高考英语阅读理解特征及技能大揭秘

高考英语阅读理解特征及技能大揭秘

NMET “阅读理解部分要求考生能够读懂比较熟悉的日常生活话题方面的简短文字材料,例如公告、说明、广告,以及书报杂志中一般性话题的短文材料。”该部分是对英语知识运用的考察,它是全卷篇幅最大、内容最多、计分最高、区分度最明显的一种题型。因此考生很必要全面掌握其特点,并掌握一定的应试技巧。以下结合高考阅读理解特征,谈谈相关的英语阅读技能。

一、高考英语阅读理解命题原则与思路大揭秘

命题原则:

1. 阅读总量不少于2000个单词,篇数不少于四篇;

2. 题材尽量多样化,包括日常生活,传说,人物,社会,文化,史地,科技,政治,经济等;

3. 体裁尽量避免单一化,应包括记叙文,描写文,说明文,议论文,应用文等。

命题思路:

1.选篇:坚持多样化的原则。记叙文,说明文,应用文和议论文各占一定的比例。在内容上强调贴近生活的原则,重视实用性。当代阅读教学的主流越来越受思想中关于“超越语言本身”的观点和做法的影响,这就是说,阅读能力必须涉及“解决现实生活问题”这个十分重要的因素。

2.语言:能够体现当代英语的特点,用词浅显,简练,生动活泼,语句富于变化,能有效避免冗长沉重。常用词的深层或引申意义也处理得比较恰当,既不限于教材原义,又不涉及过于生僻的用法。

3.语篇逻辑:经得起推敲,与学生的阅读智能水平相吻合。

二、阅读理解考查内容与形式大揭秘

《考试大纲》对阅读理解的主要要求是:

1.掌握所读文章的主旨和大意以及用以说明主旨和大意的事实和细节;

2.既理解具体的事实,也理解抽象的概念;

3.既理解字面意思,也理解根据字面意思可以推断出来的没有明确说出的深沉含义,包括作者的态度、意图等;

4.既理解某句、某段的意义,也理解全篇的逻辑关系,并据此进行推理和判断;

5.既能根据文章所提供的信息去理解,也能结合中学生自己应有的常识去理解。

阅读理解主要考查形式主要有四大类:

1.细节理解题。即要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。这一题型常见的命题方式有:事实认定题、排序题图形辨认题、数字运算题等。

2.推理判断题。这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。

3.主旨大意题。该类题主要考察学生对所读材料中心思想的概括。其考察形式有很多,如概括标题、主题、中心思想等。

4.词义猜测题。即要求考生根据一定的上下文猜测生词的词义。

三、英语高考阅读理解形式特点大揭秘

I. 技能点揭秘之一: 细节理解题解题技能

细节理解题要求考生对阅读材料中的某一具体事实和细节进行理解。它们大都是根据文章中的具体信息如事实、例证、原因、过程、论述等进行提问的。有些问题可以在文章中直接找到答案,有些则需要我们在理解的基础上将有关内容系统化才能找到,比如计算、排序、是非判断、图形比较等。

常见的命题方式通常有:

1.特殊疑问句形式。以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等疑问词开头引出的问题;

2. 以是非题的形式。true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT;

3. 以According to…开头提问方式;

4. 以填空题的形式,如:

(1To avoid attracting mountain lions, people are advised .

(2By the first sentence of the passage author means that .

(3It seems that now a country’s ec onomy depends much on .

(4If you are interested in knowing about what people’s life will be, you may visit .

(5The policemen were told “to look the other way”(the underlined part in Paragraph 2 so that .

(6The policeman who said “Good evening”to Rolls want ed to . 等等

5. 就文中数字、排序、识图等提问。

做细节理解题时,大多数学生易出现的问题是阅读速度太慢,缺乏一定的快速阅读技巧,考生要培养自己快速获取信息的能力。解答此类试题时,不必通篇细看原文,而常常可采取“带着问题找答案”的方法.先从问题中抓住关键性词语。然后以此为线索。要快速地辨认和记忆事实或细节,就要恰当地运用略读及查读的技巧快速在文章中寻找与此问题相关的段落、语句.仔细品味,对照比较.确定答案。除了运用扫读法(scanning外,还可以兼用排除法.将“无此细节”和“与此细节相反”的选项排除。

了解细节题干扰选项的特点也有助于考生提高答题的正确率。一般情况下,干扰项有如下几个特点:(1是原文信息,但不是题目要求的内容;(2符合常识,但不是文章内容;(3与原文的内容极其相似,只是在程度上有些变动;(4在意思上与原文大相径庭甚至完全相反;(5部分正确,部分错误。

有的细节理解题只要直接辨认不要求读者对客观的事实作出解释或判断,只要求从阅读材料中直接获取信息。同时还要求读者记住重要细节,在必要的时候(做判断、推断或结论的时候能够准确而迅速地将他们回忆起来。解此类题要求考生快速抓住原文中的关键信息,直接得出答案,但要注意往往答案与原文中的语句并非一模一样,而是用不同的词语或句型结构表达相同的意思。有的细节理解题就需要通过有关词语和句子的转换。利用主要事实、图表、图形来获取信息,然后利用因果、类比、时间、空间等关系将零碎的细节经过一系列加工、整理,方能做出正确的判断.此类试题在高考中占大多数。

值得一提的是,有时原文中的信息可能只是一个短语,甚至一个单词,因此需要我们在阅读中特别仔细才能捕捉到真正有用的信息。

细节理解题大致有如下几种常考题型:

1.描写类细节题

描写类细节题,常常考察考生对文中有关人物动作、思想感情、心理活动、观点,或事件的起因、发展、过程、结果等方面的理解。这类描写信息往往较直接,一般不太需要考生对它们进行较深入的理解,对于该类题,考生一般都可以

较直接地从原文中找到与题目对应的有关信息。

2.数据计算题

此类试题一般要求考生能根据阅读材料中给出的有关数据,找出计算关系,通过计算,得出正确的结论。这类计算一般来说比较简单,关键是要弄清各数据间的逻辑关系,选准比较的数据,弄清单位换算关系,确定计算方法,问题便迎刃而解了。对于数据较多、项目复杂用时间或空间跨度较大的短文,通常可采用“列表法”,即按一定的规律将数据分门别类地列出,化模糊为清晰,为计算打下基础。对于相对不太复杂的数据,可采用“推算法”,即以有关数据为基准,进行简单的运算就可得出。

3.排序题

这种试题要求考生根据事情发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系,找出事件的正确顺序。做此类试题时可采用“首尾法定位法”,即找出事件发展的首与尾,迅速缩小范围,从而快速选出正确选项。或直接逐一用排除法按顺序排除,得出正确选项。4.信息寻找题、广告阅读题

信息寻找题一般在应用文体中较常见,体现于查字典、阅读广告、公告、演出海报、车船航班时间表等之中。这类阅读材料包含的某一方面的信息非常全面,能满足各种人对信息的需求,但在高考试题中,常常是就某一方面提问,考生完全没有必要从头到尾仔细阅读,因为材料中有很多冗余无效信息。做此类题时,宜采用“题干定全法”。即:先阅读题干,然后根据问题要求,有针对性地阅读相关部分快速寻找有效信息。

广告是阅读理解题常考的一种题材。广告属应用文体。严格来说广告属快速寻找信息题。但是广告有着其他快速寻找信息题不同的特点。广告文体简洁明快,省略了大量的词语,达到了篇幅小、信息多的目的。同时具有语言精练,形象性、鼓动性强的良好效果。广告阅读题多为细节理解题,关键在于正确理解广告内容。考生必须具备较强的语言运用能力,熟悉文化背景,利用各种手段(如:补全、联想、推测等正确解读广告的内容。通常运用“补全成分法”和“联想推测法”两种方法来解读广告的内容。做题方法同样采用“题干定向法”。

(1补全成分法

省略名在广告体阅读材料中大量出现,可以说广告阅读理解材料中大多数句子都是省略句。我们应结合全文语境及逻辑关系将省略句补全,从而更加准确地理解。如:Driver wanted. 根据文义,可将该句补充为:A driver will be wanted. (招聘一名司机。

(2联想推测法

在些广告时间、日期、地点、电话、票价等用了缩略词,甚至一概没有提及,这就需要考生前后连贯,充分想象,整体理解。搜寻已知信息,推断语篇意义。

为节省篇幅,特别是在商业广告中,常使用缩写词,尽管有些缩写不太规范,但却常用,常见的缩写词有:

Tel. =telephone number

Ph. =phone Add (r. =address

co. =company Ltd=Limited

Max=maximum Min=minimum

hr=hour t=time

fig=figure ft=foot

ml=mile doz=dozen

Mt=Mountain P=page

prof. =professor Dr. =doctor

s=south n=north

w=west Sta=Station

pop=popular vs=versus

Xmas=Christmas info=information

VIP=very important persons hrs=hours

aft=after ad=advertisement

p/t=part time exp=experienced

PC=personal computer MA=Master of Arts

BS degree=bachelor's degree (学士学位

5. 图文转换题

此类试题要求根据短文中的描写找出相应的图形,或根据图形选出相应的文

字。可采用“文字锁定法”,即找出描述图形的句段,按“文”锁“图”,迅速锁定相关图形,或用“图形标示法”,在图形中标出相应的内容,以便做题。

6.表格理解题

表格阅读题需正确理解表格中所提供的内容,看懂行和列分别代表的意义,在正确理解的基础上才能做出正确的选择。通常情况下需要对表格的项目进行比较,找准正确的计算关系尤为重要。由于表格具有信息量大的特点,而有些信息与题干无关,如通篇阅读,既缺少针对性又浪费时间,一般采用“首读题干法”为上策,即先读题目要求,带着问题在表格里查找相关信息,去伪存真。如考查有关数据的相互关系,这就需要对各数据进行分析,找出隐含规律,此时常用“文表分析法”来提示其规律。

7.代词指代题解题技能

代词指代题要求考生一定的上下文推测代词的指代意义。此类题一般是在人物或事物关系比较复杂的情况下使用的一种题型,所以理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。

II. 技能揭秘之二: 推理判断题解题技能

这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思,通过语篇逻辑关系,研究细节的暗示,推敲作者的态度,理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类题时,考生应在理解全文的基础上,从文章本身所提供的信息出发,运用逻辑思维,同时借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。

提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时,问句中都含有infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断,暗指等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思,更重要的是要知道文章潜在的含义,和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。关键是:意思要靠推断得出,而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容;明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的;分析文章里所给的有关

信息;注意词汇在词典的定义和词典以外的含义;最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理,挖出文章的伏笔,得出正确的推论。

这种问题的提问方式通常有:

(1 From paragraph 4 we can infer that . / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer

that .

(2 We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the

passage that…

(3 The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that .

(4 The author implies that by the year 2050, .

(5 To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we

should .

(6 The author mentions the fact that…to show .

(7 This passage would most likely be found in _________?

(8 The author’s attitude toward …is _________?

(9 The tone of the passage can best be described as _________?

这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到,必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算,从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所暗含的意思及观点。具体的说,考生应当注意以下几点:

c 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知,推断未知,遵循“词不离句,句不离段,段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想,凭空想象,随意揣测,更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。

a 要吃透文章的字面意思,从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索,这是推理的前提和基础。有的推断,考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节,再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲,从而得出符合文章原意的结论。

b 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工,由表及里,由浅入深,从具体到抽象,从特殊到一般,通过分析、综合、判断等,进行深层处理,合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事,断章取义,以偏概全。

d 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系,了解语篇的结构,同时还要体会文章的基调,揣摩作者的态度,摸准逻辑发展方向,悟出作者的言外之意。

e 在解答推理性问题时,一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问题需要针对某个细节进行推断,还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断可运用scanning的方法,迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位

置或范围,然后再进行推理判断。针对主题思想作推断时,则常常要纵览全篇文章。以下介绍几种常见的推理判断题型:

1.细节推断题

要求考生根据语篇关系,推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发,抓住关键的信息词,运用逻辑思维,并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。

2.因果推断题

要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可

能的结果。考生要准确掌握文章的内涵,理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系信息,根据已有信息,进行分析判断推理,从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致的结果。

3.人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题

高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定注意:

(1由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思,切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点。

(2特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言,以及表达感情,态度观点的词语。要特别注意作者在文章中的措辞,尤其是感情色彩的形容词。

(3能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。

4.篇章结构推断题

根据不同文章的内容和写作目的,作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不同,阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。

5.文章结论推断题

由具体到一般,对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。

6.预测题

有些内容文章中没有明确说明,要求考生根据语篇,对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及的内容等进行预测推理。

常见的与预测相关的问题主要有:

What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph?

What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write?

What would…do in the end?

对于这类问题的判断,

做这类题时应常常要纵览全文,把握作者的写作思路(如文章可能按事件发展的经过描写,也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述,作者往往在前文提出几个要解决或说明的问题,提出几种观点看法,然后在下文一一解释说明,考生可通过文章,找出作者已经阐明了哪些问题或观点,然后接下去文章将会如何发展便一目了然了。

III. 技能揭秘之三: 主旨大意题解题技能

高考阅读理解对文章的主旨大意进行命题,旨在考查考生通过对原文快速浏览正确获取语篇的大意,并对文章的主题、标题、段落、中心思想加以归纳理解以及辨别主要信息和次要信息的能力。要求考生在阅读短文时,能够提炼文章的中心情节,体会作者的主要意图,充分运用逻辑概括能力,透过字里行间获取文章最具代表性的观点、中心论点及作者的情感倾向。

在高考阅读理解中,针对短文主旨常见的命题形式如下:

(1. What would be the best title for the text? /What is the topic of the text?

(2. The main topic / subject of the passage is _________.

(3. The main idea/ The general idea is/ The main theme of this passage is…

(4. The last paragraph ends the passage with an emphasis on _________.

(5. What is mainly discussed in the text?

(6. What is the main idea of the passage?

(7 What’s the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph?

(8 The purpose of this passage is .

(9. Which of the following statements is best supported by the text?

(10 Which of the following best summarized the passage?

(11 The passage mainly focuses on .

从上述命题形式可以看出,此类阅读测试题主要可概括为两大类,即怎样理解段落及文章整体的中心思想和怎样拟定或选择恰当的标题。下面结合高考题实例来具体分析此类题目的解题技巧。

●怎样理解段落及文章整体的主旨大意

——主题句定位法

文章是由段落组成的。段落是发展一个主题的一群句子,段落围绕着中心思想展开,而段落的中心思想又是为文章整体的中心思想服务的。寻找具体段落的中心思想的方法是:通过分析篇章结构,找出每小段的主题句,通过主题句找出文章的主题。找准文章的主题句是确定文章主旨大意的关键。主题是文章要表达的中心思想,文章的主题句通常都有一个话题,它是文章的核心。“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。

但是由于文章的不同,表现的手法也各有不同,主题句出现的位置也不是一成不变的。在许多情况下,尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时,根据其篇章特点我们可以通过寻找短文的主题句来归纳出文章的主题。主题句在文章中的位置通常有三种情况:开头、中间、结尾(含在开头结尾同时出现、首尾呼应的主题句。因此,仔细阅读这类文章或段落的首尾句是关键。做主旨大意类试题多采用浏览法(skimming,浏览时,一般不需逐句细读,只选读文章的首段、尾段,或每段的首句和尾句,重点搜索主题线索和主题信息。

文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现,有以下五种情况:

1. 正三解形写作法

即中心主题句出现在文首。开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见的演绎法写作方式,即由一般到特殊,先提出观点,后举例论证,主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。

新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”,“导语”实际上就是主题句,是对全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据

2. 倒三角形写作法

即主题句出现在文尾。在细节后,归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果,以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式,即细节表述的句子在前,概括性的句子居后,主题句则常位于末段。

3. 圆形写作法

即首尾呼应的写作方法。为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常,前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。

4. 菱形写作法

即主题句出现在文章的中间。通常前面只提出问题,文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释、支撑或发展。

5. 正方形写作法

即中心主题隐含在全文之中,没有明确的主题句。阅读这样的文章,就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析,概括出段落的主题,从而推导出文章的主旨。分析的方法是,先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容,这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系,然后加以归纳形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。

●怎样选择或拟定文章的标题

对文章主旨大意的考察,不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现,而且也可以用选择或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此,选择文章标题,首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式,先弄清文章的主旨大意,再定标题。

标题位于文章之首,用来高度概括文章内容,点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容,抓住文章的中心,把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选择文章的标题呢?

首先,要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容,体

现文章主旨。要避免下列三种情况:①概括不够(多表现为部分代整体,从而导致范围太小;②过度概括(多表现为脱离本文章内容的发挥;③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。

其次,要考虑标题的针对性,即标题范围要恰当,针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上, 仔细考虑所选标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大,也不能太小,太大则中心就不突出,太小也发挥不了应起的作用;精确度高,不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语,也可以是句子。

再次要注意标题的醒目性,标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖,标题是文章的点睛之笔,是文章的灵魂和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性,读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较醒目,甚至比较离奇,以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。

最后要注意,要恰当地选好标题,还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来,拟定标题是以话题为核心,与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为:CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names on Thursday Nov. 18th 2004 in Beijing. 话题:Stamps

控制性概念:CHINA issued the first set of stamps depicting the top 128 Chinese family names

标题:China issued 1st set of stamps on family names

IV. 技能揭秘之四: 词义猜测题解题技能

历年来高考试题中的生词量有增无减。《教学大纲》要求学生“读懂生词率不超过3%的传记、故事、记叙文、科普小品文和有关社会文史知识等不同题材的材料。”在英语阅读训练和测试中的生词障碍往往会成为学生理解的“绊脚石”,这些“绊脚石”的出现大致分五类:1.旧词新义,考查词汇表中未出现的词义;如:Nearby is the Indianapolis race course, where the nation’s most famous car race is held each year on May 30th.我们学过course的意思是“过程,课程”等,在此显然不符句意。根据上下文course是汽车赛举行的地方,可推断course在该句是“车道”或“跑道”的意思。2.合成词、转化词与派生词,如shoplifting, heartbroken,computer-literate,decision-thinking,imperfect等;3.“灵活”的常用词增多,这些词必须根据具体的上下文语境才能正确理解;4.“新鲜”的外国人名、地名、专有名称增多,这些词有些带有一定的文化背景5.超纲生词。如: NMET2002《大纲》之外的和熟词新意的生词达57

个,NMET2003年除52个专有名词和15个注汉字的生词外,还有52个生词(含熟词生义。

有的学生在阅读训练和测试中存在着“生词恐惧心理”,一遇到生词就有读不下去的感觉。那么阅读理解时遇到大量生词该怎么办? 查词典当然是排除词义障碍的一种方法,当然这只有在平常的阅读训练中才可以使用。但是,频繁的查阅词典既影响阅读速度,又容易破坏学生阅读的思路和兴趣。况且,一词多义是英语词汇的主要特点,词典不一定能为学生提供单词在特定的上下文中的具体或确切的含义。平时的练习中遇到生词不要马上查词典,可以通过一定的方法来猜测理解。猜测词义不仅是一项阅读技巧,也是高考阅读能力考查的一个方面,每年在高考阅读中都有猜测词义的试题。掌握正确方法快速而又准确地猜测出生词的含义,对提高阅读速度和答题效率相当重要。

该类题常见的考查形式有:

A. The phrase “…”in the sen tence could be replaced by ____.

B. The word “…”in the paragraph refers to ____.

C. What is the meaning of the underlined word in the paragraph? / What does the unlined word mean?

D. Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the phrase “…”?

E. Th e word “…”most nearly means ____.

对此类试题,考生应该进行大胆猜测,但这种猜测不是胡乱的,盲目的,而是有一定的方法和技巧。下面介绍十种常见的猜测词义的方法供同学们加以运用。

1.构词法猜词

阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词。掌握构词法对猜测词义很有帮助。如:unforeseeable.这个词,可以根据构词法把它拆成un, fore, see , able;其中see 是词根,fore是“先,前,预”的含义,un是否定,able是“能……的,可……的”,因此unforeseeable是“未能预见到的”意思。

2.利用同义近义词猜词

在生词所出现的上下文中,有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构,这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。统称在词或短语之间有并列连词and或or,这些词语或

短语在句中作相同的成分,并且and或or连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的,由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域,甚至推出它的大致词义。

对比是描述,说明事物的常用方式。在对比中,对比的事物是互为相反的,因此根据反义或对比关系可从已知推出未知。利用反义词来说明生词的意义,如反义词hot and cold, perfect and imperfect,甚至前、后句为肯定与否定或是与不是等,在句内词与词

之间,在段内句与句之间的关系上起着互为线索的作用。

例题1:Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is shy, unsociable person who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends.

分析:此句是把Jane与她姐妹对比。Jane生性腼腆,不爱交际,而她姐姐却与之相反,

那就是“爱交际的”了,这也就猜出gregarious的词义了。

例题2:In many nations there are two financial extremes (极端, from penury to great wealth.

分析:penury: the state of being very poor; poverty (贫穷; 贫困

4.利用上下文语境猜词

任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及整整篇

文章有关。利用上下文提供的情景和线索,进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义,是阅读过程中的一大关键,这也是近年来高考考查的热点。

特别提醒:在做英语阅读理解题时,一定要注意熟词生义!这类猜词题也常见于各年高考题当中。熟词生义比生词本身的障碍要大得多。原因有三:其一,高考对生词的数量有数量的规定,不得超过3%;其二,熟词生义很容易引起考生的误解;其三,熟词生义的数量没有限制。如果这种现象在一篇文章中出现得多,那就更难理解了。

5.利用定义和解释猜词

有些文章,特别是科技文章,通常会对一些关键词给予定义,我们可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间,对生词以定语(从句、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。

例题1:Wrestling is the game which is played by two strong people; one player tried to get the other down on the floor.

分析:通过后面的定义解释:Wrestling 是“两人进行的,彼此尽力把对方弄倒在地的比赛”,可以猜出wrestling是“摔跤;摔角”。

为了说明或证实,文章中经常会举例,往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词,这些例子可帮助我们猜测生词。举例时,常常会用一些连接性的词,如:such as, like, for example, for instance等。

例题1:I have found Lucy is quite generous, for example, whenever she meets a beggar, she gives some coins to him.

分析:通过例句“每次遇到乞丐,她都会给一些硬币”可以猜测出“Generous”的词义应

该是“慷慨的”。

例题2:You can take any of the periodicals:The World Of English, Foreign Language Teaching In School, or English Learning.

分析:通过后面的举例:《英语世界》,《中小学外语教学》,《英语学习》,说明periodicals为“期刊杂志”。

7.根据复述或同等关系猜测词义

为了强调某个观点或把某事叙述得更明白,作者有时运用不同语句来复述同一概念,这时可以利用这些重复和表达形式的变化来猜测词义。虽然复述不如定义那样严谨、详细,但是提供的信息足以使阅读者猜出生词词义。复述部分可以适当词、短语或是从句。

同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分,而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要我们认出其中一个或几个词或短语,即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性,作用和大概的意思。

例题1:(2005年全国高考—江苏卷E篇

William Shakespeare said, “The web of our life is of a mingled yarn (纱线, good and illtogether. ’’

74.The underlined word "mingled" in the last paragraph most probably

means________.A. simple B. mixed C. sad D. happy答案与解析:选B。由“a mingled yarn”后文的“good and ill together”重复说明可以

知道mingled含义和mixed(混合的最接近。

例题2:Capacitance, or the ability to store electric charge, is one of the most common characteristics of electronic circuits.

分析：由同位语我们很快猜出生词 capacitance 词义---电容量。需要注意的是：同位语前还常有 or, similarly, that is to say, in other words, namely 等副词或短语出现。例题 3： Semantics, the study of the meaning of words, is necessary if you are to speak and read intelligently. 分析：此例逗号中短语意为“对词意义进行研究的学科” 。该短语与前面生词 semantics 是同位关系，因此我们不难猜出 semantics 指“语义

学” 。在复述中构成同位关系的两部分之间多用逗号连接，有时也使用破折号，冒号，分号，引号，和括号等。 8．利用词义搭配关联猜词任何一个单词在句子中总是与其他词相关联的，我们可以通过这些前后的关联来猜测生词的词义。例题：I wish this medicine may really cure my backache. 分析：通过 cure 前面的“这种药” 和后面的“我的背疼” 很容易地判断出 cure ，的词义为“治好” 。 9．根据语义转折猜词有时文章的作者为了增强表达效果，会用一些含有表示意思转折的连词，副词或短语。 though, although, still, but, yet, instead, instead of, however, while, on 如： the contrary, on the other hand, unlike, rather than, for one thing, for another 等，我们可以根据转折意思猜测词义。 10．利用经验和常识猜词例题 1：Young Hoover died. Over a thousand people attended his funeral. 分析：通过“年轻的 Hoover 去世了” ，根据我们的常识猜测出一千多人参加的应该是他的“葬礼” 。例题 2：All the houses in the city collapsed during the strong earthquake. 分析：凭经验我们知道：强烈地震会使房子倒塌。据此很容易猜出 collapsed 是“倒塌”的意思了。最后提醒考生，掌握了一定的生词推测技巧后，也不要去“死抠”个别词，除了人名、地名等一些专有名词不必去细究每一处，那些一时难以断定其意思却

又不妨碍理解或答题的生词，大可不必理会。当然，做完题之后，可以查阅字典，一方面可以检测自己的推断是否正确，另外，可把一些单词、短语记在专门的本子上，以后经常积累并复习这些词汇（注：最好连同文章中的句子一起摘抄

下来）。这样对今后的阅读将会有一定的帮助。因为考试没有很多时间去推测大量的单词，平时一定要尽可能地去积累并熟背大量的单词、短语，经典句子甚至文章。六、英语高考阅读理解备考建议：首先，在平时要加强阅读。养成每天朗读的习惯以增强记忆，最好还要非常熟练地背一些文章，这样有助于增强语感；有了语感，对篇章的理解就会加强。对初学者，朗读与背诵尤为重要，但实际上对于任何层次上已经熟练掌握外语的人，经常练习朗读同样非常必要；但为培养阅读能力，还是要求尽量做到默读。另外阅读时还要注意：尽可能减少回读，不要用手或用笔指着文章逐词阅读。不要边读边翻译，也不要边读边分析句型搭配，要尽量学会用英语思考问题。要养成良好的阅读习惯，并每天看一到两篇短文，注重对文章主旨的理解，在平时逐步培养分析、判断、归纳和概括的能力。不少同学喜欢找一些阅读理解的书，但我们要明白阅读理解能力的提高不是靠做题来提高的，而是要通过一定阅读量的输入，阅读理解能力的培养和提高都不能单靠课堂，不能靠做题，而是在很大程度上靠课外阅读。其次，考生要培养一定的阅读兴趣。阅读能力与兴趣有关，阅读的兴趣越高，动机愈强，越有利于广泛阅读、提高技能、培养和改善阅读习惯。兴趣是阅读爱好者的内在动因，但兴趣并非与生俱来，而需经过后天培养发展。我们不仅要学会阅读，还要乐于阅读，从被动到主动。再次，丰富的词汇、扎实的基础语法知识(特别是构词法知识、句法分析能力等都是必不可少的。没有一定的词汇量就不能进行大量的阅读，太多的生词障碍还会造成一定的心理障碍，随着词汇量的扩大，语义、句法知识的增强和阅读技能的提高，阅读速度逐渐同理解速度同步发展，读得越好，理解也越快。另外，长句的出现必然对我们的句法分析能力提出更高的要求，长句往往是初学者在阅读理解中的拦路虎，所以，倘若我们具备准确找出长句最后，我们要努力使自己的语言基础扎实。语言基础是指已掌握的语言知识

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