric, an

archetypal vice suggestive of “original sin,” Dimmesdale, on the other hand, banishes himself form society. Deeply preoccupied with himself, he lives a stranger among his admirers. The result is that, whereas Hester is able to reconstruct her life and win a

moral victory, Dimmesdale undergoes the tragic experience of physical and spiritual disintegration. Between him and Hester

they point to a moral as Hawthorne may intend them to do, that the best policy for man is to be true, honest, and ever ready to show one’s worst to the outside world.

★8、Herman Melville 赫尔曼.麦尔维尔

①“Moby Dick”《白鲸》,a tremendous chronicle of whaling voyage

in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale.主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事。②The book is steeped in symbolism. 本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰。③主人公:

Ishmael,取自圣经。④在书中说:to write a mighty book you must have a mighty theme. 写一部宏大的著作,必须有一个宏大的主题。⑤故事人物:Captain Ahab.船长阿哈比;Queequeg,捕鲸人奎因奎格,was a friendly person;⑥the rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome, sometimes merciless forces. The fitting symbol for his theme was the “gliding great demon of the seas of life.”

阿哈比舰长和各种危险之间的激烈斗争,他同那些强大的、神秘的自然展开斗争,他们令人毛骨悚然,有时还冷酷无情。他把那只大白鲸贴切的比喻为“生命海洋中滑行的恶魔”。

⑦“Moby Dick”:one of the major themes in Melville is alienation,

which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature.

Captain Ahab seems to be the best illustration of it all. The

voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultim ate truth of experience.” He had Ahab topmost in his mind. In a sense Ahab embodies all of the evil he once consigned to Moby Dick.

9、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 亨利.沃兹沃思.朗费罗poet 诗人

①it would be hard, also, to overestimate the importance of his

anthology “The Poets and Poetry of Europe”. His own poetry became a means of teaching readers of his day something of the possible range of poetic subject matter and techniques, ancient, medieval, and modern. 《欧洲诗人及诗》不能把这部作品估计过高。

他自己的诗歌成为了他教学的材料,在书中他讲述了诗的主题和一些写作技巧。从古代的,中世纪的一直到现代的诗歌,他都一一作了阐述。

②殊荣:he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the

Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey.朗费罗被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角,他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人。

③The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for his poetry was popular

during his lifetime. 他的诗歌因高雅宜人、纯正有韵味而大受欢迎。

④he was consistently high-minded but conventional, and untouched

by the religious and social struggles that disturbed his

contemporaries. 他接受正统的思想,但并不保守。他的思想没有受到当时社会、宗教和各种政治斗争的影响。

⑤特点:exercised a great influence in bringing European culture to the

U.S., and likewise did much to popularize American folk themes abroad where his work was immensely popular and widely

translated.在引进欧洲文化上起巨大推动作用,也把美国民间文化传播到国外,他的作品还被翻译成多种文字,在海外受到高度评价。

第四部分现实主义时期

一、时期综述:

1、镀金时代:The Gilded Age, an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of

gloom and buoyant hope. 无节制、走极端,倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存,既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。

2、Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American

romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned.

新英格兰的文艺复兴已开始接近尾声。

3、现实主义和自然主义作家的人物刻画方法:

19世纪末,the literary naturalists who followed them, rejected the portrayal of idealized characters and events. Instead, they sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality, to portray characters who were less simply all good or all bed.

反对在作品中描绘理想化了的人物和事件,关注人性中的微妙之处。4、Realism:(现实主义)appeared in the United States in the literature

of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic

descriptions of things was immediately observable. the dialects, customs, sights.现实主义有浓厚的美国本土特色,是浪漫主义故事情

节和现实主义描写相结合的产物:美国风味的方言、风俗、各种观点5、自然主义:naturalism, a new and harsher realism, 新型的更为冷峻的

现实主义,产生悲观的流派,

产生于the end of the century 十九世纪末,因为Perception of society’s disorders 对社会无序的感知。

Presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were dominated by their environment and heredity. 设法尽力客观真实地展现出受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真

正生活。

The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that

men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, the religious “truths” were

illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and

oblivion in death. 强调世界的非道德性,人们没有意志的自由,宗教

上的真理是虚幻的,现实生活是痛苦的。Deterministic 决定论,宿命的,

代表作家:Stephen Crane 史蒂芬.克莱恩, Frank Norris 弗朗克.

诺里斯,

Jack London 杰克.伦敦, Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.

德莱塞.

6、Darwinism: 达尔文主义:an evident influence on naturalism, stress

the animality of man, to suggest that be was dominated by the irresistible forces of evolution. 对自然主义影响极大,强调人的动物性,意味着人的命运受进化的不可抗力来决定的。

7、William Dean Howells 威廉.迪安.豪厄斯,

①The arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America。十九世纪

美国现实主义文学泰斗,提拔许多年轻作家

②His defined realism: nothing more and nothing less than the

truthful treatment of material.

不加一分,不减一分,百分之百描写现实。

③中央视角:an objective point of view

二、代表作家:

1、Walt Whitman 沃尔特.惠特曼

①★free verse (自由诗体) without a fixed beat or regular rhyme

scheme. 无固定节奏,无有规律的韵脚

②“Leaves of Grass”草叶集1870 the first genuine epic poem.

美国历史上第一部真正的史诗

Poem’s 特点:most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass”are about man and nature.

③关注点:In his poetry, he combined the ideal of democratic

common man and that of the rugged individual

④诗人职责:he envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet,

one who leads the community by his

expressions of the truth.表达真理的前提下,引导社会发展。

2、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽.狄金森

①作品:“I died for Beauty” 我为美而死(诗歌)Beauty / Truth /

Goodness are ultimate(终极) the same

“Because I could not stop for Death”我不能等候死神

Theme:死亡是实现永恒Immortality的途径

②特点:her poetry in unique and unconventional in its own way. Her

poems have no titles, hence are always quoted by their first

lines.

3、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托小说家only one female

prose writer(散文作家) in 19th century

代表作:“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”汤姆叔叔的小屋关注农奴制度Pay attention to serf's system

4、Mark Twain 马克.吐温

①美国现实主义文学的代表作“Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”

哈克贝里.费恩历险记(马克最有名的作品)

②特点:local colorist 地方特色:a unique variation of American

literary realism, it refers to the particular concern about the

local character of a region.

③contribution贡献:colloquial speech accepted as literary medium

口语化被文学界接受

④代表作:“The Gilded Age”70-90年代,镀金时代,贫富分化,财

富积累。

“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”用词简单、幽默、使用

当地语言编写

“Life on the Mississippi”

5、O. Henry 欧.亨利short story 短篇小说

①特点:tell about the lives of poor people in New York关注下层人;

usually short简单; plots are exceedingly clever and

interesting,humor abounds情节极度聪明有趣并富于幽默; the

end is always surprising结尾意外; contain a great deal of

slang and colloquial expressions使用大量的俚语和口语.

②代表作:“The Four Million”《四百万》小说集、“The Gift of the

Magi”《麦琪的礼物》单部小说

★6、Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯novelist小说家;Literature theoretician 文学理论家,从小受欧洲教育

①心理现实主义的开创者:the founder of psychological realism. The

literary career of him is generally divided into three periods, in the first periods, James took great interest in international

theme; exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third

literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.

②特点:(1)deeply into the individual psychology of his characters,

writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense

scrutiny of complex human experience.深刻探讨人物人性心理,

用深厚、复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行揣摩

(2)1st person and 3rd person narration,第一和第三人称的叙

(3)omniscient 全视角是不真实的;

③家庭背景:father: philosopher哲学家,富有;brother: psychologist,

philosopher心理学家,哲学家;

④创作原则:The art of Fiction小说的艺术;art vs. life, brings the

meaning of life;

⑤贡献contribution:in his critical commentaries, he made major

contributions to the art of fiction itself, helping to transform

the novel from its alliance with journalism and romantic

story-telling into an art from of penetrating analysis of

individuals confronting society, chronicles of the

psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the

highest from of experience. 詹姆斯把小说从新闻形式和浪漫故事

转变成为了对个人在社会大环境中面对种种冲突,进行深刻剖析的文

学形式;对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式,他定义这位感受

的最高形式。

⑥代表作:“The American”、“Daisy Miller”、“in the Portrait

of a Lady”(早期最好的作品)

Last full-length novel ==“The Wings of the Dove”、“The Ambassadors”、“The Golden Bowl”

⑦The name of the heroine “in the Portrait of a Lady” is Isabel

Acher. T he novel is representative of the best of James’ mature work. The plot concerns the courtship, marriage, and

development of the character of Isabel Archer, a young

American girl who has been left penniless by the death of her

father. The intricate novel of psychological and moral

interrelationships is in one sense another treatment of the

Jamesian theme of the American in conflict with European

culture and in another sense the most personal of his novels, an intimate picture of a woman’s soul presented with masterly

psychological finesse.

7、Jack London 杰克.伦敦

①代表作:“The People of the Abyss”、“The Call of the Wild”、

“The Sea Wolf”、

“Martin Eden”(autobiographical novel自传体小说)

②while embracing the socialism of Marx, London also believed in

the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is

most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel.

8、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞

①代表作:“Sister Carrie”《嘉莉妹妹》the first novel, which traces

the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G. W.

Hurstwood.

“The Financier”、“The Titan”、“The Stoic”Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲

②“An American Tragedy”《美国悲剧》,The identification of

potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and

most successful novel,德莱塞最恢宏、最成功的小说,表达了金钱万

能的主题。

第五部分二十世纪美国文学

一、时期综述:

1、Imagism 意象派:is a poetic movement of England and the United

States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in

Some Imagist Poets, included the use of the language of

common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in

hard, clear poetry, and concentration.

2、Lost Generation:迷惘的一代,Writers of the first postwar era

self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “Lost

Generation,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of

“expatriates” or exiles. It describes the writers like Hemingway who lived in semipoverty. It describes the Americans who

returned to their native land with an intense awareness of living in an unfamiliar changing world.

3、Modernism现代主义:is loosely a synonym of anything contemporary.

Strictly, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late

19th century and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. They pay more attention to the psychic time than the

chronological one.

4、现代主义的标志:T. S. Eliot’s “The Waste Land”, the most significant

American poem of the twentieth century, helped to establish a

modern tradition of literature rich with learning and allusive

thought.

5、典型的迷惘一代:F. Scot t Fitzgerald, “The Great Gatsby” 《了不起

的盖茨比》novel

Ernest Hemingway “The Sun Also Rises”《太阳照样升起》“A

Farwell to Arms”《告别了,武器》

William Faulkner “The Sound and the Fury” 《喧嚣与骚动》6、Playwrights戏剧、剧作家:Eugene O’Neill “The Emperor Jones”

《琼斯国王》、“Anna Christie”《安娜.克里斯蒂》、“The Hairy Ape”《毛猿》

7、The Jazz Age(享乐时代):when New Orleans musicians moved “up

the river” to Chicago, and the theatre of New York’s Harlem

pulsed with the music that had become a symbol of the times.

Fitzgerald portrays the Jazz Age as a generation of “the

beautiful and damned”, drowning in their pleasures.

二、代表作家:

1、Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德诗人

①Imagism 意象派的代表人物。Pound and Eliot became the early

leaders in restoring to poetry the use of literary reference as an imaginative instrument. 庞德和爱略特都是运用意象主义作为文学表

现手法的早期诗人。

②major work of poetry is the long poem called “The Cantos”

2、Robert Frost 罗伯特.弗洛斯特自然主义诗人poet

①诗歌特点和内容:(1)rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of

his contemporaries, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new.” He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative.

(2)He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol.

(3)His concern with nature reflected deep moral uncertainties,

and his poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes

mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone,

unaided and perplexed.

②he become a national bard美国民族诗人的翘首, win four Pulitzer

Prizes获得了四次普利兹奖.

③“The Road Not Taken”、“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy

Evening”向往大自然,想逃避社会;死亡、迷惑

3、Wallace Stevens 华莱士.斯蒂文斯诗人

①His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of

order,” that is ,tru e ideas, correspond with an innate order in

nature and universe, and that it is the high privilege of

individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence. 作品

动机起源于秩序理念,他的秩序就是真理,就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序,是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权。

②代表作:“The Man with the Blue Guitar”《带蓝吉他的人》;

“Necessary Angel”《必要的天使》,collection of his occasional lectures on poetry诗歌的评论.

“Anecdote of the Jar”《坛子的轶事》jar – man made – art, wildness – nature, jar bring order/meaning to the nature, 艺术到自然的秩序,integrated 统一体

③特点:(1)he adopted a variety of experimental styles, created

poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd

sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles.尝试过多种实验性的写作风格。

(2)he confronted the contemporary abandonment of traditional

values and sought to come to terms with the confusions of his time. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry.理想和现实中所交叉的矛盾。

(3)a series of oppositions between inner and outer worlds –

between subject and object, perceiver and perceived, fiction

and fact, “imagination and reality”(想象与现实)

★4、Thomas Stearns Eliot 托马斯.斯特恩斯.爱略特现代主义代言人

①多重身份:poet诗人, critic评论家, playwright剧作家

②代表作:

“The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”poems,holds its place in the development of Eliot’s poetry as a whole.

“Tradition and the Individual Talent”essay,随笔《传统和个人天才》, the earliest statement of his aesthetics第一次阐释了自

己的审美观点. provided a useful instrument for modern

criticism.成为现代评论极为有效的评判标准。

“The Waste Land”《荒原》one of the major works of modern literature. Use a new form —the orchestration of related

themes in successive movement. 新的文学形式即相关的主题在

连续运动中构成交响效果。

“Four Quartets”《四个四重奏》poem

“Murder in the Cathedral”,poetic tragedy, 诗歌悲诗, a drama(戏剧) of impressive spiritual power.极富感染力的戏剧

③作品特点:(1) concerns various aspects of the frustration and

enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.触及人性中的软

弱沮丧的弱点,正确思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失。

(2)poem conceived as a made object, an organic thing in itself,

whose concrete elements are true correlatives of the artist’s

imagination and experience with respect to that poem.诗歌是客观成型的东西,诗歌的具体元素与艺术家的想象和经历密切相关,也与诗歌相一致。

(3)The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellect,

feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for

judging the poem.知识、情感、体验的融合与集中程度是爱略特判定

诗歌好坏的标准。

5、F. Scott Fitzgerald F.司各特.菲茨杰拉德novelist 小说家

①作品:“This Side of Paradise”《人间天堂》,the first novel.

“The Great Gatsby”《了不起的盖茨比》novel

“Tender Is the Night”《夜色温柔》novel

②第二本小说的开展过程:dream梦想→Daisy self-centered 理想化

的淑女,自我为中心→disenchantment, disillusion魔法消失,(因

阶级差异)梦想破灭→sense of failure and despair (light)失败和绝望

Ash 灰(象征) →forest树木,西部开发,树木变成灰了

③limited point of view有限视角→suspense悬念+ mystery神秘

真实性→reliable可信的,不偏,不评价

6、Ernest Hemingway 厄恩斯特.海明威novelist 小说家

①写作特点:(1)he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based

on simply sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.推动了报告文学的发展,认为报告文学句子结构要简单,用语要节制,想象要简练,要采用不受感情影响的、戏剧化的语调。

(2) His primary concern was an individual’s “moment of truth,”

and his fascination with the threat of physical, emotional, of

psychic death is reflected in his lifelong preoccupation with

stories of war.主题强调换个体“真理的瞬时性”,痴迷于描写肉体情

感方面面临的威胁和心灵死亡等主题。

(3) man’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure

作品主题, or purity of line through the maximum of exposure最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人.

美国文学史复习提纲

I. Explain the following literary terms. 1. Romanticism The most profound and comprehensive idea of romanticism is the vision of a greater personal freedom for the individual. Appeals to imagination; Stress on emotion rather than reason; optimism, geniality. Subjectivity: in form and meaning. 2 American transcendentalism American transcendentalism was an important movement in philosophy and literature that flourished during the early to middle years of the nineteenth century (about 1836-1860). For the transcendentalists, the soul of each individual is identical with the soul of the world and contains what the world contains. 3 Realism: ―nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖ the Civil war a. verisimilitude of details derived from observation b. representative in plot, setting and character c. an objective rather than an idealized view of human experience 4. Modernism like modernism in general is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human beings to create, improve, and reshape their environment, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation, and is thus in its essence both progressive and optimistic. The general term covers many political, cultural and artistic movements rooted in the changes in Western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century. American modernism is an artistic and cultural movement in the United States starting at the turn of the 20th century with its core period between World War I and World War II and continuing into the 21st century. II. Questions and Answers. Give brief answers to each of the following questions in English. 1. What is local color? an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things immediately observable: the dialects, customs, sights, and sounds of regional America‖ 2. What is American Puritanism 1). Total Depravity - the concept of Original Si 2). Unconditional Election - the concept of predestination 3). Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. 4). Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. 5). Perseverance of the "saints" - those elected by God have full power to interpret the will of God, and to live uprightly. If anyone rejects grace after feeling its power in his life, he will be going against the will of God. 3. Analyze Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography. themes in autobiography: Self- Improvement Mind: Self-education Body: Physical Activity Behavior: Moral Perfection Religion: The best service to God is to be good to man Benjamin Franklin and aspects of The American Dream Rags to Riches: Impotence to Importance: A Philosophy of Individualism: Freewill vs. Determinism: Hope and Optimism:

美国文学史复习资料

美国文学史复习(colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁:a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容: 1)their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想: 1)puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂,提供简单服务,建立神圣地位 3)look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民,对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4)puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5)religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面,忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒:John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同:John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点:Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德,信仰上的诚,并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人:Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人:the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南: 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.

美国文学选读名词解释

1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans. 1.simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. 2.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasure and religion . 3.with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature.to some extent it is a state of mind,a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 4.Actually it is a code of values,a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds,also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The American Romanticism(浪漫主义):a literary movement flourished as a cultural force the early period and the late period. associated with imagination and boundlessness, as an historical movement it arose in the 18th and 19th centuries.(Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.) II.Features of American romanticism (1) It was the expression of “a real new experience(全新体验)”. (2) American Puritanism was a cultural heritage. Many American romantic writings intended to edify(启发) more than they entertained. (3) American Romanticism is full of “newness(新奇)” . Ideals:Individualism; political equality Dream:America: a new Garden of Eden (4)American romanticism was both imitative and independent. 3.Transcendentalism 超验主义 The major features of Transcendentalism: ① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙 ② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual is the most important element of Society. ③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s ove rwhelming presence. 自然+上帝 Ralph Waldo Emerson. American Transcendentalism:As a philosophical and literary

美国文学复习大纲

美国文学部分(American Literature) 一.殖民时期文学(The Literature of the Colonial Period) 1.本章考核知识点和考核要求: 1) 早期殖民地时期的文学的特点 2) 十八世纪美国文学的特点(重点是独立革命前后时期文学) 3) 主要的作家、其概况及其代表作品 4) 术语:the colonial period, American Puritanism, Puritans, Enlightenment in American, the Great A wakening 2.主要作家作品 John Smith第一个美国作家 A True Relation of Virginia and General History of Virginia. Anne Bradstreet 殖民地时期女诗人 The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America (1650) Jonathan Edwards十八世纪上半叶大觉醒时代的代表人物 “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林,散文家、科学家、社会活动家,曾参与起草《独立宣言》。十八世纪美国启蒙思想代言人。 《穷查理历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac(收录格言警句) 《致富之道》The Way to Wealth 《自传》The Autobiography (富兰克林原意为写给儿子的家书) Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩,散文家、政治家、报刊撰稿人。 《常识》Common Sense ( Paine 最知名的政论文:It was inspired by the first battle of the Revolutionary War—the Battle of Lexington in Concord.) 《美国危机》American Crisis 《人的权利》Rights of Man 《专制体制的崩溃》Downfall of Despotism 《理性时代》The Age of Reason Philip Freneau 菲利普·弗伦诺,著名的“革命诗人”。 《蒸蒸日上的美洲》“The Rising Glo ry of America” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”(诗人自己被俘,关押于英国囚船的经历)

陶洁版美国文学选读_第三版_课后习题答案解析

美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案洁(部分) Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin Questions 1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight

美国文学史及选读复习重点

Captain John Smith (first American writer). Anne Bradstreet;The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (colonists living) Edward Taylor(the best puritan poet) John Cotton ”the Patriarch of New England” teacher spiritual leader Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography Poor Richard’s Almanack Thomas Jefferson: Political Career Thoughts The Declaration of Independence we hold truth to be self-evidence Philip Freneau“Father of American Poetry” The Wild Honey Suckle American Romanticism optimism and hope Nationalism Washington Irving“Father of American Literature short story”The first “Pure Writer” A History of New York The Sketch Book marked the beginning of American Romanticism! “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”Rip Van Winkle James Fenimore Cooper Father of American sea and frontier novels Leather stocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans The Pioneers The Prairie The Pathfinder The Deerslayer Edgar Allan Poe father of detective story and horror fiction Tales of the Grotesque and the Arabesque “MS. Found in a Bottle” “The Murders in the Rue Morgue” “The Fall of the House of Usher”“The Masque of the Red Death”“The

美国文学史期末参考复习资料

仅作参考,最主要还是要自己消化,整理 Chapter 1 Colonial Period 1. Puritanism: American puritans accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. 2. Influence (1) A group of good qualities – hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (serious and thoughtful) influenced American literature. (2) It led to the everlasting myth. All literature is based on a myth – garden of Eden. (3) Symbolism: the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chi efly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. (4) With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible. II. Overview of the literature 1. types of writing diaries, histories, journals, letters, travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons 2. writers of colonial period (1) Anne Bradstreet (2) Edward Taylor III. Benjamin Franklin 1. life 2. works (1) Poor Richard’s Almanac (2) Autobiography 3. contribution (1) He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the American Philosophical Society. (2) He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire (electricity in this case) from heaven”. (3) Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”. Herman Melville thus described him “master of each and mastered by none”. Chapter 2 American Romanticism Section 1 Early Romantic Period I. American Romanticism 1. Background (1) Political background and economic development (2) Romantic movement in European countries Derivative – foreign influence 2. features (1) American romanticism was in essence the expression of “a real new experience and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien. (2) There is American Puritanism as a cultural heritage to consider. American romantic authors tended more to moralize. Many American romantic writings intended to edify more than they entertained. (3) The “newness” of Americans as a nation is in connection with Am erican Romanticism. (4) As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. II. Washington Irving: Father of American Literature 1. several names attached to Irving (1) first American writer (2) the messenger sent from the new world to the old world (3) father of American literature 2. life 3. works (1) A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty (2) The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. (He won a measure of international recognition with the publication of this.) (3) The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus (4) A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (5) The Alhambra 4. Literary career: two parts (1) 1809~1832

美国文学复习资料

Chapter 1 1.American literature in the colonial periods (殖民地时期的文学,1607-1765): ①1942 Christopher Columbus(哥伦布) discovery of America ②17th century English began their settlement of the North American continent (北美拓殖开始) ③1606 the frist English settlement James Town, Virginia ④1620 the ship Mayflower arrived at Plymouth, Massachusetts ⑤1629 the Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony 2.Puritanism(清教主义) and writers, early poetries 1) the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. The doctrines of predestination(宿命), original sin(原罪), total depravity(完全的堕落) and limited atonement(有限的救赎) were all that they believed in. 2)writers: William Bradford(1590-1702 Of Plymouth Plantation普利茅斯开发历史), Anne Bradstreet(1617-1672 The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯), Jonathan Edwards(1702-1758), Edward Taylor(1642-1729). 3)Early poetries: The Bay Psalm Book(1640, 1st book written and printed) , The Day of Doom(1662), New England Primer(1638, the 1st and most successful educational textbook) 3.The Main Features of this period 1)American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period; 2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any form at all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted;3) The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. 4.American literature in the revolutionary periods( Enlightenment启蒙运动, 1765 -1800) 1)revolutionary ended in 1763 2)1772 Patriot groups began to form committees 3)1774 Frist Continental Congress 4)1775 fighting broke out 5)1776 the Declaration of Independence in Second Continental Congress 6)1783 The Treaty of Paris(巴黎和约) → real independence 7)1776- 1783 Independence War 5.Famous literary figures Roger Williams(罗杰·威廉斯1603-1683): The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience, Discussed in a Conference between Truth and Peace (1644) Philip Freneau(菲利普·弗伦诺1752-1832): "the poet of the American Revolution". His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature John Woolman(约翰·伍尔1702-1772), Tomas Paine(托马斯·潘恩1737-1809),Benjamin Franklin本杰明·富兰克林 6.Benjamin Franklin(1706 - 1790) and works

美国文学选读期末考试重点

1、The Colonial Period(1607-1765) American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息,夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响(metaphysical) 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism(end of 18th to the civil war) American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature 短篇小说 James Fenimore Cooper 历史,冒险,边疆小说《The Leather-stocking Tales>文明发展对大 自然的摧残与破坏 William Cullen Bryant 美国第一个浪漫主义诗人《To a Waterfowl>美国 山水,讴歌大自然,歌颂美国生活现实 Edgar Allan Poe ---(48 poems,70 short stories) He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.” He was father of psychoanalytic criticism , and the detective story. Ralph Waldo Emerson---The chief spokesman of New England Transcendentalism American Transcendentalism (also known as “American Renaissance”) It is the high tide of American romanticism Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 《Nature》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson 《Self-Reliance》表达他的超验主义观点Henry David Thoreau------ Walden he regarded nature as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization. 小说家:Hawthorne-赞成超验He is a master of symbolism The Scarlet Letter《红字》 Melville 怀疑,悲观,sailing experiences Moby Dick百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗 诗人Longfellow《I Shot an Arrow...》《A Psalm of Life》第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌Whitman (Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme ) 《Leaves of Grass》《One's Self I Sing》《O Captain! My Captain!》song Dickinson inner life of the individual ---died for beauty 4、The Age of Realism James upper reaches of American society. <一位女士的肖像》inner world of man Howells, concerned himself chiefly with middle class life. Twain the lower strata of society. humor and local colorism American Naturalism 自然主义(新型现实) Stephen Crane;《Maggie: A Girl of the Streets》《The Red Badge of Courage》pessimistic Theodore Dreiser;Sister Carrie;Jennie Gerhardt;An American Tragedy(Trilogy of Desire) O.Henry (William Sydney Porter):The Gift of the Magi;The Cop and the anthem Jack London:The Call of the Wild;Martin Eden 5、The Modern Period The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature) The Roaring Twenties ,The Jazz Age ,“lost”(Gertrude Stein) and “waste land”(T.S.Eliot) 现代主义小说家 F. Scott Fitzgerald:《The Great Gatsby》被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征,以美国梦American Dream 为主线。

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