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BIM 英语文献

Building Information Modeling (BIM)application framework:The process of expanding from 3D to computable nD

Lieyun Ding a ,Ying Zhou a ,b ,?,Burcu Akinci b

a School of Civil Engineering &Mechanics,Huazhong University of Science &Technology,Wuhan 430074,China b

Civil &Environmental Engineering,Carnegie Mellon University,Pittsburgh 15213,USA

a b s t r a c t

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:

Received 20September 2013

Received in revised form 19March 2014Accepted 14April 2014

Available online 5May 2014Keywords:BIM 3D nD

Computable Modeling

The utilization of Building Information Modeling (BIM)has been growing signi ?cantly and translating into the support of various tasks within the construction industry.In relation to such a growth,many approaches that leverage dimensions of information stored in BIM model are being developed.Through this,it is possible to allow all stakeholders to retrieve and generate information from the same model,enabling them to work cohesively.To identify gaps of existing work and evaluate new studies in this area,a BIM application framework is developed and discussed in this paper.Such a framework gives an overview of BIM applications in the construction industry.A literature review,within this framework,has been conducted and the result reveals a re-search gap for BIM applications in the project domains of quality,safety and environmental management.A com-putable multi-dimensional (nD)model is dif ?cult to establish in these areas because with continuously changing conditions,the decision making rules for evaluating whether an individual component is considered good quality,or whether a construction site is safe,also vary as the construction progresses.A process of expanding from 3D to computable nD models,speci ?cally,a possible way to integrate safety,quality and carbon emission variables into BIM during the construction phase of a project is explained in this paper.As examples,the process-es of utilizing nD models on real construction sites are described.It is believed to bene ?t the industry by provid-ing a computable BIM and enabling all project participants to extract any information required for decision making.Finally,the framework is used to identify areas to extend BIM research.

1.Introduction

Many researchers have evaluated the effectiveness of Building Infor-mation Modeling (BIM)applications within different educational or in-dustrial settings [1].In addition,many practitioners have acknowledged the potential bene ?ts of this new technology,such as Sacks et al.[2],Chen et al.[3]and others [4,5].To date,BIM is accepted as a process and corresponding technology to improve the ef ?ciency and effective-ness of delivering a project from inception to operation/maintenance [6].In the last decade,BIM has received a considerable amount of atten-tion by researchers.A number of case studies have been published that show useful BIM implementations on actual construction projects.In The BIM Handbook ,10case studies have been thoroughly explained [7].In addition,Hartmann and Fischer proposed to use 3D/4D models for design review from the perspective of constructability [8].Rüppel and Schatz designed a BIM-based game for ?re evacuation simulations [9].Zhou and Ding presented a 4D visualization technology for safety management [10].Case studies such as these have served as a starting

point for practitioners to better understand how BIM can be applied on their projects.

From a previous research review,it is seen that utilization of BIM in the construction industry can help practitioners by improving visualiza-tion,communication and integration in construction operations [11].However,some practitioners still hesitate to adopt these innovative tools [12].Some surveys have been conducted to evaluate the extent and bene ?ts of applying BIM in the construction industry in different countries [13–16].According to the survey conducted by Young,archi-tectural/engineering/construction (A/E/C)participants did not identify much value in using BIM [12].Therefore,a framework is needed to un-derstand the clusters of work and less focused areas to push the re-search on and utilization of BIM throughout the life-cycle of facilities for multiple stakeholders.A well-rounded BIM application framework might give the practitioners a broader view of the use of BIM applica-tions to support construction project management and help them to better understand the bene ?ts of implementing BIM on their projects.

Formulating a comprehensive framework provides an opportunity for the researchers to identify future BIM research and implementation directions and it would enable application of these sophisticated technologies in the whole life-cycle of projects [17,18].This paper offers a starting point for the development of such a framework.It

Automation in Construction 46(2014)82–93

?Corresponding author at:Huazhong University of Science and Technology,Wuhan 430074,China;visiting scholar at Carnegie Mellon University,Pittsburgh 15213,USA.

E-mail addresses:ying_zhou@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8012417989.html, ,yingzhou@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8012417989.html, (Y.

Zhou).https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8012417989.html,/10.1016/j.autcon.2014.04.0090926-5805/?2014Elsevier B.V.All rights

reserved.

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Automation in Construction

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presents a framework of BIM applications generated from past project implementations of BIM.The framework would guide research efforts,which will enhance communications,share understanding and knowl-edge growth among all the academic researchers and industry practi-tioners,and integrate relevant concepts into a descriptive or predictive model.A thorough literature review has been conducted to validate the framework and identify the current research gap.The process of how BIM applications expand from 3D to nD,speci ?cally referring to quality,safety and environmental management in this paper,is described.

Such a framework would guide practitioners to applications of this new technology and show researchers where the development of deeper knowledge and better tools is needed.In addition,the main chal-lenges of implementing BIM applications with potential solutions are explained.The authors hope that this paper will inspire further develop-ment of the research framework and guide future research into BIM applications.

2.Terms and de ?nitions

Building Information Modeling (BIM)is de ?ned as “a digital repre-sentation of the physical and functional characteristics of a facility.A BIM is a shared knowledge resource for information about a facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its life-cycle;de ?ned as existing from earliest conception to demolition [19].”

Many terms related to BIM have been adopted by researchers,such as virtual design and construction (VDC)and multi-dimensional (nD)modeling.Table 1lists some of the widely used terms in both research and industry studies and shows a summary of them by application domain.

A BIM model is different from traditional 3D CAD models in which 3D CAD only describes a facility with independent 3D views,such as plans,sections and elevations.If one of those views is modi ?ed,the others must be updated accordingly.Further,data in 3D CAD drawings are only graphical entities,such as lines,arcs and circles.On the contrary,a BIM integrates semantically rich information related to the facility,including all geometric and functional properties during the whole life cycle in a collection of “smart objects ”[20].For example,a valve or tube module within a BIM would also include its functional and performance properties,such as material,supplier,maintenance requirements,cost and delivery time,in a semantically rich way.Each component is a “smart object ”with all associated parameters stored in it.The information of the properties can be accessed when needed by any stakeholder.This important feature of BIM allows stakeholder access to information and combinations of information to which they have never before easy access.

As for other terms,virtual reality (VR)provides a tool which allows a user to experience a computer-generated simulation of a real or imag-ined environment [21–23].4D modeling utilizes BIM for project time allocation and construction sequence scheduling simulations while VDC is becoming a more accepted industry term to explain the use of BIM to design and construct a project [37].

In terms of nD modeling,some researchers use nD to describe the different maturity levels of BIM [38].Some researchers de ?ne nD as an

extension of BIM [32,39].Although some have tried to differentiate nD from BIM [40],most research has agreed that BIM represents the utiliza-tion of nD models to simulate the planning,design,construction and operation of a facility [39,41].

Application of BIM can be described as a process that expands 3D data into an nD information model,which allows dynamic and virtual analysis of scheduling [42–45],costing [46,47],stability [48,49],sustain-ability [50,51],maintainability [52],evacuation simulation [9,53]and safety [54]to name a few.This nD model provides a database allowing all stakeholders to retrieve needed information through the same sys-tem,which allows them to work cohesively and ef ?ciently during the whole project life-cycle.Therefore,to be useful to academic researchers and industry practitioners,a BIM application framework must contain three parts:all project management domains (examples are listed above in italics),all stakeholders,and across the whole project life-cycle.The three parts of the framework are de ?ned in the following sections (Sections 3and 4).

3.BIM application framework

3.1.Overview

This section introduces the proposed BIM application framework,a research and delivery map of existing research and implementation projects which identify interrelationships between project domains and requirements for further knowledge acquisition.This proposed BIM application framework targets stakeholders to better understand the current state of BIM applications and future BIM implementation requirements.

A BIM framework must be comprehensive enough to address all rel-evant BIM domains and implementation challenges as well as to present key issues of project management in a systematic manner.On the basis of the de ?nition of BIM,this application framework consists of three parts:1)project domains listed,2)stakeholders and 3)phases of the project life-cycle.These are shown as the three axes in Fig.1.

A particular research can be put in this framework using one of these six options:1)single BIM application within a single organization through a single project phase;2)single application within multiple or-ganizations through a single phase;3)single application within multi-ple organizations through multiple phases;4)multiple applications within a single organization through a single project phase;5)multiple applications within a single organization through multiple project phases and 6)multiple applications within multiple organizations through multiple phases.

For example,as shown in Fig.2,“a 1a 2a 3a 4”represents the utilization of BIM for safety management from the owner's perspective,while “b 1b 2b 3b 4”represents the utilization of BIM for cost management from the perspective of different stakeholders,which are,in this case,the owner,the contractors and the supervisors,also known as owner's representatives.The “c 1c 2c 3c 4,d 1d 2d 3d 4”area represents the utilization of BIM for design review during the planning and design phases by different stakeholders.In this framework,application of BIM in the construction industry can have 6different levels based on the project

Table 1

Differences between widely used terms and BIM.Sample terms Information can be retrieved from 3D building elements

Design review Performance simulation

Virtual simulation of construction process

Management of site constraints

Maintain facility operations

Reference 3D CAD

√

[20,21]Virtual reality (VR)√√[21–24]4D modeling √√√[25–28]VDC

√√√√√[29–31]nD modeling √√√√√√[32,33,39]BIM

√

√√

√

[7,97]

Other related terms:Integrated project delivery [34],computer integrated construction [35],building product models [36].

L.Ding et al./Automation in Construction 46(2014)82–93

management tasks that are aimed for,the project stakeholders that are involved in and the different phases that BIM is used in.3.2.Current research within BIM framework

Recently,there has been a large quantity of work in BIM.It is necessary to comprehensively review recent signi ?cant BIM work in its application.The main objectives of this review are to:1)validate the framework proposed in Section 3.1;2)reveal research gaps;and 3)try to evaluate future research and development trends.

The selected papers are from leading built environment journals in the information technology research area.The searched journals are A utomation in Construction ,ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineer-ing ,Advanced Engineering Informatics and Journal of Information Technol-ogy in Construction .The articles,published from 2006to as current as May 2013,are considered as recent work.In total,there are 135papers.This time-frame does not cover the early stages of BIM research in the built environment,but is extensive enough to identify the emerging research and development for BIM.The key words for searching are “Building information modeling ”,“Building information model ”and “BIM ”.As the purpose of this paper is to focus on the implementation of BIM,those articles that concentrated solely on BIM concepts or IT techniques rather than BIM applications in the built environment are not included.

Within the 135papers,the current research can be categorized into the following groups:1)some explained and advanced the industry foundation class (IFC)data schema [55–57];2)some explored how in-formation is exchanged among different environments [58,59];3)some proposed approaches to extract information from complex BIM models [60–62];4)some tried to evaluate the bene ?ts [4,30,63]and identify

the

Fig.1.BIM application

framework.

Fig.2.Geometric interpretation of BIM application framework.

84L.Ding et al./Automation in Construction 46(2014)82–93

challenges [64]of BIM;and 5)some started to establish a BIM frame-work for different purposes [97,40,65,66].In terms of the BIM imple-mentation studies,Fig.3depicts the percentages of BIM research articles within the framework presented in the above sections.In some research,other techniques such as Augmented Reality (AR)[67–69],Radio Frequency Identi ?cation (RFID)[70,71],Laser Scanning [72,73]and Geographic Information System (GIS)[74–76]are proposed to be combined with BIM to assist in quality inspection,data acquisition and other functions.

The percentages of different research articles from the viewpoint of the project management domain and project life cycle are shown in Fig.3.Papers that focus on multiple domains for multiple phases are counted under each relevant category.From the literature study,few authors mentioned for whom their system/products were designed or what stakeholders would bene ?t from the research [77,78,88].As the requirements for different stakeholders are not the same,it might be easier to get the industry to implement the research products on real construction sites if the authors addressed the bene ?ts to speci ?c users.

It is not surprising that design review has the highest percentage of research articles published.The reason might be because design is the longest-standing application of BIM and feedback of design-related BIM activities is in relatively high frequency [79].However,BIM re-search articles for the construction phase are rapidly catching up to the pace for the design phase.Also,schedule management articles are tied for second place for speci ?c domain articles.At least partially,these results are because the bene ?ts of BIM applications in the design phase have captured so much attention from researchers and practi-tioners in the built environment,that many of them have begun to ex-tend the application area of BIM to the construction phase [77].Table 2lists all the references to papers that belong in this category.Within the articles focused on the construction phase,safety manage-ment,quality management and low carbon emission research are a relatively low percentage in research literature.

Based on the review of the literature,BIM applications can be classi ?ed into two categories which are listed in Table 3:1)3D based applications and 2)4D (3D models plus schedule)based applications.

Since performance and functionality of a facility can be analyzed based on 3D models,3D based applications can be applied in the design phase and operations phase.For example,energy consumption,facility performance and evacuation procedures can be simulated and evaluat-ed before the facility is constructed.The results of these assessments can help architects improve design proposals.In addition,after the facility has been constructed,the information stored within 3D models can be used for operations management,and maintenance plans can be auto-matically generated from the previously entered “smart objects ”in the shop instructions for each component.From the previous research re-view,it is known that 3D based applications such as design review are the most common studies in this early stage of nD application research [91].Much research has been conducted into 3D applications,speci ?cal-ly in the design review,evacuation simulation,energy performance and facility management domains.

However,4D models are needed to depict,visualize and analyze the constantly changing variables that occur as the construction phase pro-ceeds.As 4D models provide virtual visualization of the construction process,BIM applications for the construction management,speci ?cally the schedule,cost,quality,and safety control,should be based on 4D models.

Time,cost and quality have been the basic criteria for project success [92]while safety and environmental impact gained a lot of concerns in recent years [93].In some research,quality,safety and environmental impact are proposed to be important aspects in construction manage-ment as establishing a risk free work place and reducing environmental pollution are vital for a successful project [94].It can be seen from Fig.3that there is a BIM related research gap for the project domains of qual-ity,safety and carbon emissions.In comparison to other domains,few research studies have has been conducted so far in these domains.The reason might be that these project domains are more complicated to quantify than cost management and schedule control.For the schedul-ing and cost management domains,it is easy to retrieve and compare the actual data to the planned schedule and project budget,and man-agers are constantly updated with this information.However,because of continuously changing conditions,the standards or decision making rules,for evaluating whether an individual component is considered good quality or whether a construction site is safe,vary as the construc-tion progresses.In addition,another reason might be that the main pur-pose,for the stakeholders of a construction project,is to gain economic pro ?ts.Speeding up the progress and saving costs are the most impor-tant issues for them.Therefore,establishing the 4D/5D models to man-age scheduling and costs was the ?rst developmental priority.However,with economic and cultural progress,“people-?rst value ”is gaining publicity.Gaining economic pro ?ts is no longer the only goal of project management,as much public attention is being paid to the environment and to

safety/security.

Fig.3.(a)Percentage of BIM publications from the viewpoint of project management domain;(b)percentage of BIM publications from the viewpoint of project life cycle.

Table 2

Papers on the BIM for schedule management during construction phase.Classi ?cation criteria (from the viewpoint of BIM application framework)References

Construction phase

Schedule management

Designer [80,81]Supervisor [81–87]

Contractor [70,76,78,81–83,85–88]Owner [70,81–88]

Operator

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BIM applications have just begun to quantify and objectively analyze the quality and safety control project domains.A time-space collision detection model was proposed to optimize a construction plan [95,96].The structural health of construction components was analyzed by integrating a 3D BIM model with engineering simulation software [49].Previous research provided a qualitative method to combine a BIM model with safety or quality information.Limited research has been conducted to establish a computable safety/quality BIM model from the perspective of using mathematics to work out the degree of safety or quality status as is possible with cost management and sched-uling.As the degree of safety or quality status varies with the construc-tion moving forward,a computable BIM-based safety or quality control model is dif ?cult to establish.

It has been acknowledged that BIM was used for its 3D visual data at ?rst,and was then expanded to nD applications [97].The key challenge of this expansion is the method to establish the nD model and identify the types of information that need to be integrated into the 3D model to accomplish different purposes.The following sections discuss the process of developing computable and 4D based BIM applications for the quality,safety and carbon emission project management domains as a start point.

4.BIM application examples 4.1.Quality management based on 4D

Quality management plays a crucial role in the construction indus-try.Dif ?culties in quality management are primarily caused by the fol-lowing:1)Quality inspection items for individual components are scattered in different national,industrial and urban code guidelines [98].Site workers are not usually well-educated people [99].The neces-sity of referring to a series of different code books leads to on-site misunderstanding of quality control standards;2)Ignorance of the im-portance of tracking the behavior of on-site personnel making it is dif ?-cult to determine who is responsible for quality accidents;and 3)Most of the existing methods of quality control focus on the completed com-ponents,but quality failures occur due to the process of construction [100].

The key process of building a 4D based quality management model is to establish the POP (product –organization –process)model based on BIM.This is totally different from the cost management model.For cost management,once the unit price is linked with the corresponding components and activities,the actual cost and planned cost can be easily

Table 3

Example categories of prior work on BIM applications.Project domain Related literature Information integrated environment Required information

Design review

[87,89,90]3D Geometric data,spatial features,component type,speci ?cations

Evacuation simulation [9,53]3D Geometric data,spatial features,component type,speci ?cations,social psychological and social organizational characteristics of the occupants

Energy performance [50,51]3D Geometric data,spatial features,component type,material information,geographical coordinates Facility management [52]3D Geometric data,spatial features,component type,operation speci ?cations Schedule management [42–45]4D Geometric data,spatial features,construction schedule plan

Cost management

[46,47]

Geometric data,spatial features,component type speci ?cations,construction schedule plan,quantities of component,unit price

information

Fig.4.A hierarchical structure of the product information in a bridge project.

L.Ding et al./Automation in Construction 46(2014)82–93

calculated.However,in quality management,such a calculated model cannot be directly established.A POP model including the quality status of individual components,the responsible organization,and the quality inspection process should be built into a quality management model in the construction industry.

The POP model is proposed to complement 3D product models with process and organization models to support both design and construc-tion [101].This idea is suitable to solve the quality management problem in the construction industry because it integrates the product information,organization information and process information within one model,speci ?cally referring to a BIM model in this research.

Product information is de ?ned in this research as a hierarchical struc-ture of the products/elements for different kinds of construction projects.For example,this hierarchical structure has been established for a bridge project in this research.The monolithic cast-in-place reinforced concrete beam can be subdivided into individual elements,see Fig.4.

As discussed before,for each element,the inspection items are scattered in different national,industrial and urban code

guidelines.

Fig.5.Inspection items for “monolithic cast-in-place reinforced concrete beam ”

Fig.6.An example of the relationships between “product ”and “organization ”

Fig.7.4D-based quality model of a construction project.

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Therefore,the inspection items must be evaluated/con?rmed by measurement against all related codes/guidelines.An example is given in Fig.5.

For organization information,all stakeholders are responsible for the quality of construction.For example,in Fig.6,the responsibilities of different participants with regard to the inspection items of a bridge product are shown.In Fig.6,if a block is shaded,it means that the corresponding stakeholder has responsibilities for the relevant inspec-tion item.Relationships between“product”and“organization”can be established by collating the scattered codes/guidelines.

The process of4D quality information modeling is shown in Fig.7. The4D-based application is the information carrier for both schedule and quality information.All national,industrial and urban code guide-lines regarding one inspection item are integrated as text-based through the BIM application.Then,real-time quality status information can be continuously displayed within a4D BIM application.A quality checklist for each activity can be provided during the4D simulation. For each component,its related activities and quality checklist can be re-trieved at just the right time during construction,see Fig.8.Therefore, the of?cial construction codes/standards can be populated in a BIM for reference data.Once the inspection data is retrieved,the status of each component can be generated by comparing actual quality inspection data with the standards.The color of a component re?ects the status of this quality inspection item:Unconstructed(gray),under construc-tion(purple),constructed,but not yet inspected(green),inspection failed(red),and inspection passed(blue).Because a POP model has been established,not only the quality status of each element can be continuously retrieved from the model,but also,the responsible stake-holders can instantly know when quality standards are not met,and therefore,they have the opportunity to take immediate corrective action.The results of this corrective action can be traced through the model as well.

4.2.Safety management based on4D

The risk level on construction projects rises and falls continuously during the whole construction process.For example,the safety risk dur-ing excavation of the foundation pit is always high,but drops dramati-cally after base plate construction is completed.In other words,the risk and the affected area shift frequently as activities get executed. Therefore,safety needs to be controlled from the perspective of both time and space and,therefore,on the basis of a4D management tool. The principle of safety management based on a4D BIM application is illustrated below.

The construction sequence of foundation pit construction using the open cut method includes:1)Constructing the earth-retaining struc-ture;2)dewatering;3)excavation of the1st layer;4)steel bracing of the1st layer;5)excavation of the2nd layer;6)steel bracing of the 2nd layer;7)excavation of the3rd layer;8)steel bracing of the3rd layer;9)base plate dredging;10)base plate setting;11)steel bracing stripping of the3rd layer;12)median plate;13)stripping of the2nd layer;14)loft plate setting;and15)stripping of the1st layer.

The main safety risks existing in this construction process can be classi?ed into the following types:1)retaining pile collapse;2)land-slide hazard in excavation procedures;3)bracing structure deformation in excavation procedures;4)water inrushing;5)damage to adjacent buildings;6)seepage caused by fractured retaining piles;7)bottom heave caused by artesian water;and8)crane operation failures.

Usually,different types of safety risks exist at the same time during the construction process.Therefore,it is necessary to analyze how different risks combine in foundation pit excavation procedures.

According to the Guideline of Risk Management for Construction of Subway and Underground Works,published by Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China,risk analysis should be evaluated for two issues:the probability of occurrence and severity of consequences [102].Therefore,in this research,a method based on dependability is used to evaluate different types of risks.

Risk degree r is de?ned to represent the risk level.P f stands for the probability of consequences and C f stands for the severity of consequences.

Therefore;r?1?1?P f

eT1?C f

eT?P ftC f?P f C f:e1T

The value of P f and C f can be retrieved and calculated by the expert investigation method.According to the rules established in Tables4to 6,an example of the risk level of each activity in foundation pit excava-tion using the open cut method is detailed in Table7.The initial data was retrieved by expert investigation.Furthermore,the relationship among an activity,its main risks,and the affected components/area can be established,which is shown in Table8.Therefore,the safety risk evolvement pattern can be displayed based on a4D model,see Fig.9.It can be used as a dashboard to assist site workers in deciding which structural elements are unstable and what behaviors should be

Inspection Items

BIM component

Fig.8.An example of a BIM component and its related quality inspection items.

Table4

Value of risk probability P f.

Level Guess value Description

The?rst level0.0–0.2The risk possibility is extremely small The second level0.2–0.4The risk possibility is little

The third level0.4–0.6The risk possibility is medium

The fourth level0.6–0.8The risk possibility is high

The?fth level0.8–1.0The risk possibility is extremely high Table5

Value of severity of consequences C f.

Level Guess value Description

The?rst level0.0–0.2The risk severity is extremely small The second level0.2–0.4The risk severity is little

The third level0.4–0.6The risk severity is medium

The fourth level0.6–0.8The risk severity is high

The?fth level0.8–1.0The risk severity is extremely high

Table6

Value of risk level r.

Level Estimated

value

Color-coded Description

The first level0-0.2The risk can be ignored

The second level0.2-0.25The risk level is low, but needs some attention The third level0.25-0.3

The risk level is acceptable, but needs to be

monitored

The fourth level0.3-0.35

The risk level is not acceptable, and some action

should be taken to prevent accidents

The fifth level0.35-1

The risk level is not acceptable, and construction

work should be suspended

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avoided in the current state.Site workers have previously had little in-formation to improve their real-time,on-the-spot decision making,but now,it is possible to have continuous,real-time visual warnings of danger to consider.

4.3.4D computational model for carbon emissions

In the global context of climate change,facility construction causes a large amount of energy consumption [103].Carbon emissions have caused great concern.Dynamic calculation of carbon emissions dur-ing the construction process can be realized based with a 4D BIM application.

Carbon sources during the construction process can be classi ?ed into three categories:1)Caused by building materials and construction waste,2)directly caused by the fuel consumed by construction machin-ery and equipment,such as diesel and gasoline;and 3)caused by elec-tricity,referring to the power consumed by construction machinery and equipment.Carbon emissions of various building materials contribute

Table 7

Risk level of each activity in foundation pit construction using open cut method.

Construction sequences Main risks Risk level r

Earth-retaining structure

Dewatering

Excavation of the 1st layer

Steel bracing of the 1st layer

Excavation of the 2nd layer

Steel bracing of the 2nd layer

Excavation of the 3rd layer

Steel bracing of the 3rd layer

Base plate dredging Base plate

Steel bracing stripping of the 3rd layer

Median plate

Stripping of the 2nd layer

Loft plate

Stripping of the 1st layer

Retaining pile collapse 0.4920.0190.0740.0560.0560.0740.0740.0930.0930.0930.0930.0740.0740.0560.0560.019

Landslide hazard in excavation procedures 0.4790.0250.1000.0750.0750.1000.1000.1250.1250.1250.0250.0250.0250.0250.0250.025

Bracing structure

deformation in the excavation procedures 0.4720.0200.0390.0390.0780.0780.0780.0980.0780.0980.0980.0780.0780.0590.0590.020

Water in rushing 0.5310.0260.0510.0770.0770.1030.1030.1280.1280.1280.0510.0260.0260.0260.0260.026

Damage to adjacent buildings 0.5250.0540.0710.0540.0540.0710.0710.0890.0890.0890.0890.0710.0710.0540.0540.018

Seepage caused by fractured

retaining piles 0.5710.2630.0530.0530.0530.0530.0530.0530.0530.0530.0530.0530.0530.0530.0530.053

Bottom heave caused by

artesian water 0.6370.0260.0530.0790.0790.1050.1050.1320.1320.1320.0260.0260.0260.0260.0260.026

Crane operation failures

0.4390.0940.0380.0570.0750.0570.0750.0570.0750.0570.0750.0750.0570.0750.0570.075

Risk level of each activity

0.2810.2480.2560.2830.3350.3440.4050.4040.4050.2580.2160.2080.1890.1800.133 Corresponding color

Yellow

Blue

Yellow

Orange

Red

Yellow

Blue

Green

Table 8

Main risks and affected components/areas with the construction sequences.Activities

Main risks

Affected components/areas

Earth-retaining structure ⑥,⑧Retaining piles,areas around the hoisting equipment Dewatering

②,⑤

Retaining piles,neighboring area and buildings Excavation of the 1st layer All risks at this stage are extremely low Refer to the adjacent activities

Steel bracing of the 1st layer ⑧

Steel bracing structures,areas around the hoisting equipment

Excavation of the 2nd layer ②,③,④,⑤,⑦Retaining piles,longitudinal slope,steel bracing structures,bottom of the foundation,neighboring area and buildings Steel bracing of the 2nd layer ②,③,④,⑤,⑦,⑧Retaining piles,longitudinal slope,steel bracing structures,bottom of the foundation,neighboring area and buildings,areas around the hoisting equipment

Excavation of the 3rd layer ②,③,④,⑤,⑦Retaining piles,longitudinal slope,steel bracing structures,bottom of the foundation,neighboring area and buildings Steel bracing of the 3rd layer ②,③,④,⑤,⑦,⑧Retaining piles,longitudinal slope,steel bracing structures,bottom of the foundation,neighboring area and buildings,areas around the hoisting equipment

Base plate dredging ①,②,③,④,⑤,⑦Retaining piles,longitudinal slope,steel bracing structures,bottom of the foundation,neighboring area and buildings Base plate

①,③,⑤,⑧Retaining piles,steel bracing structures,neighboring area and buildings,areas around the hoisting equipment Steel bracing stripping of the 3rd layer ①,③,⑤,⑧Retaining piles,steel bracing structures,neighboring area and buildings,areas around the hoisting equipment Median plate

①,③,⑤Retaining piles,steel bracing structures,neighboring area and buildings Stripping of the 2nd layer ⑧

areas around the hoisting equipment Loft plate

All risks at this stage are extremely low Refer to the adjacent activities Stripping of the 1st layer

⑧

areas around the hoisting equipment

①retaining pile collapse;②landslide hazard in excavation procedures;③bracing structure deformation in the excavation procedures;④water inrushing;⑤damage to adjacent buildings;⑥seepage caused by fractured retaining piles;⑦bottom heave caused by artesian water;⑧crane operation failures.

L.Ding et al./Automation in Construction 46(2014)82–93

the most to total carbon emissions in the construction stage [104].Formula (2)provides an approach to calculate the total carbon emis-sions of building materials [105].

E ?E p tE t tE c tE o tE r E p ?X Q mi αi ;carbonemissionsof the comsumedbuildingmaterials attherawmaterialproductionstage E t ?X Q mi L ti εi ;carbonemissionsof the comsumedbuilding materialsatthematerial transportation stage E c ?X Q mi ηi ;carbonemissionsof the comsumedbuildingmaterials attheconstruction stage of buildings E o ?X Q mi Y i μi ;carbonemissionsof thecomsumedbuilding materialsattheoperation stage of buildings E r ?X Q mi ωi λi ;carbon emissionsof thecomsumedbuilding materialsatthewaste recyclingstage Q mi ?theconsumptionamountof materiali

αi ?theunitemission coefficientof materiali L ti ?the transportationdistance tothe constructionsite of materiali εi ?theunitcarbon emission coefficientof unitdistanceof the correspondingtransportation means ηi ?theunitcarbonemission coefficientof materialiatthe constructionstage Y i ?theservicelife of materiali μi ?theannualunitcoefficientof carbonemissionsof materiali ωi ?therecycling ratioof materiali λi

?theunitcarbon emission coefficientof differentrecycling methods :8>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>><

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>:e2TThis method of building a 4D computational model for carbon emis-sions is illustrated in Fig.10.When using this method,the required 4D BIM application can be produced with the existing design drawings

and construction plan.Consumed material information can then be re-trieved from the construction site as used.Meanwhile,the data source for carbon emissions per one unit of building material can be acquired from International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)or local standards such as Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES)developed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the USA.Therefore,the carbon emission curve can be generated as the construction process moves forward.In addition,this method can be used to evaluate and optimize different construction methods by comparing the total carbon emissions of current and alternate methods.

5.Conclusion and future work

This paper proposes a framework for BIM applications in the construction https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8012417989.html,ing this framework,it is possible to classify existing research projects into to six categories based on the project management tasks that are aimed for,the project stakeholders that are involved in and the different phases that BIM is used in.Such a framework could possibly help in understanding the landscape of the existing work and identifying gaps in the prior research.Classifying existing research studies using this framework,we have identi ?ed that relatively few research projects have been conducted for the project domains of quality,safety and carbon emissions.The paper has described approaches to quantify and analyze quality,safety,and carbon emissions using BIM on real construction projects.

In most past projects,funds were invested into the creation of 3D/4D models for only one application in one domain or one phase.Further research is needed to explore how the same or upgraded 3D/4D models can be easily upgraded to manage multiple domains.Additionally,from the literature review,some of the main challenges for implementing BIM applications are generating the 3D models,retrieving the job site environmental information and updating actual data from the job site,within the 3D models,as the construction process moves

forward

Fig.9.Dashboard for safety control during foundation pit excavation processes.

90L.Ding et al./Automation in Construction 46(2014)82–93

[106].Integration of BIM applications with other techniques is regarded as an effective way to address some of these problems.

Laser scanning and image processing might be used to generate 3D models [107–109]while augmented reality could be used to retrieve actual environmental information from the job site [84,110-111].As for collecting job site data,one approach is to use RFID.The data ac-quired by RFID could be quickly transferred into the 4D BIM application which changes the display appearance of the corresponding module [70].Also,integration of RFID and BIM can be utilized for safety monitor-ing during construction,which is another method of using a BIM application for safety management.References

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