词汇学基本理论

词汇学基本理论

一、词的定义

词是语音、意义和语法特点三者统一的整体。

二、词的语音和意义

1、派别

1）自然派：认为音和义之间存在着必然的联系。

2）习惯派：认为音和义之间没有必然的联系。

如：meat（肉）

汉语（ròu）法语（viande）意大利语（carne）瑞典语（kott）

sight（视力）site（场所）cite（引证）

三、词的词汇意义和语法意义

语法意义不同，往往会引起词汇意义的一些改变、

如：He tore down the hill.

Three enemy plans were downed yesterday.

有些词只适合在特定的语境（context）中使用，常常带有语体色彩。

如：But(v.)me no buts(n.). 别老找理由。

四、词与词汇

1、关系：个体与总体的关系，词的总和构成语言的词汇

2、词汇：不仅指语言中所有的词，还包括方言、使用域、术语等某一语言变体中使用的词和短语

3、词汇的分类

英语词汇目前共计约200多万，包括本族词(native words)和外来词（borrowed words），其中本族词为基本词汇，他们在语言中使用最多。所以又被称为“高频词”。

外来词：拉丁语、丹麦语、法语、德语、意大利语、西班牙语、阿拉伯语、日语等。

五、词的组成单位——形位（又称为：词素）

1、形位的概念：是最小的语法单位，也是最小的语义单位。

2、类型：词是由形位构成的，有的词只有一个形位，如log, clerk solider等，有的词有多个形位，如lovely有love 和ly 两个形位，unfriendly有un,friend,ly 三个形位。

六、实义形位、语法形位

1）实义形位：构成词的语义基础，可以单独使用，有独立的意义，所以又称为自由形位或自由词素。这种形位相当于词根（root）如：teacher中的teach 2）语法形位：只表示附加意义或语法意义，必须依附于其他形位与之结合才能使用，所以，又被称之为“粘附形位”或“粘附词素”。如unkind中的un具有附加意义但没有语义基础，不能单独使用，这种形位相当于词缀（affixes）。七、派生词干与非派生词干

概念：只包含一个可独立使用的实义形位，它是不可分析的，如door, desk等，，称之为非派生词干，又称之为“隐性词”。

包含若干形位，由一个实义形位加上语法形位或两个以上的实义形位构成的词叫做派生词，又被称之为“显性词”如：doorman ; bookstore 等。

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《英语词汇学》重要术语 One: 1. Native words 本族词 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words. 2. Loan words 借词 Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words. 3. Slang words 俚语 Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary. 4. Function words 功能词 Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else. 5. Content words 实义词 Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. 6. Free forms 自由形式 Forms which occur as sentences are free forms. Two: 1. Morphemes 语素 Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms. 2. Allomorphs 语素变体 Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds. 3. Free morpheme 自由语素 Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning. 4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素 Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound. 5. Root 词根 Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. 6. Affix 词缀 Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀 Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree. 8. Derivational affix 派生词缀 Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has

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英语词汇学笔记之“名词解释篇” 2010.1.11济南1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root)--- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes--- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes--- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).