Robotic microassembly for eso-scale application
Industrial Robot: An International Journal
The Pransky interview: Dr Esben Ostergaard, inventor , co-founder and CTO of Universal Robots Joanne Pransky
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To cite this document:
Joanne Pransky , (2015),"The Pransky interview: Dr Esben Ostergaard, inventor, co-founder and CTO of Universal Robots",D o w n l o a d e d b y S H A N G H A I U N I V E R S I T Y A t 19:05 03 A p r i l 2015 (P T )
COMMERCIAL INTERVIEW
The Pransky interview:Dr Esben Ostergaard,
inventor,co-founder and CTO of
Universal Robots
Joanne Pransky
Associate Editor,Industrial Robot
Abstract
Purpose –This paper,a “Q&A interview”conducted by Joanne Pransky of Industrial Robot Journal ,aims to impart the combined technological,business and personal experience of a prominent,robotic industry engineer-turned entrepreneur regarding the evolution,commercialization and challenges of bringing a technological invention to market.
Design/methodology/approach –The interviewee is Dr Esben H.Ostergaard,inventor,co-founder and chief technology of?cer of Universal Robots.From building his ?rst robot to solve a local industrial problem at the age of four,to building the world’s ?rst collaborative robot company,Dr Ostergaard shares his lifelong ventures as a robot scientist,inventor and entrepreneur.
Findings –Dr Ostergaard received degrees in computer science,physics and multimedia at Aarhus University in Denmark,and a PhD in robotics from the University of Southern Denmark.While at Aarhus,Dr Ostergaard pursued his hobby of robot football,and in 1998,his team STATIC became the world champion of the Federation of International Robot-soccer Association (FIRA).Dr Ostergaard held research positions at the University of Southern California (USC)Robotics Labs and at the Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)in Tsukuba/Tokyo.During the years 2001-2005as a researcher and assistant professor in robotics and user interfaces at University of Southern Denmark,he created the foundation for a reinvention of the industrial robot.This led him to found Universal Robots in 2005with two of his research colleagues.
Originality/value –From a young child who played with LEGOs until he got a Commodore 64,Dr Ostergaard has always been interested in robotics.His unique multidisciplinary education and multicultural research experiences helped him to pioneer a new multi-axis,lightweight industrial robot and launch the successful company,Universal Robots,which has grown from its three co-founders to nearly 150employees,with more than 4,000collaborative robot applications installed in over 50countries worldwide.Dr Ostergaard has over 30patents and has received many awards,including the 2012IEEE-IFR Invention and Entrepreneurship Award (IERA),the 2013Japanese Institute Good Design Award,the 2013Robotics Business Review Game Changer Award and the Ernst &Young Entrepreneur of the Year 2012in Region Funen.
Keywords Robot design,Modular automation,Programming,Safety,Man machine interface (MMI),Cooperative robots Paper type Case study
Pransky:Can you please describe how you ?rst got the idea for your collaborative robot and how it evolved into a commercial product?
Dr Ostergaard:I always built robots.I was born in Iran.When I was three years old,we moved to the Philippines,and my Dad,an engineer,built the water supply for Cebu City.That’s where I made my ?rst robot (age four).They needed to pull some cables through pipes.They used a cat to get the string through the pipe by tying the string to the cat’s tail and chasing the cat into the pipe.How else would you do it?Of course,it was pretty painful sometimes for the workers to tie the string to the cat’s tail,
and sometimes the cats didn’t cooperate.I had my LEGO kit there and managed to make a small LEGO robot that could actually perform the task.
I played a lot with LEGOs and then a lot with computers later,of course,when that became possible in the eighties.I studied physics and computer science at the University.I did some robot soccer and we had a robot football player –an autonomous,small beer can-shaped robot that looked a little bit like a coffee cup with a camera and some sensors –which would travel around the world with various tournaments.Naturally,I started doing research in robotics.After my master’s degree from the university in Denmark,Aarhus University,I got a position at the University of Southern California,where I did some research for DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Programs Agency)on multi-robot coordination and cooperation.
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8012143050.html,/0143-991X.htm
Industrial Robot:An International Journal 42/2(2015)93–97
?Emerald Group Publishing Limited [ISSN 0143-991X][DOI 10.1108/IR-12-2014-0438]
Received 15December 2014Revised 15December 2014Accepted 16December 2014
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Then,I got a PhD position in Denmark,where I could work on transformer robots in which a box of robot parts could be poured on the ?oor and the robots would start to assemble themselves.We made 100identical robot models that could each move and connect to each other,and we could create things such as a table or a bridge.
Pransky:Was each one sort of cube-shaped?
Dr Ostergaard:No.They weren’t cubed.They were round.They could rotate around their equator (or perhaps,they could rotate their two hemispheres relative to each other).These robot modules needed to be controlled,and the electronics and mechanics were built into the modules,so it was a very complex and integrated design.But we could not ?nd a single use for this technology that was economical and practical.We thought about building bridges for engineering troops,so they could quickly pull the modules out and get a bridge.But the strength was not enough for that,and it was too expensive.We then thought about self-building scaffolds in which a truck would go up to a building,and then the scaffold would build itself.
Without a good business case,we really could not ?nd a reason to go commercial with this technology.But,at the same time,the Danish Government had asked the research group I was working in,“What do we need to get more robots into the
Danish food industry?”.We started a project based on this question.We tried putting a traditional robot in a food production line for a small Danish company.They had one production line,and this line needed to get changed or recon?gured once per month.In December,for example,they would make Christmas cakes,and in January,they would make a new kind of cake and so on.We tried to get this robot to be movable.But we ended up with a 500-kilogram,half-ton machine,for placing strawberries on cakes or for putting pepperonis on pizzas.It was simply way over dimension for the task.Additionally,reprogramming or redeployment of the machine wasn’t feasible at the time because it was impossible for the production workers to learn to use this technology and there wasn’t enough work to justify the hiring of robot programmers.We could,however,see a lot of value in making a new kind of robot that was more like a tool for the people to use,rather than this big machine behind a fence that “took their jobs”.So we thought:
We have to make a new kind of robot here,one that was easy to move around and could also be easily programmed by the folks on the factory ?oor,as we had previously done with the school kids who had to program the robot soccer player for RoboCup Junior in just two hours.
We started looking at statistics,and we saw that the food industry was probably not the right place to start.We determined that we should focus on handling applications in the metal industry.Applying the transformer robot technology from my PhD project,we chose to make a small,lightweight handling robot that was easy to move around and easy to use.
Pransky:How many reiterations or versions had you gone through from the time when you conceived of this idea and developed it to the product today?
Dr Ostergaard:We formulated the idea in 2004.Because we wanted to move quickly,three of us started the company in 2005,based on vertical prototypes,$20,000of our own money,$200,000of investment funding and a bank loan of $150,000.Two of us quit our jobs and went full time.We wanted to have the ?rst prototype,a single robot joint Dr Esben H.Ostergaard and his invention,the Universal Robot,
UR5
The ?rst prototype Universal Robot (UR)was created with
LEGOs
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controlled by a PC,built after one month.Three months later,we had three joints put together.Then,after half a year,we were supposed to have a six-degree-of-freedom robot,but that ended up being a ?ve-degree-of-freedom robot.After one year,our goal was to have a fully completed working prototype.We took a very quick,iterative approach.
Pransky:That’s very fast,isn’t it?
Dr Ostergaard:That’s very fast.But it didn’t play out that way.After two years,we had a prototype that could do work in a greenhouse.That was the ?rst time I believed we could actually do this,because we managed to have our prototype robot in the back of a car,driving out to a greenhouse where they needed to stack some trays of pots.In four hours,we managed to set up the robot and program it,and it did its job.If you compare this to traditional robots,there’s no way to transport traditional robots in the back of the car,and of course,they can’t just be lifted in there without lifting equipment,etc.We could see that our whole concept would work;however,the robot was a little shaky and made strange noises,so we needed a few more iterations on it.
After we had these prototypes and we were really close to the product we wanted,we ran out of money.That was in 2008.We had actually sold ?ve robots.But we only delivered two of them.We couldn’t get more parts because our supplier hadn’t been paid for the previous parts yet.My co-founder and I differed on whether to spend the money on focusing on sales,which I preferred,or on the design of a new motor,which is what we ended up doing.It was a very stressful time for us two entrepreneurs.
Pransky:How did you get past that ?nancial obstacle at the time?
Dr Ostergaard:We got investors in at that time.More or less by coincidence,there was a guy from an investment fund who popped in.He took the wrong door and walked into our room,and then he asked,“What are you doing?”(I guess somebody told him he should look in there,but we never found out why he just popped by in the ?rst place).Then,we started a discussion with him,and we were really desperate for money at that time.He looked at us and said,“Well,you’re nerds.You need professional management.But the product is good.We want to invest in this”.And there was some negotiation back and forth.Four months after the ?rst contact,we had a contract.
The investors put in a CEO (Chief Executive Of?cer)and he managed the company.Basically,my other founder didn’t like that very much,and they couldn’t agree.It takes a certain kind of person to recognize that you need to change roles and that you can’t do everything.It was a dif?cult situation,and he ended up leaving the company.
We spent the $2million investment from the venture capitalists and that took us from a working prototype to a pro?table company.
Pransky:Was the University of Southern Denmark involved with your new company?
Dr Ostergaard:They were partially involved.When you work at the University,even though you make these transformer robots and you want to make a company based on something new,they would start arguing:“Oh,this is our Intellectual Property (IP)Right”.Then,we had a long discussion on what the IP rights were because we hadn’t actually done anything yet,except we knew the world needed this.We had a market need,but not the technology to ?ll it.It wasn’t easy.Talks with lawyers postponed the launch of the company half a year.The acceptable arrangement ended up that if the University wrote a patent,they would get a percentage of the company.The University wanted to help us at the high level and also at the low level.They provided us with a project room with free electricity and Internet,in the basement of the university,for several years.
Pransky:How many patents are there now?
Dr Ostergaard:There are four patent families.A lot of patents in a lot of countries,and some of them are split up and have grown and developed further.
Pransky:Was this the ?rst commercial collaborative robot company?
Dr Ostergaard:I think it’s the ?rst collaborative robot company in the world.
Pransky:When you were a researcher at
different universities in the USA,Denmark and Japan,what were the differences,if any,in their approach to robotics and how they did research?Do you think your exposure to three different countries’robotics research helped you to come up with a Universal Robot?
Dr Ostergaard:A little bit;yes.Seeing the needs and understanding people’s thinking in various countries really helped to obtain a worldwide type of product that we wouldn’t have acquired if we just had been looking at the Danish,who are typical factory workers.Universal Robots’co-founders Esben Ostergaard and Kristian
Kassow
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Pransky:What is that thinking,after spending some time in each of these countries?
Dr Ostergaard:In the USA,people can think bigger and get things done faster as compared to Europe,where everything has to conform to standards.In the USA,they’re leading in military and outdoor robots.Europe has had a strength and strong tradition in industrial robots,in?uenced by the Germans with higher precision,high repeatability and so on.In Japan,they’ve been looking more at humanoids and robots that interact with people.I think that’s the main difference between these three regions.
Pransky:How do you like your position as CTO and handling the strategic direction versus being the engineer doing the hands-on development?
Dr Ostergaard:I like the strategic focus very much.I’ve always been very interested in philosophy and that’s part of the reason why I’ve been so interested in robotics.We are really putting a ?ngerprint on the world with what we’re doing,and that motivates me a lot.We have really changed how a lot of companies think about production,and I would love to be part of the trend that makes it possible to get production back near the consumers,instead of money and empty containers going to China returning back with plastic parts.That’s one of the potentials that this kind of robot technology can actually give.
Pransky:What markets or applications are the 4,000robots that you’ve sold being used in?
Dr Ostergaard:We see that high-salary (Western)countries adopt this faster than low-salary countries because they really need new technology to be able to continue production or re-shore production.Western countries are sort of desperate and motivated to try something new because the status quo isn’t working for them.The primary industries we see are the metal,plastic and parts handling industries.But,it’s pretty wide.
We see physiotherapy with our robots.We’ve seen massage,and some for elderly care.One of our robots is being used for showering people.They just sit on a chair inside the shower and then the robot goes around.I had never imagined all these applications when we started the company.I guess when people get new technology in their hands,they become creative and they start thinking,where can this be used?We see a lot of that all over the world.But our main business is small machine shops.
Pransky:How would you say the philosophies of Universal Robots compare to those of Rethink Robotics?
Dr Ostergaard:There are a lot of similarities.Universal Robots want to do the same thing as Rethink.We want to keep production near the consumers,and we want to have ?exible production.Both products have some aspect of “robot colleague”within them,but with slightly different takes on it.The main difference is that I see their robot as more humanoid,where the human is supposed to be comfortable around the robot because they recognize it is similar to him,as a co-worker.Universal wants to try to make the robot more like a collaborative tool,where the operator should be comfortable around the robot because it’s a tool like any other tool used in the toolbox.Those are the philosophical differences,I think.Also,Universal has more than 4,000robots being used in industry.No other manufacturer of robots has this many collaborative robots currently in operation.
Pransky:The way that the two companies
achieve safety seems to be quite different.Can you elaborate on that?
Dr Ostergaard:Universal is much more conventional in our robot technology than Rethink.Our robot technology complies with the regulations and standards of a robot.In Europe,it’s the law.In the USA,if OSHA looks at an installation,they can require seeing the risk assessment.There is a big cultural issue we need to work on for adopting these new robots and we have to train people,particularly small machine shops,to write down the risk assessment.
Trelleborg Sealing Solutions has installed 42UR robots,creating 50jobs and optimizing
productivity
Universal Robots’UR10performs a gluing application at the
Bavarian Motor Works (BMW)plant in Spartanburg,South
Carolina
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Unlike a lathe or a milling machine,a robot is not a completed machine according to the machinery directive.It’s a partly completed machine.When you add a tool to it and put it somewhere,only then is it a completed machine.Therefore,a risk assessment cannot be done from our side since when we ship the robot,it’s not a ?nished machine.The customer produces the ?nished machine and deploys it and,thus,needs to do the risk assessment.
Pransky:What is the greatest lesson you’ve learned thus far or the biggest mistake you’ve made?
Dr Ostergaard:We have had tremendous success.There’s a lot of luck involved in that.The timing was just right,and we had a ?nancial crisis that started just when we began selling robots.Perhaps that wasn’t a bad thing,because we were desperate and willing to try new ways to persevere.I think that helped us with our company and product to get into the market.For me,it’s just been a crazy journey.We have doubled the company size every year now for six years.
Pransky:Are you enjoying the ride?
Dr Ostergaard:I’m enjoying the ride.Sometimes,it’s a little overwhelming.I was very tired after the ?rst three years.No more money and half a year with really high pressure.I was happy to hand over the stick to some other guy,the new CEO.Thankfully,we have a lot of good people now.
Pransky:What do you think PhD and Master of Engineering students should be doing while in school to prepare them best for the commercial side of robotics?
Dr Ostergaard:If they want to get a job,they should be really good at what they do.But,if they want to start a company,they should probably go out and look at what’s going on in the world,much more than “sit at the school bench”,I would say.By that,I mean that they need to identify problems in the
world that could be solved by the technology they learn about.They don’t necessarily need to be good at the technology,as they can hire people who can do that.
Because of the brand we have created,we get requests from some of the best engineers from all over the world asking for jobs.They’re willing to move to the small town in Denmark to actually work with us.We’re really happy about that.They’re typically the analytical type.They like to solve problems and they like to be at the forefront of robot technology.They are not so much these “Enthusiast”types,as de?ned by a personality pro?le,like myself.Everybody in our company takes the personality pro?le test,so we can discuss openly what type of person we are.
Pransky:Given the company now,if you turned up as you were when you started the company [...]
Dr Ostergaard:I would not be a good ?t.My head is always full of ideas and strange thoughts,and I would not be a good engineer.
About the author
Joanne Pransky has been an Associate Editor for Industrial Robot since 1996.Joanne was also the Director of Marketing and one of the principals of the world’s ?rst medical robotics journal,The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery .Joanne served as the Senior Sales and Marketing Executive for Sankyo Robotics,a world-leading manufacturer of industrial robot systems,for more than a decade.Joanne has also consulted for some of the industry’s top robotic and entertainment organizations,including Robotic Industries Association,Motoman,Staubli,KUKA Robotics,STRobotics,DreamWorks,Warner Bros and for Summit Entertainment’s ?lm “Ender’s Game”,in which she brought never-seen-before medical robots to the big screen.Joanne Pransky can be contacted at:drjoanne@robot.md
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初中英语介词用法总结
初中英语介词用法总结 介词(preposition)：也叫前置词。在英语里，它的搭配能力最强。但不能单独做句子成分需要和名词或代词（或相当于名词的其他词类、短语及从句）构成介词短语，才能在句中充当成分。 介词是一种虚词，不能独立充当句子成分，需与动词、形容词和名词搭配，才能在句子中充当成分。介词是用于名词或代词之前，表示词与词之间关系的词类，介词常与动词、形容词和名词搭配表示不同意义。介词短语中介词后接名词、代词或可以替代名词的词（如：动名词v-ing）.介词后的代词永远为宾格形式。介词的种类： （1）简单介词：about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beside, but, by, down, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, near, round, since, to, under, up, with等等。 （2）合成介词：inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within （3）短语介词：according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, owing to, up to, with reguard to （4）分词介词：considering, reguarding, including, concerning 介词短语：构成 介词+名词We go to school from Monday to Saturday. 介词+代词Could you look for it instead of me? 介词+动名词He insisted on staying home. 介词+连接代/副词I was thinking of how we could get there. 介词+不定式/从句He gives us some advice on how to finish it. 介词的用法： 一、介词to的常见用法 1.动词+to a)动词+ to adjust to适应, attend to处理；照料, agree to赞同,
超全的英语介词用法归纳总结
超全的英语介词用法归纳总结常用介词基本用法辨析 表示方位的介词：in, to, on 1. in 表示在某地范围之内。 Shanghai is/lies in the east of China. 上海在中国的东部。 2. to 表示在某地范围之外。 Japan is/lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国的东面。 3. on 表示与某地相邻或接壤。 Mongolia is/lies on the north of China. 蒙古国位于中国北边。 表示计量的介词：at, for, by 1. at 表示“以……速度”“以……价格”。 It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour. 它以每小时900公里的速度飞行。 I sold my car at a high price. 我以高价出售了我的汽车。 2. for 表示“用……交换，以……为代价”。 He sold his car for 500 dollars. 他以五百元把车卖了。 注意：at表示单价(price) ，for表示总钱数。
3. by 表示“以……计”，后跟度量单位。 They paid him by the month. 他们按月给他计酬。 Here eggs are sold by weight. 在这里鸡蛋是按重量卖的。 表示材料的介词：of, from, in 1. of 成品仍可看出原料。 This box is made of paper. 这个盒子是纸做的。 2. from 成品已看不出原料。 Wine is made from grapes. 葡萄酒是葡萄酿成的。 3. in 表示用某种材料或语言。 Please fill in the form in pencil first. 请先用铅笔填写这个表格。They talk in English. 他们用英语交谈。 表示工具或手段的介词：by, with, on 1. by 用某种方式，多用于交通。 I went there by bus. 我坐公共汽车去那儿。 2. with表示“用某种工具”。 He broke the window with a stone. 他用石头把玻璃砸坏了。注意：with表示用某种工具时，必须用冠词或物主代词。
lovestory歌词中英文对照
We were both young when I first saw you 当我第一次看见你的时候，我们都还年轻 I close my eyes and the flashback starts 我闭上眼睛，一幕幕往事又在脑海中重现 I'm standing there on a balcony in summer air 我站在阳台上，空气里，浓浓的，是夏天的味道 See the lights, see the party, the ball gowns 看见灯火，看见热闹的舞会，华丽的盛装 See you make your way through the crowd 看见你穿越人群向我走来 And say hello 对我说“hello” little did I know 我却一无所知 That you were Romeo 当时我并不知道你是我的罗密欧 You were throwing pebbles 在你抛砖引玉向我示爱之后 And my daddy said “stay away from Juliet .” 我爸爸气急败坏地叫你离我远一点 And I was crying on the staircase 我却蜷坐在楼梯间里偷偷地抹眼泪 Begging you “please don't go ” 祈求你不要离开 And I said 我说 Romeo, take me somewhere we can be alone 罗密欧，带我走吧，一起去到一个我们可以相依相偎的地方I'll be waiting, all there's left to do is run 我一直在等待（这一天），只有逃离才能让我们摆脱束缚You'll be the prince and I'll be the princess （到那时）我们就可以像王子和公主一样（快乐地在一起）It's a love story, baby, just say yes 这是多么美好的爱情故事呀，亲爱的，对吧 So I sneak out to the garden to see you 于是，我偷偷摸摸地溜到小花园去见你 We keep quiet 'cause we're dead if they knew 我们压抑着声息，被他们发现我们就死定了 So close your eyes 那么，闭上你的双眼 Escape this town for a little while 逃避这个喧嚣的尘世，即使只有如此短暂的一刻 Oh, oh, oh Cause you were Romeo, 正因为你的出现 I was a scarlet letter 我的生命才有了如此鲜艳的光彩 And my daddy said “stay away from Juliet ” 我爸爸气急败坏地叫你离我远一点 But you were everything to me
(完整版)介词for用法归纳
介词for用法归纳 用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做？ That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了？ He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如： 他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle. 正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么？ We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗？ Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如： She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用for： He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词for： 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth＝为卖出某物而打广告；advertise for sth＝为寻找某物而打广告。如：advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响，而此处误加了介词for。类似地，汉语中的“为人民服务”，说成英语是serve the people，而不是serve for the people，“为某人的死报仇”，说成英语是avenge sb’s death，而不是avenge for sb’s death，等等。用法3：(表用途)用于，用来。如： Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4：为得到，为拿到，为取得。如： He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。
(完整版)SeasonsintheSun_中文歌词翻译_中英对照
Seasons in the Sun_中文歌词翻译_中英对照 goodbye to you my trusted friend.再见了,我忠实的朋友. we're known each other we're 9 or 10.我们从孩提时就已相识相知. together we've climb hills trees.我们一起爬山上树. learned of love abc.一起学习. skinned our hearts skinned our knees.我们心意相通,情如手足. goodbye my friend it's hard to die.再见了，朋友们,我本不愿离去. when all the birds are singing in the sky.当所有的鸟儿在天空歌唱. now the spring is in the air.空气中弥漫着春天的气息. pretty girls are everywhere.到处是漂亮女孩. think of me and i'll be there.想我,我便与你同在. we had joy,we had fun.我们曾如此快乐. we had seasons in the sun.也曾充满阳光. but the hills that we climbed were just seasons out of time.那些日子已然逝去. goodbye papa please pray for me.再见了爸爸,请为我祈祷. i was the black sheep of the family.我是家里的害群之马. u tried 2 teach me right from wrong.你费尽心思教我明辨是非. too much wine too much song.我却沉醉于歌酒狂欢. wonder how i got along.真不知那些日子是如何度过. goodbye papa is hard 2 die.再见了爸爸,我本不愿离去. when all the birds are singing in the sky.当所有的鸟儿在天空歌唱. now the spring in the air.空气中弥漫着春天的气息. little children everywhere.孩子们到处嬉戏. when u see them i'll be there.当你看见他们,我便会与你同在. we had joy,we had fun.我们曾如此快乐. we had seasons in the sun.也曾有阳光季节. but the wild the song.但昔日的歌酒狂欢. like the season has all gone.犹如季节更迭已消逝. we had joy,we had fun.我们曾如此快乐. we had seasons in the sun.也曾有阳光季节. but the wild the song.但昔日的歌酒狂欢. like the season has all gone.犹如季节更迭已消逝. goodbye michelle my little one.再见了蜜雪儿,我的贝比. u gave me love help me find the sun.你给我爱,给我希望. and every time that i was down.当我意志消沉时.
【备战高考】英语介词用法总结(完整)
【备战高考】英语介词用法总结(完整) 一、单项选择介词 1． passion, people won't have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking. A．For . B．Without C．Beneath D．By 【答案】B 【解析】 【详解】 考查介词辨析。句意：没有激情，人们就不会有创新思维所必须的动机和快乐。A. For 对于；B. Without没有； C. Beneath在……下面 ; D. By通过。没有激情，人们就不会有创新思维所必须的动机和快乐。所以空处填介词without。故填without。 2．Modern zoos should shoulder more social responsibility _______ social progress and awareness of the public. A．in light of B．in favor of C．in honor of D．in praise of 【答案】A 【解析】 【分析】 【详解】 考查介词短语。句意：现代的动物园应该根据社会的进步和公众的意识来承担更多的社会责任。A. in light of根据，鉴于；B. in favor of有利于，支持；C. in honor of 为了纪念；D. in praise of歌颂，为赞扬。此处表示根据，故选A。 3．If we surround ourselves with people _____our major purpose, we can get their support and encouragement. A．in sympathy with B．in terms of C．in honour of D．in contrast with 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 考查介词短语辨析。句意：如果我们周围都是认同我们主要前进目标的人，我们就能得到他们的支持和鼓励。A. in sympathy with赞成；B. in terms of 依据；C. in honour of为纪念； D. in contrast with与…形成对比。由“we can get their support and encouragement”可知，in sym pathy with“赞成”符合句意。故选A项。 4．Elizabeth has already achieved success_____her wildest dreams. A．at B．beyond C．within D．upon
英语介词for的用法归纳总结.doc
英语介词for的用法归纳总结用法1：(介词for表目的)为了 They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做? That s what we re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了? He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的 他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle. 正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的 He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2：(介词for表利益)为，为了 What can I do for you? 你想要我什么? We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗?
Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者 She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用for： He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词for： 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth=为卖出某物而打广告;advertise for sth=为寻找某物而打广告advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语为的影响，而此处误加了介词for。类似地，汉语中的为人民服务，说成英语是serve the people，而不是serve for the people，为某人的死报仇，说成英语是avenge sb s death，而不是avenge for sb s death，等等。 用法3：(介词for表用途)用于，用来 Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。
介词for用法完全归纳
用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做? That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了? He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如：他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle. 正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么? We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗? Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如：
seasonsinthesun_中文歌词翻译_中英对照
Seasons?in?the?Sun_中文歌词翻译_中英对照 goodbye to you my trusted friend.再见了,我忠实的朋友. we're known each other we're 9 or 10.我们从孩提时就已相识相知. together we've climb hills trees.我们一起爬山上树. learned of love abc.一起学习. skinned our hearts skinned our knees.我们心意相通,情如手足. goodbye my friend it's hard to die.再见了，朋友们,我本不愿离去. when all the birds are singing in the sky.当所有的鸟儿在天空歌唱. now the spring is in the air.空气中弥漫着春天的气息. pretty girls are everywhere.到处是漂亮女孩. think of me and i'll be there.想我,我便与你同在. we had joy,we had fun.我们曾如此快乐. we had seasons in the sun.也曾充满阳光. but the hills that we climbed were just seasons out of time.那些日子已然逝去. goodbye papa please pray for me.再见了爸爸,请为我祈祷. i was the black sheep of the family.我是家里的害群之马. u tried 2 teach me right from wrong.你费尽心思教我明辨是非. too much wine too much song.我却沉醉于歌酒狂欢. wonder how i got along.真不知那些日子是如何度过. goodbye papa is hard 2 die.再见了爸爸,我本不愿离去. when all the birds are singing in the sky.当所有的鸟儿在天空歌唱. now the spring in the air.空气中弥漫着春天的气息. little children everywhere.孩子们到处嬉戏. when u see them i'll be there.当你看见他们,我便会与你同在. we had joy,we had fun.我们曾如此快乐. we had seasons in the sun.也曾有阳光季节. but the wild the song.但昔日的歌酒狂欢. like the season has all gone.犹如季节更迭已消逝. we had joy,we had fun.我们曾如此快乐. we had seasons in the sun.也曾有阳光季节. but the wild the song.但昔日的歌酒狂欢. like the season has all gone.犹如季节更迭已消逝. goodbye michelle my little one.再见了蜜雪儿,我的贝比. u gave me love help me find the sun.你给我爱,给我希望. and every time that i was down.当我意志消沉时.
for的用法完全归纳
for的用法完全归纳 用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做？ That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了？ He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如：他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle.正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么？ We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗？ Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 (1)有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通 常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如： She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用for： He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词for： 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth＝为卖出某物而打广告；advertise for sth＝为寻找某物而打广告。如：advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响，而此处误加了介词for。类似地，汉语中的“为人民服务”，说成英语是serve the people，而不是serve for the people，“为某人的死报仇”，说成英语是avenge sb’s death，而不是avenge for sb’s death，等等。 用法3：(表用途)用于，用来。如： Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4：为得到，为拿到，为取得。如： He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。 We all hope for success. 我们都盼望成功。 Are you coming in for some tea? 你要不要进来喝点茶？ 用法5：给(某人)，供(某人)用。如： That’s for you. 这是给你的。 Here is a letter for you. 这是你的信。 Have you room for me there? 你那边能给我腾出点地方吗？ 用法6：(表原因、理由)因为，由于。如：
歌剧魅影全套歌词中英对照高级翻译超
Turn your face away 把你的脸转向这里 from the garish light of day Night-time sharpe ns 夜色渐浓 heighte ns each sen sati on 知觉萌动 Darkn ess stirs and wakes imag in ati on 冥冥黑暗引领想象出笼 Sile ntly the sen ses aba ndon their defe nces ... 寂静之中感觉幵始放纵 Slowly, gen tly ni ght un furls its sple ndour 夜晚显现魅力缓慢轻柔 Grasp it, sense it - tremulous and tender 抓住它感觉它 颤抖中带着温柔 tur n your thoughts away 把你的心转向这里 from cold, un feeli ng light 脱离那冰冷无情的光 and listen to the music of the night ... 尽情聆听这夜的乐章 Close your eyes and surre nder to your 闭上双眼尽情放纵 darkest dreams! 心灵深处的梦想 不要再看俗气的日光
you knew before! 全部主张! Close your eyes, 闭上双眼 let your spirit start to soar! 让你的灵魂去飞翔! And you'll live 你将拥有新的生活 as you've n ever lived before ... 在你从未生活过的地方 Softly, deftly 不知不觉中 music shall surro und you ... 音乐将你包容 Feel it, hear it, 去感受去聆听 clos ing in aro und you ... 让它进入你的心 Ope n up your mi nd 让你的思想翱翔 let your fan tasies unwind 为你的幻想松绑 in this dark ness which 在这黑暗之中 you know you cannot fight 你知道自己无力抵抗
介词for 的常见用法归纳
介词for 的常见用法归纳 贵州省黔东南州黎平县黎平一中英语组廖钟雁介词for 用法灵活并且搭配能力很强，是一个使用频率非常高的词，也是 高考必考的重要词汇，现将其常见用法归纳如下，供参考。 1.表时间、距离或数量等。 ①意为“在特定时间，定于，安排在约定时间”。如： The meeting is arranged for 9 o’clock. 会议安排在九点进行。 ②意为“持续达”，常于last、stay 、wait等持续性动词连用，表动作持续的时间，有时可以省略。如： He stayed for a long time. 他逗留了很久。 The meeting lasted （for）three hours. 会议持续了三小时。 ③意为“（距离或数量）计、达”。例如： He walked for two miles. 他走了两英里。 The shop sent me a bill for $100.商店给我送来了100美元的账单。 2. 表方向。意为“向、朝、开往、前往”。常与head、leave 、set off、start 等动词连用。如： Tomorrow Tom will leave for Beijing. 明天汤姆要去北京。 He put on his coat and headed for the door他穿上大衣向门口走去。 介词to也可表示方向，但往往与come、drive 、fly、get、go、lead、march、move、return、ride、travel、walk等动词连用。 3.表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。常与thank、famous、reason 、sake 等词连用。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 For several reasons, I’d rather not meet him. 由于种种原因，我宁可不见他。 The West Lake is famous for its beautiful scenery.西湖因美景而闻名。 4.表示目的,意为“为了、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 He plays the piano for pleasure. 他弹钢琴是为了消遣。 There is no need for anyone to know. 没必要让任何人知道。 5.表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给、为、对于”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。
see-you-again整理歌词中英文对照
see you again It's been a long day without you my friend 没有老友你的陪伴日子真是漫长 And I'll tell you all about it when I see you again 与你重逢之时我会敞开心扉倾诉所有 We've come a long way from where we began 回头凝望我们携手走过漫长的旅程 Oh I'll tell you all about it when I see you again 与你重逢之时我会敞开心扉倾诉所有 When I see you again 与你重逢之时 Damn who knew all the planes we flew 谁会了解我们经历过怎样的旅程 Good things we've been through 谁会了解我们见证过怎样的美好 That I'll be standing right here 我都会在这里 Talking to you about another path 与你聊聊另一种选择的可能 I know we loved to hit the road and laugh 我懂我们都喜欢速度与激情 But something told me that it wouldn't last 但有个声音告诉我这美好并不会永恒 Had to switch up look at things different see the bigger picture 如何才能改变观点用更宏观的视野看这世界 Those were the days hard work forever pays 有付出的日子终有收获的时节 Now I see you in a better place 此刻我看到你走进更加美好的未来 Now I see you in a better place 此刻我看到你走进更加美好的未来 How could we not talk about family when family's all that we got?当家人已是我们唯一的牵绊时我们怎么能忘却最可贵的亲情Everything I went through you were standing there by my side 无论历经怎样的艰难坎坷总有你相伴陪我度过 And now you gonna be with me for the last ride 而今你将陪我走完这最后一段旅程 It's been a long day without you my friend 没有老友你的陪伴日子真是漫长 And I'll tell you all about it when I see you again 与你重逢之时我会敞开心扉倾诉所有 We've come a long way from where we began
英语介词的用法总结
介词的用法 1.表示地点位置的介词 1)at ,in, on, to，for at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近，旁边” in (1)表示在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。 on 表示毗邻，接壤，“在……上面”。 to 表示在……范围外，不强调是否接壤；或“到……” 2)above, over, on 在……上 above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直，与below相对； over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间，不直接接触。 on表示某物体上面并与之接触。 The bird is flying above my head. There is a bridge over the river. He put his watch on the desk. 3)below, under 在……下面 under表示在…正下方 below表示在……下，不一定在正下方 There is a cat under the table. Please write your name below the line. 4)in front [frant]of, in the front of在……前面 in front of…意思是“在……前面”，指甲物在乙物之前，两者互不包括；其反义词是behind（在……的后面）。There are some flowers in front of the house.(房子前面有些花卉。) in the front of 意思是“在…..的前部”，即甲物在乙物的内部.反义词是at the back of…（在……范围内的后部）。 There is a blackboard in the front of our classroom. 我们的教室前边有一块黑板。 Our teacher stands in the front of the classroom. 我们的老师站在教室前.(老师在教室里) 5）beside，behind beside 表示在……旁边 behind 表示在……后面 2.表示时间的介词 1)in , on，at 在……时 in表示较长时间，如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般（非特指）的早、中、晚等。 如in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。 on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。 如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。 at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间，或泛指圣诞节，复活节等。 如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas，at night, at noon, at this moment等。 注意：在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如：We meet every day. 2)in, after 在……之后 “in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后； “after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后； “after+将来的时间点”表示将来的某一时刻以后。 3)from, since 自从…… from仅说明什么时候开始，不说明某动作或情况持续多久；