英美文学课总结

English Romanticism

English Romanticism begins in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s The Lyrical Ballads and ends in 1832 with Walter Scott’s death. William Blake and Robert Burns also belong to this literary genre, though they live prior to the Romantic period.English Romanticism is a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason. The French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution exert great influence on English Romanticism. The romanticists express a negative attitude towards the existing social or political conditions. They place the individual at the center of art, as can be seen from Lord Byron’s Byronic Hero. The key words of English Romanticism are nature and imagination.English Romantic tend to be nationalistic, defending the greatest English writers. They argue that poetry should be free from all rules.

Lake poets

Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England. The former two published The Lyrical Ballads together in 1798, while all three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative and received pensions and poet laureateships from the aristocracy.

Karl Marx likes Byron and Shelley very much. MU Dan（穆旦/查良铮），a renowned Chinese poet and translator , did splendid work to popularize Byron and Shelley in China.

Other greatest Romantic poets are: John Keats, P.B. Shelley and G. G. Byron.

Years ago, Wordsworth and Coleridge were labeled “negative romantic poets” while Byron and Shelley were hailed as “positive (revolutionary) Romantic poets”. Wordsworth and Coleridge’s literary achievements were underestimated for a long time.

Feminist works

Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792.

Gothic novel is a type of romantic fiction that predominates in the late 18th century and continues to show its influence in early 19th century. Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural. Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley and The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794)by Ann Radcliffe are masterpieces of English gothic novel.

English fiction gropes its way amidst the overwhelming Romantic poetry. It revives its popularity in the hands of Jane Austen & Walter Scott.

Walter Scott is noted for his historical novel based on Scottish history and legends. He exerted great influence on European literature of his time.

Jane Austen is the first and foremost English women novelist. Following the neoclassical tradition, she is unsurpassed in the description of uneventful everyday life.

Essayists in English Romanticism

Essayists Representative works

William Hazlitt Familiar essays

Charles Lamb Essays of Elia; Tales from Shakespeare Coleridge Biographia Literaria

William Wordsworth

Wordsworth is the most representative poet of English Romanticism. He was labeled as “negative Romantic poet” by Karl Marx In 1795 he ，his sister Dorothy Wordsworth and Coleridge became “three people with one soul” in literary history.

In 1798, Wordsworth and Coleridge published their Lyrical Ballads.

His major works

Wordsworth’s fame lies chiefly in his short poems. His short poems fall into 2 categories: poems about nature and poems about human life.

His best known poems of nature include: The Daffodils(I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud), Tintern Abbey, To the Cuckoo, My Heart Leaps up, To a Butterfly, An Evening Walk, & The Sparrow’s Nest.

His best known poems about human life include: Lucy Poems, The Solitary Reaper and The Old Cumberland Beggar, Michael, & To a Highland Girl.

Wordsworth wrote many sonnets. His famous sonnets are: Earth Has Not Anything to Show More Fair (Written Upon Westminster Bridge), On the Extinction of the Venetian Republic, & Thought of a Briton on the Subjugation of Switzerland.

His best known long poem is The Prelude.

Brief Comments

Wordsworth is the representative poet of English romanticism

Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his

language.

Wordsworth’s theory on versification has exerted profound influence on later

poets. (mimesis模仿--imaginative recreation)

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Major works

Demonic poems

●The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

●Kubla Khan

●Christabel

Conversational poems

●Frost at Morning

●Dejection: An Ode (沮丧）

Essays

●Biographia Literaria

●Lectures on Shakespeare

George Gordon Byron (1788-1824)

Major works

Long Poems or Collections

Hours of Idleness

English Bards and Scotch Reviewers

Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage

Don Juan

Best known single poems in China

When We Two Parted

She Walks in Beauty

The Isles of Greece (from Don Juan)

Sonnet on Chillon

Brief comments

Byron’s poetry is based upon his own experience. His heroes are more or less

pictures of himself. His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.

The figure is, to some extent, modeled on the life and personality of Byron.

Byron’s poetry exerts great influence on the Romantic Movement. He stands

with Shakespeare and Scott among the British writers who exert great influence over the mainland of Europe.

P. B. SHELLEY (1792-1822)

Percy Bysshe Shelley Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical poets. His poems abound with personification, metaphor and other figures of speech.

Major works

Ode to the West Wind西风颂

To a Skylark云雀颂

The Cloud云

Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯》

Queen Mab 麦布女王

The Masque of Anarchy 专治魔王的化装游行》

The Necessity of Atheism《无神论的重要性》

A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》

Keats

Major Works

Long poems

●Endymion

●Isabella

●The Eve of St. Agnes

●Lamia

●Hyperion

Odes and sonnets

●Ode to Autumn

●Ode to a Nightingale

●Ode on Melancholy

●Ode on a Grecian Urn

●Bright Star

●When I Have Fear

●The Grasshopper and The Cricket.

Quiz One

? 1. Who were the earliest inhabitants of Britain?

A. Romans

B. Saxons

C. Celts

D. Normans

? 2. What is another term for Old English?

A. Teutonic

B. Celtic

C. Anglo-Saxon

D. Middle English

? 3. Beowulf fought against all of the following figures EXCEPT _____.

A. Hrothgar

B. Firedrake

C. Grendel

D. Grendel’s mother

? 4. Which is NOT one of the features of the Song of Beowulf?

A. The use of alliteration

B. The use of metaphor

C. The use of understatement

D. A Christian poem

? 5. Beowulf was written down in the ______.

A. 8th century

B. 9th century

C. 10th century

D. 11th century

? 6. Which is NOT one of the languages spoken during the Saxon-Norman

Period?

A. English

B. Greek

C. French

D. Latin

?7. What is the prevailing form of literature in the Middle Ages?

A. Legend

B. Romance

C. Epic

D. Ballad

?8. Sir Gawain started his adventure from _____.

A. Spring

B. Summer

C. Autumn

D. Winter

?9. What are the features that characterize a romance EXCEPT that .

A. It has great resemblance to truth or reality.

B. It exaggerates the vices of human nature and idealizes the virtues.

C. The central figure of the romance is the knight who is devoted to the church and the king.

D. It involves a large amount of fighting as well as a number of perilous adventures.

The 18th Century The AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT General Introduction

Three political parties:

1. The liberal Whigs: 辉格党

2. The Conservative Tories: 托利党

3. Jacobites: 二世党人

?Social Life:

1. public coffeehouses and private clubs

2. sociability

3. its influence on literature

The 18th century is, on the whole, an age of prose rather than of poetry.

The Enlightenment Movement

The first representatives of the English Enlightenment were Joseph Addison (约瑟夫?阿狄森), and Richard Steele (理查德?斯蒂尔爵士), the publishers of The Spectator 《观察者》/《旁观者》and the poet Alexander Pope (亚历山大?蒲柏), who was famous for his caustic wit and metrical skill, particularly his use of the heroic couplet (英雄双韵体). Followed by writers Defoe, Fielding, Smollet, Richardson. The most outstanding figure was Jonathan Swift. Sheridan was the only important playwright known for his comedy School for Scandal《造谣学校》.

?Alexander Pope is the representative poet of neoclassical school. Samuel Johnson, the writer of the first English dictionary, also follows the neoclassical Sentimentalism made its appearance in the middle of the tradition.

?18th century as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality.

Sentimentalism also finds its voice in English fiction

(Oliver Goldsmith; Laurence Sterne; Thomas Gray).

Romanticism

?Romanticism was a movement in the arts and literature which originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual. It was a reaction against the order and restraint of classicism and neoclassicism, and a rejection of the rationalism which characterized the Enlightenment. William Blake and Robert Burns are the forerunners of the 19th century romanticism.

The Rise of the Novel

literature is novel. England produces three greatest novelists: Daniel Defoe, father of modern novel and the author of Robinson Crusoe; Jonathan Swift, the greatest English satirist and the author of Gulliver’s Travels; and Henry Fielding, the

author of The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.

?Daniel Defoe ( 1660-1731)

?Defoe’s major works include: Robinson Crusoe; Captain Singleton《辛格顿船长》, Moll Flanders 《摩尔?弗兰德斯》and A Journal of the Plague Year《大疫年日记》. Besides his novels, he has produced a famous poem Hymn to Pillory《枷邢颂》and some notable pamphlets such as The Shortest Way with the Dissenters《铲除新教徒的捷径》.

Jonathan Swift (1667--1745) Swift is one of the realist writers.

His major stories include:The Battle of the Books(1704)《书的战争》, A Tale of a Tub (1704)《一只桶的故事》, and Gulliver’s Travels (1726)

《格列佛游记》. His most famous essay is A Modest Proposal (1729)《一个小小的建议》. He is also a productive poet.

Fielding & Tome Jones

A brief Introduction:

The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling, often known simply as Tom Jones, is a comic novel by the English playwright and novelist Henry Fielding. First published on 28 February 1749, Tom Jones is among the earliest English prose works describable as a novel. The novel is divided into 18 smaller books.

英美文学史名词解释

英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-

英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,

英美文学重点整理

What’s symbolism? 1）Symbolism is a movement in literature and the visual arts that originated in France in the late 19th century. In literature, symbolism was an aesthetic movement that encouraged writers to express their ideas, feelings, and values by means of symbols or suggestions rather than by direct statements. Hawthorne and Melville are masters of symbolism in America in the 19th century. 2）举例。

48. “Young Goodman Brown ”is one of Hawthorne ’s most profound tales. What is the allegorical meaning of Brown, the protagonist? What does Hawthorne set out to prove in this tale? How does Melville comment on Hawthorne ’s manner of concerning with guilt and evil?

**ELIZABETH **4. A comparison of the three giants: William Dean Howells; Mark Twain; and Henry James They are the three dominant figures of the realistic period. The forerunner of American Realism is Howells. Though the three writers wrote more or less at the same time, they differed in their understanding of the “truth.”While Mark Twain and Howells seemed to have paid more attention to the “life”of the Americans, Henry James had apparently laid a greater emphasis on the “inner world”of man. Though Twain and Howells both shared the same concern in presenting the truth of the American society, they had each of them different emphasis. Howells focused his discussion on the rising middle class and the way they lived, while Twain preferred to have his own region and people at the forefront of his stories. This particular concern about the local character of a region came about as “local colorism,”a unique variation (变体) of American literary realism.

英美文学 总结

英国文学资料 1.The period of Old English Literature extends from about the year of 450 to the year of 1066. 2.the significant event which the commencement of medieval period in English literature is Norman Conquest in the year of 1066,and the medieval literature in Britain covers about four centuries. 3.Romance is the most popular literature form in the medieval period. 4.Old English poets produced the national epic poem, Beowulf, and a number of more or less lyrical poemsof shorter length, which do not contain specific Christian doctrines but evoke the Anglo Saxon sense of the harshness of circumstance and the sadness of the human lot. 5.Chaucer alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales. admired as the father of English Poetry. 一、The Renaissance Period (14th--mid-17th century) 1. The cradle of the Renaissance is Italy, and the essential characteristics of it are rising of Humanism and the Reformation of Christianity. 2. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the Engish Renaissane, and it's most important representative is Shakespeare. 1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞 the poet's poet

北京外国语大学英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及03

北外英美文学专业初试复试备考经验及 03—06真题 准备考研的时间不长，只有三个月，总结起来两大经验吧，细节和节奏。细节是说考研要做个有心人，要勤看别人的经验，即使不是一个方向的。因为虽然准备的内容不同，但过程都是一样的（讲到底也只有专二不同）。学习别人的经验自己才能避免走别人的弯路，犯别人犯过的错误。节奏是说时间的充分利用，时间不在长短而在效率的高低，要根据自己的情况制定合适的复习计划。在这里给大家小小的鼓励一下：永远不要觉得时间不够用，也永远不要觉得这是不可能完成的的任务。当然要基于自身实力和现实的考虑，我相信大家都明白我的意思。等到真正做到了，你就是那个“传说”。 政治：六十多分没什么经验。。。。。。总的感觉是过线不拉分就好因为进入复试政治和二外就不算分了，不要给自己太大的压力，不要浪费过多的时间，节省下来精力好好看专业。 法语：学校用的是很老的橘黄色皮的《法语》，先复习一遍，把忘掉的知识捡回来。然后把历年真题研究一遍，考察的知识点就那么多，有的题基本没变隔年又考一次。从图书馆借来新大学法语1-3，从头到尾梳理知识点整理笔记。因为知道考什么，所以看得有重点。借书的好处之一就是“书非借不能读也”，借来的总要还，有压力就看得快了，而且借的书都少都有点笔记，看看也是很好的。

基英：分阅读，翻译和写作三个部分。像名字一样就是考察英语的基础，所以投机取巧是不可取的，要稳扎稳打地不间断复习。阅读--每天精读一篇1500字左右的新闻，有用的词句整理出来，有兴趣的段落翻一翻，阅读是最好的输入方式，扩大阅读量不言而喻，也对写作和翻译大有益处。翻译--练了叶子南里面几个靠谱的文章，订在一起没事看看，每翻译一篇都会看到自己逐步的进步，翻译得逐渐成熟。写作—写作看的是内容、结构和语法。虽然在考场上不可能三方面都完美，但是写的时候有这样的意识在脑子里，偏也偏不到哪里去。基础自认为还是不错的，所以每天的复习就是一个routine，保持对英语的娴熟度，主要的精力都集中在复习专业上了。 专业：文学选段匹配+小说分析，今年取消了逻辑题。虽然文学的复习范围没边没沿，文学著作浩如烟海；但是恶俗的讲一句，只要是考试，它就有它的侧重点和一定的规律。文学选段匹配--本着上一原则，我把历年真题找来统计了一下每年考得上都是谁的作品，集中在哪几部作品上。统计过后发现大概十人左右而且都是大家Mark Twain, Charles Dicke ns, Wordsworth…然后就拜读他们的大作就好了。小说的话要先看看写作风格，像总考的adventures of huckleberry finn，如果没读过现读是来不及的，但只要了解马克吐温的写作风格，就会在看到南方方言的第一时间想到他老人家。诗歌

英美文学名词解释(1)

Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not

英美文学知识点总结(适用于英语专八)

Old English Literature 古英语文学 （450-1066年） Beowulf （贝奥武甫）---The first English national epic 中世纪英语文学（1066-1500） Geoffrey Chaucer(乔叟，c. 1343–1400) was an English poet. He is remembered for his The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》, called the father of English litera ture―英国文学之父‖William Langland (朗格兰，1330?-1400?),the author of the 14th-century English long narrative poem Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》. 文艺复兴（16-17世纪） William Shakespeare (莎士比亚，1564-1616), English poet and playwright, his surviving works consist of 38 plays, 154 sonnets, two long narrative poems Venus and Adonis 《维拉斯和阿多尼斯》The Rape of Lucrece.《鲁克丽丝受辱记》 Shakespeare‘s greatest works: greatest tragedies are King Lear 《李尔王》,Macbeth《麦克白》,Hamlet《哈姆雷特》, Othello 《奥赛罗》,Romeo and Juliet 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》 grea t comedies: A Midsumme r Night‘s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》,As You Like It 《皆大欢喜》,The Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》, Twelfth Night 《第十二夜》 great historical plays: Richard III 《理查三世》,Henry IV 《亨利四世》, Henry V 《亨利五世》, Henry VII 《亨利八世》 John Milton (弥尔顿, 1608-1674)was an English poet and civil servant for the Commonwealth of England. He is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost《失乐园》, Paradise Regained《复乐园》Samson 《力士参孙》. 18世纪文学和新古典主义 Alexander Pope (浦柏,1688-1744 ) is generally regarded as the greatest English poet of the eighteenth century, best known for his satirical epigram 讽刺隽语and heroic couplet英雄双韵体.His major works include mock epic satirical poem An Essay on Man 《人论》and An Essay on Criticism 《论批评》 Daniel Defoe ( 笛福，1660—1731)was an English writer who gained enduring fame for his novel Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨逊漂流记》, spokesman for middle-class people Henry Fielding (菲尔丁, 1707 ---1754) ，an English novelist known for his novel:The History of Tom Jones. Jonathan Swift (斯威夫特,1667-1745), was an Anglo-Irish novelist, satirist. He is remembered for novel such as Gulliver‘s Travels《格列佛游记》. Richard Sheridan ( 谢立丹，1751—1816), Irish playwright ,known for his satirical play School of Scandal(造谣学校). He was a represntative writer of Comedies of Manners. Laurence Sterne (斯特恩,1713—1768 ), an English novelist. He is best known for his novel Tristram Shandy （《商第传》）. Oliver Goldsmith （哥尔德斯密斯，1728-1774）English novelist, known for his novel Vicar of Wakefield (《威克菲尔德牧师传记》) Thomas Gray (托马斯?格雷1716—1771 )，an English poet, author of Elegy Written in a

英美文学名词解释(1)

1puritanism清教主义 The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death 2Romanticism The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive 强迫性的concern with “innocent” characters—children, young

英美文学考试复习点重点整理

1.现实主义、批判现实主义（代表人物、作品，以及每部作品讲了什么故事）P276—比如《匹克威克外传》主要讲什么？P281 《双城记》主要讲什么？P298 《大卫科波菲尔》主要讲什么？P292 2.其中自传体形式的作品有哪些？ 3.傲慢与偏见的第一个名字：first impression(Pride and prejudice现) 4.三姐妹指的是？ 5.19世纪有名小说名利场副标题：“A Novel Without a Hero”作者：William Makepeace Thackeray P303 6.18th浪漫主义作家、代表作P211 反对什么,反抗什么思想？ 7.Pop代表作有哪些？P134 剪发记？ 8.玄学诗派有哪些人物组成？Leading Feature? P116 9.乌托邦is written in form of ?P33 10.Universal Wicks大学才子是谁？P50 11.中世纪文学流行的是? 主题特征骑马精神P8？ 12.最著名作家：乔叟P19 13.对于三次征服的概念（1）罗马征服P1 （2）英国人征服P2（3）诺曼征服P5 14.人民大宪章什么时候出现？时间：1837年

1.John Milton He was born in London in 1608. He is a master of the blank verse, and a great stylist. And he is famous for his grand style.But his style is never exactly natural. He devoted almost twenty years of his best life to the fight for political, religious and personal liberty as a writer. His famous works are Paradise lost, Paradise Regained, and Samson Agonistes. 2.Romance Romance was the most prevailing kind of literature of the upper class in feudal England in the Medieval Ages. It is a long composition in verse or in prose which describes the life and chivalric adventures of a noble hero. The central character of romances is the knight, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapon. The theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romances. 3.the Enlightenment It is the philosophical and artistic movement growing out of the Renaissance and continuing until the nineteenth century. It was an optimistic belief that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reasons to all things. Typically, these enlightenment writers would use satire to ridicule what they felt illogical errors in government, social

英美文学名词解释总结.doc

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英语专八英美文学常识汇总

英语专八英美文学常识汇总

3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.

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英美文学史名词解释 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT

英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century, the literary device of "interior monologue" was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creations. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud 's theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the "stream of consciousness" method of novel writing. The striking feature

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Early and Medieval English Literature Three famouse Conquests: The Roman Conquest (55BC- 410AD) The Anglo-Saxon Conquest (449-1066) The Norman Conquest (1066-1485) The Anglo-Saxon Poetry: Pagan Poetry (Beowulf) Religious Poetry (Caedmon and Cynewulf) The Anglo-Saxon Prose: (Prose appeared in the 8th century ) Venerable Bede (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People) Alfred the Great Medieval Literature 1066: Anglo-Saxon Period bagan 1200: Middle English Literature bagan Raman Cycles: "Matters of Rome" "Matters of France" "Matters of Britain"(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight) Geoffrey Chaucer (14th century): 1.The Romance of the Rose （translation from French) 2.The House of Fame 3.Trolius and Criseide 4.The Canterbury Tales John Wycliffe (14th century): the first attempt to translate the latin version of the Bible into Middle English English Renaissance literature ( the late 15th century -middle 17th century) Wars and Refromation Thomas More (the first English humanist) Utopia Edmund Spencer: The Shepherds Calendar The Faerie Queene Epithalamion 1595 Bacon: the first English essayist Advancement of Learning <<论学术的进展>>

英美文学名词解释 2

01. Humanism(人文主义) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人） It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century english poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. 04. Classcism(古典主义) Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)