文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › unit 5 词义的选择与引伸

unit 5 词义的选择与引伸

实用翻译策略与常用技巧

第一讲词义的选择和引申

词义的选择和词义引申是翻译中最常用的翻译技巧。也是英语翻译中最基础的工作,准确把握词义,并在必要时加以适度的引申,是保证译文质量的前提和基础。一方面,英语和汉语各自都有丰富的词汇,各自的词义又极其繁复;另一方面,这两种语言差异巨大,其词义关系错综复杂,往往难以找到词义完全对应的词。

因此,在翻译中绝不能拘泥于自己所记忆的词典提供的基本释义,机械地用固定的汉语词替换对应的英语词。正确的做法应当是,在掌握每一个单词基本释义的基础上,根据这个单词所处的语境,根据上下文提供的各种线索,判定其确切含义;同时,还需要按照汉语的表达习惯和汉语的搭配方式,选用恰当的词语表达这一意义。

一、词义的选择(the choice of word meanings)

英语与世界上任何一种语言一样,都存在着一词多义的现象。所谓一词多义,即是指同一个词在同一种词类中,具有几个不同的词义。在英语与汉语中,很难找到一词一义的对应情况。这就需要我们在翻译过程中理解英语原文中单词的意思,然后努力地寻找在汉语中与这个英语单词具有相同意义的常用表达方法。就home这个词而言,大多数人都知

道有“家”的意思。但是,上下文不一样,home的翻译就完全不一样,如:

I’ll see her home tonight

India is the home of elephants.

He’s at home with the classics.

New homes are for sale.

She’s at home where she is.

Maternity home costs in America have gone up sharply.

Much is produced here for home market.

He looks on London as his home.

由此可见,一词多义的现象在英语中十分普遍。在翻译时,词义的选择应从以下几个方面着手。

(一)根据词性确定词义

许多英语单词具有不同词性,亦即分属几种不同的词类,有时候当名词用,有时候当动词用;有时候作形容词,有时候作副词等等。其中,有些单词用于不同词性时意思并无多大差异,翻译时一般不能导致理解上的错误。如:forecast有“预报,预测”的意思,用作动词和用作名词时意思相同;increase作动词时,表示“增加,增长,增进”的意思,用作名词时主要还是表达这些意思。

但是,翻译中,大量的单词并非如此。它们在用作不同词性时,其意义存在不同程度的差异。如:book这个单词,在作名词时,意思是“书,书籍”;用作动词却常表示“预订,预约”的意思。又如:while作连词时,有“当...的时候,而,虽然”等意思;作名词时,却指“片刻,一会儿”;作动词,又有“消磨”的意思。遇到这种情况,如果不弄清楚词性,常

常就会将词义搞错,进而影响原文的正确理解和准确翻译。因此在翻译中,我们可以根据语法关系来辨别关键词的词性,以便能准确的判断词义。如:

light:

This light is too poor to read by.

Aluminum is a light metal.

Will you light the fire for me?

(二)根据上下文确定词义

除了根据词性来判断词义之外,词义选择一个更为重要的方法就是根据上文来判断词

义了。因为很多英语单词即使弄清楚了词性,但仍须从几个或几十个义项中选定确切的词义。这就需要借助于上下文提供的各种线索做出合理的分析、推理、判断。有时候,我们还可能会在考试中碰到生词。可是,我们绝对不会在一个英语句子中出现这种情况:某一个单词不认识,而这个单词上下文中的所有单词都不认识。正因为上下文的存在,这也给我们考研翻译中解决生词提供了突破口。因此,在考研翻译中,我们一定要随时注意上下文,上下文的不同在很大程度上决定了单词意义的不同,也在很大程度上决定了翻译中理解和表达的正确性、准确性和译文是否通顺。

我们以动词move 为例,如果上下文不一样,move 的意思显然也是不一样,必须依据上下文才能做到准确通顺的翻译。That car was really moving.

Share prices moved ahead today.

The story of their sufferings moved us deeply.Work on the new building is moving quickly.

The government's opinions on this matter haven't moved.

I move that we support the introduction of this new technological process.She moves in the highest circles of society.

Unless the employers move quickly, there will be strike.

由以上的例子我们可以看出,在英语中,同一个词,同一种词类,在不同的场合往往会有不同的含义。在翻译时,必须考虑词的搭配关系,弄清一个词在某个上下文中的确切含义,然后再选一个合适的词进行翻译。而决不能脱离上下文而不顾,把一个英语词一直与同一个汉语词对等起来翻译。 (三)根据汉语习惯搭配确定词义

与其他语言一样,汉语有其固有的表达习惯。因此,在翻译时,结合上下文的不同,还考虑汉语的习惯搭配,遵从这些习惯的表达方式。如动词work 在翻译时如果上下文不同,汉语习惯搭配也不一样,翻译时应该选择不同的词义来表达。I think your suggestion will work.The new treatment works like magic.My watch doesn’t work.The sea works high.

She worked her way to the front.

The root of the pine tree worked down between the stones.The new regulation is working well

(四)根据不同的专业领域来选择和确定词义

随着时代的发展,每天都有新的词汇产生。一些词在不同的领域中更是有着迥然不同的含义。例如,server 在一般情况下是“服务员、侍者”的意思;在体育范畴内,该词指“发球员”;而在计算机领域中,它又是“服务器”的含义。另如,default 在一般语境下是“拖欠、未履行“的意思,如in default on a loan ;在法律范畴下则指的是“被要求出庭时未到庭”,如make default ;而计算机用语中的default 则常被翻译为“缺省”,指的是“由操作系统自动指定并持续有效的特定值”,如default share 。类似的例子还有很多,试译下句:

Suddenly the line went limp. “I ’m going back.”said Smith, “We must have a break somewhere. Wait for me. I will be back in five minutes.”二、词义的引申(extension of word meaning )

引申是英汉翻译的常用手法之一。英语和汉语在长期发展和使用中形成了富有各自特

试卷

点的修辞方法、搭配习惯和行文规范。因此在翻译中,初学翻译的人常常会遇到这种情况:即明明能够读懂英语原文,但若按照原文形式和字面意思逐字翻译或者生搬硬套的话,翻译出来的译文要么是句子不通,要么是令人费解,有时甚至可能造成误解。针对这种情况,就应当对原文形式作必要的转变,并且依据具体的上下文和逻辑关系,从有关词语的基本含义出发,进行恰如其分的引申,使原文的内容实质在流畅自然的译文中确切充分地再现出来。词义引申的方法主要以下几种。

(一)词义引申

一个词的基本意义称为直接意义,表达该词的原始意义。由基本意义可以引申出许多新义,称为引申义,这些引申出来的新义与词的基本意义既有区别,又有紧密的联系。如:

These resolutions are no more pious wishes and are still-born.

We are eager to benefit from your curiosity.

Lee is swollen in everything, in body and in mind.

(二)概念引申

为了使要表达的内容更清楚,生动,在现实生活中我们常用事物来做比喻。通常用抽象的事物来描述具体的事物,或者用具体的事物来描述抽象的事物。翻译时,应根据不同情景,结合目的语的语言习惯,对有关词、词组和句子加以引申。概念的引申包括具体概念抽象化和抽象概念具体化。

1. 具体概念抽象化

英语中,尤其是现代英语中,常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一个概念。翻译时,一般可将词义做抽象化的处理,译文才能流畅、自然。特别是英语中许多带有具体形象的表达方式,在不方便直接翻译时,往往要进行抽象化处理。例如:

During the 1970s, he was an embryo English teacher, but he was very confident.

The application of laser in medicine is still in its infancy.

I was not one to let my heart rule my head.

His success in this field has pushed his forerunners’ point into the background.

They have their smiles and tears.

2. 抽象概念具体化

英语中有许多概念抽象的词语,表示某种具体事物,翻译成汉语时一般把原文中抽象、含糊、朦胧的词语用具体、明确的词语来进行翻译,从而使译文通顺、流畅。这就需要经历一个‘化抽象为具体’的过程,方能做到通顺达意。如:

The car in front of me stopped, and I missed the green.

A beautiful enough girl, but nothing upstairs.

A wide variety of tools are available commercially.

3. 形象引申

在英汉语言中出现的形象往往不能匹配,所以在翻译中要做一些变化和引申,否则会不易理解,或引起误解。如:

There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists.

Every life has its roses and thorns.

See-sawing between partly good and faintly ominous, the news for the next four weeks was never distinct.

4. 典故引申

各民族都有丰富的成语典故,生动形象地应用典故可以言简意赅地表现各种社会关系

和生活经验。典故的应用常常会引申出比字面意思更深刻的涵义,并能令人产生丰富的联想。

It is unfair that historians always attribute the fall of kingdoms to Helen of Troy.

Mother didn't think of the nice looking car bought the day before should become a Helen of Troy in her family. Because of this her daughter andher quarreled for a long time.

最后值得强调的是,词义引申的目的是为了使译文更忠实、更通顺、更完整地表达原文的意义。因此,引申必须得当适度,切忌忽略原文固有的基本含义、脱离开上下文的逻辑联系而妄加发挥。词义引申的一个重要原则是必须从原文固有的基本含义出发,不脱离上下文的联系,不任意发挥。这样,就能从日常的翻译实践中积累经验,掌握好词义引申这一翻译技巧。

Exercises:

1. Translate the following into Chinese by using the choice of word meanings.

1.The Earth is not completely round.

2.Let's go into the hall and have a look round.

3.They are dancing in a round

4.He worked round the day.

5.The boy's eyes rounded with excitement.

6.a deep well a deep voice a deep red

deep in study a deep mystery

a deep thinker deep outrage

7. He is the last man to do it.

He is the last person for such a job.

He would be the last to blame.

He is the last man to consult.

This is the last place wehre I expected to meet you.

8. The thief gave me a boot in the stomach.

Frank got the boot for frequently coming late.

There are several very simple tweaks that will significantly decrease the amount of time it takes your computer to boot up.

2. Translate the following into English by using the choice of word meanings.

1. 你是什么意思?

2. 他们要结婚了,我们应该买件礼物意思意思。

3. 这是对你好心相助所表示的一点小意思。

4. 我的意思还是不去为好。

5. 天有点要下雨的意思。

6. 那事没多大意思。

7. 她瞅了一下表,意思是我该走了。

8. 听你的意思是我错了。

3. Translate the following sentences by using different skills in extension of word meaning.

词义引申法:

1. This caricature expresses a sharp satire upon the government’s policy.

2. The general’s estimate of Hitler was cold-blooded and honest.

具体概念抽象化:

3. I have no head for mathematics.

4. It is hard to get along with a man blowing hot and cold.

5. He used so many technical terms in his speech that the students could make neither head nor tail of it.

6. He is a rolling stone. I don't think he is a promosing young man.

7. 到了那里以后,我们才发现那地方前不着村,后不着店。

抽象概念具体化:

8. A son, a job and housekeeping forced romance out.

9. But there had been too much publicity about my case.

10. He doesn't want to hang on his parents’ sleeves.

形象引申:

11. A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled nature as a last refuge from encroaching technology.

12. He would not tell them,but kept them in suspense all day.

相关文档
相关文档 最新文档