虚拟语气总结：be型和were型
目录：
学习虚拟语气的三个必知
一、were式虚拟
二、be式虚拟
三、几个特殊的句式
学习虚拟语气必须明确了解以下三点：
1、英语的所谓“虚拟语气”，从用途上区别有三种：一种用来表达与实际情况相反的虚构假设，一种用来表达“祈使愿望”的口气，另一种满足特殊的句式需要。
虚拟语气并不全是在表达虚构的情况，理解这一点非常重要。
2、虚拟语气从句式表现上有三种：表达与实际情况相反的虚构假设用were式虚拟，表达“祈使愿望”的口气be式虚拟，在特殊句式中的照句式要求而定。
3、学习虚拟语气，其目的不在于单纯解决语法问题，更不能停留在应试的层面上。掌握虚拟语气的用法对英语的阅读理解非常重要，尤其是进入大学以后，这一点更为重要。
一、were式虚拟
英语中，被叫做“were式虚拟”的这种虚拟语气，通过扭曲时态形式来表示与实际情况相反的虚构假设，具体的做法是将时态的形式“倒推一个时态”。这样的表述也许不太准确，但是非常实用，也极容易理解。
具体的做法，就是将现在时态变成过去时态，将过去时态变成“过去的过去”。
在这种虚拟语气的用法中，动词be至少要倒退一个时态成为“过去时态”的were（在虚拟语气中一般不用was，is、am、are倒推一个时态以后都写成were）。因此，这种表示与实际情况相反的虚构假设的虚拟语气就就以动词be的变化为例，叫做了were式虚拟。
were式虚拟主要用在wish从句，as if从句和非真实条件句。
下面我们结合具体的例子学习were式虚拟的用法：
wish从句的虚拟语气用法：
英语中表达一般性的愿望（即希望）用hope这个词，wish 这个词往往表达难以实现或不能实现的愿望，所以要用虚拟语气，我们可以看看具体的用法:
I wish I had the money to buy the book.
这句话表达的意思是，“我现在没有钱买这本书，但是希望能买这本书，而因为没有钱，虽然有这种愿望，却也买不了这本书。”
wish从句中的动词have用来表达“现在有与没有”的情况，通过一个把have“倒推一个时态”变成had，had实际上表达了一个“现在没有”的概念，正好与have这个词的本义相反。
必须牢记：wish不是hope，wish要表达的是不能实现或难以实现的愿望，必须使用were式虚拟，必须通过扭曲wish从句的时态来体现这种虚拟语气。
下面的情况相同：
My little brother wishes he had wings to fly up into the sky.
Many people wish they could grow rich over a single night.
I wish I were a millionaire to have the money to buy all that
I need.
Poor little Tom, an orphan, wishes he were in a family full of
love and care.
My parents wish I would go to college, but they know I will
not.
I do wish you wouldn't smoke any more.
注意：上面最后一句中你不要再抽烟了，也不是不能实现的愿望，但是借用wish 来表达，显得相当婉转，没有强加于人的意味，如果说成
I hope you will not smoke any
more.口气就过于强硬，颇有些居高临下的意味。请看下面的句子,用法上都差不多：
I wish you would come and help us out.
I wish you would be more respectful to your father.
I wish you would stay with me for a while.
I wish I had had the money to buy the book.
这句话表达的意思是，“我当时没有钱买这本书，但是我现在希望当时能买下这个本，因为没有钱，虽然现在还有希望当初能买下这本书的念头，但是这已是不能实现的愿望了。”
这时候，wish从句的正常时态应该是一般过去时态，但是，因为wish要表达一个不能实现的愿望，从句只好倒推一个时态，把一个一般过去时的had扭曲成了过去完成时的had
had。这时候的had
had，没有过去完成时的时态意义，只是通过一种扭曲了的时态形式表达了一个“虚拟”的情况，一种不能实现了的愿望。
下面的情况相同：
We all wish he had not made that silly mistake.
I really wish I had not overheard what he said about me.
Mr. Smith wishes that he had not spent off all his money.
It was late for the criminal to wish that he had not committed
the crime.
Linda wished that she had been more patient and careful in the
examination.
I wish I had been in your place to take the challenge.
（最后这一句中的had
been也往往写成were，因为这时候的were也是一种扭曲了的时态形式，也能表达出这个虚拟的意味。）
再强调一次：
wish后面从句的动词时态形式非常重要，句中的一般过去时表示的是与现在相反的情况，过去完成时表示的与过去相反的情况，过去将来时表示的是与将来情况相反的愿望—过去将来时是一般将来时倒推一个时态的
结果，这是以汉语为母语的初学英语者常常注意不够的地方。
下面是人们常常使用的例句：
I wish I knew the answer to the question.
I wish I had known the answer to the question.
I wish I could go with you.
I wish I could have gone with you yesterday.
请注意上面的最后一句，yesterday决定了could的过去时态，从形式上could不能倒推一个时态，为了体现“时态的倒推”（或者说时态的扭曲），could后面原本应该是一般形式的不定式go变成了完成式的形式have
gone。这也是很有意思的语言现象，在各类的were式虚拟中都经常出现，非常值得注意。
当wish作名词使用的时候，其同位语从句表达的是wish的内容，也需要使用were式虚拟，例如：
We all have the wish that all mankind could live peacefully
together.
The wish that all the classmates came back to another reunion
is merely lovely dream.
as if从句的虚拟语气用法：
as
if的意思是“好像”，从用法上有两种，一种是不知道事实的真相，说其好像一种特定的情况；另一种是明知道事实的真相，却说其好像与事实不同的情况。在后一种情况下，句子应该使用虚拟语气，谓语动词的时态形式向后倒推一个时态，而在前一种情况下，句子处于陈述语气，应该使用正常的时态形式，请比较下面的谓语形式：
Mr. Sam Smith, my P.E. teacher, looks like an army officer.
The stranger at the school gate looks like an army officer.
在前一个句子里，我非常清楚我的体育老师不是军官，而我说他看起来像军官，就用虚拟语气。
在后一个句子里，我不知道门口陌生人的身份，不知道他是不是军官，我说他看起来像军官，就不用虚拟语气。
Tom looks calm and steady as if he were telling the truth.
Tom looks calm and steady as if he is telling the truth.
前一句表明汤姆是在撒谎，后一句说明汤姆可能在撒谎。
理解as
if从句的虚拟语气和陈述语气的不同用法很重要，特别是在阅读理解中更是显得非常重要，一旦有所疏忽，就可能把句子的含义弄混了，甚至弄反了。
He speaks as if he knew everything about the accident.(虚拟）
He speaks as if he knows everything about the accident.(陈述）
My mother is always talking as if she were a doctor of
medicine.(虚拟）
The young lady is talking as if she is a doctor of
medicine.（陈述）
You seem as if you had done all that you should have.(虚拟）
再强调一次，如果as
if从句中谓语动词的时态形式比正常时态倒退了一个时态，说明这个从句处于虚拟语气，在表明与事实不同的情况，如果as
if从句中的谓语动词时态正常，说明这个句子属于陈述语气，在表明与事实可能相同也可能相反的一种猜测。
非真实条件句的虚拟语气
if（如果）所引导的从句是典型的条件状语从句，分为真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。
非真实条件句是相对与真实条件句而言的。真实条件句表达了一个可能实现的条件，在这个条件之上推断出的可能性也是可以实现的；而非真实条件句表达了一个不能实现或者很难实现的条件，在这个条件之上推断出的可能性是不可能实现或非常难以实现的。
真实与非真实条件句有一个重要的共同点，其主句中均有will 或will 的变形would，表示建立在从句条件之上的可能性。
注意，这里的will或would 是情态动词，表示可能性，而不是表示将来时的助动词。
真实与非真实条件句的不同点是：就谓语动词形式来讲，非真实条件句比相应的时态中的真实条件句向后倒移了一个时态。换句话说，在条件句中，如果谓语动词的形式比它的时间状语所表示的时间倒移了一个时态，这个条件句即是非真实条件句。这一点与wish和as
if从句的情况相同。
因此，如果我们使用非真实条件句，只需在相应的真实条件句的基础上，使主从句的谓语形式同时向后推移一个时态。如果是关于过去的情况，主句中有表示可能性的would，其本身已经不可能实现时态的倒移，我们将would后面的do
改写成have done，即通过这个无to 不定式的变化，以示其时态倒推之意。（例句在后面）
这样，不需死记硬背很多教材和语法书上有关虚拟语气句式变化的三个公式，只要掌握了时态倒推的变化规律，便可以掌握课本和语法书中那三个公式之所以成立的根本，只要在继之以适量的练习，就能熟练掌握了。
下面看一些情景练习，这些都是教学中常用的练习，包括了非真实条件句的多种情况。用上述的方法，解决这样的问题并不费力：
1. Last Sunday we all stayed indoors because it rained the
whole day.
用if后，主从句从真实条件句的基础上倒移一个事态。If it hadn’t rained for a whole day,
we wouldn’t have stayed indoors last Sunday.
2. John and Joseph weren’t given the tickets, so they did not
go to the cinema. If John and Joseph had been given the
tickets, they would have gone to the cinema.
3. David Smith was required to leave the country within 24
hours because he had acted as a spy for a foreign country.
主句中的过去完成时“倒移”时其谓语动词不再变形，正如直接引语变成间接引语时那样：David Smith
would not have been required to leave the country if he h adn’t
acted as a spy for a foreign country.
4. I don’t like the diamond necklace, so I don’t want to have
it.
If I liked the diamond necklace, I would want to have it.
5. Johnson was warned of the danger last night, so now he
does everything very carefully.
本句和下两句是错综时间条件句，即主句和从句的时态不相同，本来可以成为非真实条件句教学中的一个难题，但是现在只要按照主从句谓语动词时态形式“倒移”的规则，问题就可以迎刃而解。
If Johnson hadn’t been warned of the danger last night, he
wouldn’t do everything so carefu lly.
本句和下两句是错综时间条件句，即主句和从句的时态不相同，本来可以成为非真实条件句教学中的一个难题，但是现在只要按照主从句谓语动词时态形式“倒移”的规则，问题就可以迎刃而解。
If Johnson hadn’t been warned of the danger last night, he
wouldn’t do everything so carefully.
6. Joan received the invitation yesterday. She will go to the
party tomorrow evening. If Joan hadn’t received the invitation
yesterday, she would not go to the party tomorrow evening.
7. Larry has heard from quite a few friends in China and now
he knows much about this country. Larry wouldn’t know much
about this country if he hadn’t heard from quite a few friends
in China.
8. Bob isn’t here, so we can’t ask him to help with the task.
在非真实条件句中be 的过去时形式一般用were：If Bob were here, we could ask hime
to help with the task.
9. We will have a sports meet next Sunday, so all the
students will have to come to school then.
注意从句的形式：
①If we didn’t have a sports meet next Sunday, the students
wouldn’t have to come to school then.
②If we weren’t to have a sports meet next Sunday, the
students wouldn’t have to come to school then.
③If we shouldn’t have a sports meet next Sunday, the students
wouldn’t have to come to school then.
.关于倒装句式:
在非真实条件句中，如果条件句中有助动词be, had, should 等，连接词if 可以省略，如：
Should I come late tomorrow, you could ask someone else to
take my place.
Should anything gone wrong with this device, you should go and
check with the local dealer.
Had you been here a minute late, you would have caught him
cheating in the test.
Had we asked him a second time, we would sure have had his
advice.
Were I to attend the meeting in Shanghai, I would fly there
tomorrow.
Were they in our place, they would have a totally different
opinion of the situation.
这时候要注意，如果条件句在主句后面，这种倒装的句式看着相当别扭：
The whole school would not have had that silly idea of the so
called invention had they noticed the date of the invention
issued: April 1st.
I would have taken what you said for granted had I not been to
the place myself.
You would get double paid were I to ask you for additional
service.
We would cancel the trip were the weather to be rainy.
Go and check with the local dealer should the recorder not
work properly.
I would have to change my plan should anything wrong happens.
最后再次强调两点：
Ａ、对最后一组句子还要些说明：
如果条件从句指的是将来时间，非真实条件句有三种形式：
第①句：因为真实条件句指将来时间时用现在时态，倒移其时态形式，直接用一般过去时的形式；
第②句：这里用were to do 形式，应该指明这是由be to do 结构倒移时态形式的结果（从is(am,are)
to do 到were to do）；
第③句：这里用should do，可以解释为should 与were to 在此句式同义，属于同义替代。
Ｂ、非真实条件是建立在与事实相反、或很难成为现实的假设基础之上，其主句是建立在这样的假设之上的推论，主句的would
(could, might, should)表示着一种不可实现，或难以实现的可能性，决不能漏掉。
掌握了“时态倒移”的规律，非真实条件句的其他问题就很容易解决了。
二、be式虚拟
英语中，被叫做“be式虚拟”的这种虚拟语气，一般用在名词性从句中，这些名词性从句一般都与表示祈使意义的动词有关。最典型的是，suggest,
order, propose等表示祈使意义的动词的宾语从句，其谓语形式应该使用be式虚拟。
be式虚拟通过一种固定不变的谓语动词形式来表示说话者的一种“祈使愿望”，具体的做法是将谓语动词的形式固定为(should)
do,不论该语句应该使用什么时态，其谓语动词的形式都是(should)
do形式。以典型的动词be举例，不论它应该是什么时态形式，只要它用来表达“祈使愿望”的虚拟，它的形式就是（should)
be，或者说是be了，因此这种虚拟语气就被叫做be式虚拟。
例如：
We strongly suggested that the meeting be put off till the
next day.
The officer ordered that the spy be killed right away.
Mr. Smith proposed that people from both companies gather for
new ideas.
I will suggest to the school board that a basketball team be
set up soon.
以上几个句子中省略了should以后显得比较别扭，如果should这个词不省略，虽然看着就不那么别扭了，但是还是容易出错误的。
要记住两点：1、be式虚拟中的谓语动词形式是固定不变的，不受其本身应该使用的时态的限制；2、是否在一个宾语从句中使用be式虚拟，关键看该从句是否受含有祈使意义的动词的限定。
除suggest, order, propose 以外，这类含有祈使意义的动词还有：advise, ask,
arrange, beg, command, demand, decide, desire, make up one's
mind, insist, plead, recommend, require, request 等等。
这些动词不管口气强弱的程度如何，都是在“祈使”别人做什么，因此虽然动词比较多，但是并不难记忆。
这些动词中，有一些动词是多义词，如suggest 可表示“建议”也可表示“暗示、表明”, insist
可以表示“坚持要求”也可以表示“坚持认为、坚持表白”, decide (make up one's mind)
可表示“决定”也可以表示“认定、断定”, ask 可表示“要求”也可以表示“闻讯”等等,
只有当以上动词用作祈使意义的时候，受其限定的宾语从句的谓语才使用be式虚拟。
例如：
The principal suggested that the vacation be cut short to two
days.
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied.
My brother insisted that I give away my rights to have my
father's house.
The bookseller insisted that I stole his book, but I didn't.
The president decided that the trip be cancelled.
The police decided that the old man was the murderer.
I sincerely ask that you all attend the meeting tomorrow.
Miss Smith asked if I was interested in her boat.
前面提到了be式虚拟用于名词性从句，宾语从句只是名词性从句的一种。
下面请看几个表语从句中使用be式虚拟的情况:
My idea is that we begin the party with a warm welcome to Mr.
Black.
Their proposal was that we start out one hour earlier.
We stuck to the original plan that we have a meeting before
taking actions.
His request was that we help the old lady with her daily
shopping.
My advice is that you should not come back to this place again.
What he recommended was that we give it up completely.
What you should suggest to her is that she should go and see a
decent doctor.
(注意，最后一句话中的第一个should不能省略掉，第二个能。）
请看看几个主语从句中使用be式虚拟的情况：
That we go and visit the Great Wall was what you suggested to
us. Why didn't you go with us?
That you come to the school at 7:20 is clearly and firmly
required.
That the soldiers give up the city was the general's firm
order.
It will be desired that she finish all the preparation this
afternoon.
再请看看几个同位语从句中使用be式虚拟的情况：
They had a wrong attitude toward my suggestion that the house
not be rebuilt.
The order that soldiers shoot the protesters was not carried
out.
以上这些名词性从句一般都与表示祈使意义的动词有关，虽然这些从句作了主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句，但是从逻辑意义上讲，仍然是这些表示祈使意义的动词逻辑上的宾语从句。认识到这一点，be式虚拟的变化规律就好掌握了，这是be式虚拟学习中最重要的要点。
三、几个特殊的句式
1、it is important that... ...
请先看下列句子：
It is important that you come and deliver the speech tomorrow.
It is necessary that we let none of us fall behind.
It is essential that Mr. Li come to help us with the new task.
It is only natural that you pay your respect to your
colleagues.
请观察，以上各句所表达的其实都是一种建议，是一种比较强烈的suggestion，因此这类句式可以归纳在上面的be式虚拟中。
注意：有些人把it is strange that... 和it is a pity (shame)
that...也归在此类句式中，其实有些不当。
It is strange that you should know about the whole thing.
It was strange that Tom should have stolen his father's money.
It was a big shame that you should have spoken to me like that.
It was a pity that Linda should be so careless in the test.
It is no wonder that Mr. Smith should be so calm about the new
plan.
No wonder you should be so patient about it.
大家可以很清楚地看到，在it is strange that...和it is a pity (shame) that
...句式中没有丝毫的祈使意义，祈使意义是面向将来的，be 式虚拟语气的各种从句的情况发生在主句情况之后，而it is
strange that...和it is a pity (shame) that
...句式中从句的情况发生在主句情况之前，此句式中的should表示了说话人惊奇的情感，有“竟然”的意味，是根本不能省略的。如果说话人没有惊奇的情感，这一类的句子也完全可以不用
should 这个词：
It is a pity that Mr. Chamberlin did not turn up at the
meeting.
It was a shame that Janet refused to speak at the party.
It was strange that only a few people showed interest in our
products.
、it is (high) time that... ...
It is high time we went home now.
== It is high time we should go home now.
It is time we started doing our work.
==It is time we should start doing our work.
It is time we left for the airport.
==It is time we should leave for the airport.
从意义上讲，这个句式没有任何were式虚拟的意味，但是最流行的用法是在其从句中使用一般过去时态。虽然这个句式有很多be式虚拟的意味，而且也可以使用should
do的形式，但是远不如用过去时态的形式更为流行和普遍，建议最好使用一般过去时态的形式，少用should do的形式。
我建议，大家在理解和运用it is (high) time
that...句式的时候不要把它理解成虚拟语气，只是把它当作一个特定的句式就可以了，这样掌握起来反而便利得多。建议的要点有二：
1、在it is (high) time that...从句中尽量使用一般过去时态这种形式。
2、在it is (high) time that...从句中如果使用了should do
的形式，要注意这个句式中的should 一般不省略。
3、if only...引导的感叹句
在if only...引导的感叹句中使用的虚拟语气属于were式虚拟，一般都是对没有发生某种情况或不能发生某种情况的遗憾：
If only I were a bird!
If only my mother were with me now!
If only you had come to our help yesterday!
If only Linda could go with us tomorrow!
If only I had said more about it!
4、其它句式：
很多的书籍中还另外一些句式也归类于虚拟语气，不管在语言发展史上这些句式是否曾经属于虚拟语气，从学习的角度看，我建议，还是把这些句式作为特殊的语言现象来掌握更为容易。在这种情况下“死记硬背”更为有效，多问几个为什么没有实质上的实践意义。
在would like to do, would rather do, had better do 等句式中：
You had better not take this medicine any more.
I would rather stay home than go to the concert with my
parents.
Would you like to come to our party tonight.
表示客气和婉转的语气：
Could you answer this question for me?
Would you be kind enough to explain the paragraph for me? It would be better for you not to stay up too late.
在“may you + 动词原形句式”中表示祝愿：
May you be happy! == Be happy!
May you succeed!
May you have a safe journey home! == Safe journey home! May you have good luck! == Good luck!
May God bless you! == God bless you! == Bless you!
虚拟语气 倒装句练习
虚拟语气练习题2（填空） 1.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _______________(enjoy) the book from which it was made. 2.You are late. If you _______________(come) a few minutes earlier, you ______________(meet) him. 3.The two students talked as if they _____________(be) friends for years. 4.It is important that I _____________(be) with Mr. Williams immediately. 5.He looked as if he ______________(be) ill for a long time. 6.If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not ____________________there for two hours. 7.I wish that I ____________(go) with you last night. 9.I can’t stand him. He always talks as though he _______________(know) everything. 10.______________ the fog, we should have reached our school. 11.If you had told me in advance, I ______________(meet) him at the airport. 12.Mike can take his car apart and put it back together again. I certainly wish he_____________(teach) me how. 13.I would have told him the answer had it been possible, but I _____________(be) so busy then. 14.He’s working hard for fear that he ________________(fall) behind. 15.If it ______________ (rain) another ten minutes, the game would have been called off. 16.He suggested that they _______________ use a trick instead of fighting. 17.My father did not go to New York; the doctor suggested that he _______________(go) there. 18.I would have gone to the meeting if I _______________(have) time. 20.You look so tired tonight. It is time you __________________(go) to sleep. 21.—Why didn’t you buy a new car?—I would have bought one if I ____________(have) enough money. 23._________ he leave today, he would get there by Friday. 24.His doctor suggested that he _______________(take) a short trip abroad. 25.The Bakers arriv ed last night. If they’d only let us know earlier,we _______________(meet) him at the station. 26.If I ________ (be) you, I ___________________ (pay) more attention to English idioms and phrases. 27.We might have failed if you ________________ (give) us a helping hand. 28.The law requires that everyone ______________(have) his car checked at least once a year. 29.It is strange that he ______________(speak) so. 31.He has just arrived, but he talks as if he ______________(know) all about that. 32.If I _____________(possess) the money, I would have bought a much bigger car. 33.He was very busy yesterday; otherwise, he _________________(come) to the meeting. 34.The librarian insists that John _____________(take) no more books from the library before he returns all the books he has borrowed. 35.I left very early last night, but I wish I ______________(leave) so early. 36.I do not have a job. I would find one but I _____________(have) no time. 37.I wish that you ________________(have) such a b ad headache because I’m sure that you would have enjoyed the concert. 38.He insisted that we all __________(be) in his office at one o’clock. 39.Helen couldn’t go to France after all. That’s too bad. I’m sure she would have enjoyed it if she ___________(go). 40.I must go there earlier. John has suggested that I _______________(go) an hour before the discussion begins. 倒装句练习 1.Not until I began to work ________ I ___________(realize) how much time I had wasted. 2.Only by practising a few hours every day _______ you be able to master the language. 3.If you don't go，neither ____. 4.No sooner ______ I ______ (go) to the station ________ the train left. 5. —— Your father is very strict with you. So ________. He never lets off a single mistake of ours. 6. ______ he __________(leave) today，he would get there by Sunday.
虚拟语气和倒装
Subjunctive mood (1) Nevertheless, should a fight follow, neither creature will be badly hurt, for the loser will save himself by making a gesture of submission. (Line 5) (2) If it had not had this disability it would have undoubtedly stayed in the jungle and hunted for food in the customary way. (Line12) If the human population had not increased so rapidly, people would have had more space and freedom. (Line 23) (3) If the caged lion, for example, were free to wander on the grassy plains of Africa, it would be continually active, ranging over long distances, hunting in family groups. (Line 15) 此三类句子体现了虚拟语气的三种时态变化。 （1）第1句中“should a fight follow”是表示将来情况的虚拟语气，意思为“if a fight should follow”，句中省略了“if”，将“should”提前，构成倒装，表示“万一，一旦”的意思。值得注意的是本句中的主句部分未使用虚拟语气。 (2) 第二部分这两句是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。这类句子，从句用“had +动词过去分词”，主句用“would/should/could/might + have + 动词过去分词”。 (3) 第3句是与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从句用“did/were”，主句用“would/should/could/ might + 动词原型”。 虚拟语气专项复习： A．虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况： if+主语+过去时+其他+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例：If I were you, I would take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。 If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。 If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。（事实：没带钱）If he studied harder, he might pass the exam.如果他再努力些，就能通过考试了。（事实：学习不用功）2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 if+主语+had done +其他+主语+should/would/could/might+have done+其他 例：If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。 If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 ①if+主语+did/should/were to do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ② if+主语+did/be(were)+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 ③if+主语+should+do+sth.+主语+should/would/could/might+do+其他 例：If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。 If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 4、有时，虚拟条件句中，结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作不是同时发生时， ①从句的动作与过去事实相反，而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 如：If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话，我现在也会成为一个工程师了
虚拟语气详解
虚拟语气详解 虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望（往往与客观事实相反），或是表示假象和猜测。虚拟语气无论从形式上还是时态上都比较复杂，需要归类记忆。 虚拟语气大体分为三类：(1) be型虚拟(2) were型虚拟(3) if 条件句及主句虚拟下面会详细说每种虚拟形式的特征和规律，考试时先判断属于哪种虚拟类型，剩下的皆是套路~ （1）be型虚拟（基本是套路） 形式：should + 动词原形，should可以省略 用法：1）表示“命令、建议、要求”等意义词语之后的宾语从句用be型虚拟，常见的词如下: demand, desire, insist, order, ask, command, propose, recommend, suggest, prefer, require, request等 最常见的形式是这类动词后面接着一个宾语从句，则宾语从句的谓语部分要用（should）+ 动词原形来虚拟 例: We demand that the meeting（should）be postponed. The manager suggested that we (should) work together. 注意：有时候你所见到不一定是上述动词引导的宾语从句，而是由上述词变体后所引导主语从句(it做形式主语，如：it is advised/ suggested/ requested/ ordered/ proposed that…)、表语从句或同位语从句 例如：It is required that the students (should) learn a foreign language. (主语从句) The requirement is that all the equipment in the meeting room (should) be checked twice before. (表语从句) We didn’t stand for his proposal that the meeting (should)be postponed. (同位语从句) 只要看到句中有上述动词或其变体，不管词性怎么变、句型怎么变，都用be型虚拟！ 特例：suggest和insist这两个比较特殊，当suggest作“暗示、表明、说明”讲，insist 作“坚持说”讲，后面一般跟的是客观事实，不需要虚拟~这是一个比较重要的考点，体会下面两组句子： We all suggest that a lab (should) be built. 我们都建议建一个实验室。 Her expression suggests that she is angry. 她的表情说明她生气了。 She insisted that we should find the source of the river. 她坚持主张我们应该找到河的源头。 She insisted that she had done nothing wrong. 她坚持说自己没做错事。 suggest 的区别很明显，但insist有点难辨别，一般来说如果insist后面跟的是某种主张，或是坚持要做一件事，那么用虚拟。 2）表示主观看法，常表示“某事是必要的、重要的。。。怎么怎么样的”，尤其是在“ it is +名词/形容词+ that从句”结构中，常见的形容词包括：advisable, desirable, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, proper, dispensable, impossible, natural, surprising等 例如：It is advisable that you (should) leave now. It is necessary that teenagers (should) take part in outside activities. It is of great importance that smoking (should) be banned in public area.
虚拟语气及倒装Word版
环球雅思教育学科教师讲义讲义编号： ______________ 副校长/组长签字：签字日期： 【考纲说明】 虚拟语气和倒装的考察一般出现在单选和完成句子中，需要学会应用基本句型。 【知识梳理】 虚拟语气 一、语气 英语中的语气分为三类： 陈述语气（用于陈述句、疑问句、感叹句） 祈使语气（用于祈使句） 虚拟语气（用于条件状语从句、宾语从句等） 二、虚拟语气 如果所说的不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、建议或是一种实现不了的空想，就用虚拟语气。 三、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法 1、真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句 Eg：If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus.( 真实条件状语) ：If I were you, I would go at once.（非真实条件状语从句） ：If there was no air, people would die.（非真实条件状语从句） 2、虚拟语气在非真实条件状语从句中的用法及动词形式
①表示与现在事实相反的情况 If I were you, I’d take an umbrella.如果我是你，我会带把伞。 If I had any money with me, I could lend you some.如果我带钱了，我就会借给你些。 ②表示与过去事实相反的情况 Eg：If I had got there earlier, I should/could have met her.如果我早到那儿，我就会见到她。 If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake.如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话） ③表示对将来情况的主观推测（可能相反或可能性很小） Eg：If he would come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him.如果他哪天来这儿的话，我就跟他谈谈。（事实：来的可能性很小） If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating.如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了.（事实：不知能否下雪） 四、虚拟语气的其他用法 1、虚拟语气用在wish 后的宾语从句 a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望，谓语动词用过去式 eg: I wish I had your brains.我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实：我根本比不上你) b、表示过去事实相反的愿望，谓语动词：had+v-ed eg: I wish I had known the truth of the matter.我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。 c、表示将来难以实现的愿望, 谓语动词：should/would + 动词原形. eg: I wish I should have a chance again.很难再有这样的机会了。（ 2、虚拟语气用在suggest(建议)、insist(坚持)、demand(要求)、order(命令)等动词后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语动词都用：“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。 如 He suggested/ insisted/ordered/demandthat we (should) take the teacher’s advice. 倒装 一．倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有： 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he comes. Away they went. 二．倒装句之部分倒装
可用虚拟语气的用法总结
虚拟语气的用法总结 语气：语气是动词的一中形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。 虚拟语气表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望，假设或推测等。如If I were you, I should study English. 一．虚拟语气在条件从句的用法 条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句；一类是非真实条件句，也就是虚拟条件句。 如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件句，谓语要用陈述语气。如If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句 If her mother had taken the doctor’s advice, she would/might have got well earlier. If it were to rain tomorrow, the match would be canceled. 有时候省略if，采用局部倒装语序。把had /should/were 等动词（不包括行为动词）移到从句的句首。例如： Were it to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be canceled. Had it not been for the storm, we would have arrived in time. Should the earth stop running, what would happen? 二. 错综时间条件句 有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致，这时需要根据意思采用表示不同时间的动词形式来进行调整。 If she had taken the doctor’s advice, she might still be alive. If I were you, I would have accepted their terms. 三．含蓄条件句
虚拟语气及倒装
虚拟语气 一、基础巩固 虚拟语气基本形式 1. 2. 3. 4. It's high time that
5. 用于should类型虚拟语气的动词： 建议_____________________ 命令_____________________ 要求_____________________ 坚持_____________________ 6．有时虚拟语气是通过上下文的语义表示出来的： He would have given you more help, but he was very busy. (If he had not been so busy…) He was seriously ill, otherwise he would have come to our meeting. (otherwise = If he had not been seriously ill) 二、单项选择 1. We demanded that we _______ of any change in the plan. A. informed B. would be informed C. be informed D. had been informed 2. It’s necessary that he _______ a recognized qualification. A. has B. have C. had D. having 3. It's high time we ______ our attention to this problem.
A. turned B. turn C. had turned D. would turn 4. If only you __________ him what I said! Everything would have been all right. A. didn't told B. hadn't told C. would not tell D. would have not told 5. He must have had an accident, or he_______ here then. A. would have been B. had been C. should have been D. could be 6. Much labour would have been saved if the electronic computers_______ before. A. had invented B. were invented C. should have been invented D. had been invented 7. _______ cease advertising, prices would be significantly reduced. A. Were they to B. Could they C. If they D. Would they 8. Five minutes earlier, and we ________ the last bus. A. had caught B. should have caught C. could have caught D. caught
英语常见虚拟语气最全总结
英语常见虚拟语气最全总结 一、初中英语虚拟语气 1．If I ____ a candle, I would light the world bright. A．am B．are C．be D．were 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析：句意：如果我是一根蜡烛，我将点亮这个世界。if I were 如果我是…，were虚拟语气，be动词都用were,故选D 考点：if条件句的虚拟语气 点评：if条件句的虚拟语气，是中考要求掌握的知识点，分为三种情况： 表示与现在事实相反的情况，从句谓语动词用一般过去式（be用were），主句谓语动词 用should/would/could/might +do;2.表示与过去的事实相反的情况，从句谓语动词用过去完成时，主句谓语动词用should/would/could/might+have done;3.表将来的事实相反的情况，从句谓语动词用should+动词/did/were to do，主句谓语动词用should/would/could/might +do。 2．If I _______ you, I _______ go there. A．is; will B．is; would C．were; would D．was; will 【答案】C 【解析】本题考查虚拟语气，if引导的与现在事实相反的虚拟语气。从句用一般过去式，主句用过去将来时。句意：如果我是你的话，我会去那儿的。 1.57．---What would you do if you a million dollars? ---If I you, I’d g ive it to medical research. A．got, were B．win, am C．won, am D．get, were 【答案】A 【解析】本题是考查的虚拟语气，对于将来的假设，主句用过去将来时，从句用一般过去时，且be动词为were，故选A 2.58．What _____ you _____ if you had a million dollars? A．would, did B．will, do C．would, do D．will, did 【答案】C 【解析】本题是对于虚拟语气的特殊疑问句的考查，根据句子的结构，选C 3．I suggest that we Chinese people_______Chinese culture with love and joy everywhere we go. A．spread B．spreading C．to spread D．will spread 【答案】A 【解析】 【详解】 句意：我建议我们中国人无论走到哪里都要带着爱心和欢乐来传播中国文化， 考查动词suggest后跟虚拟语气。spread是动词原形；spreading是动名词；to spread是动
be型虚拟语气及倒装
be-型虚拟式的主要用法如下。 用于表示命令、决定、建议等词语之后的that-分句中 be-型虚拟式的这一用法又有以下三种情况: a)用在decide, decree, demand, insist,moveorder,prefer,propose,recommend,request,require,suggest,vote等动词之后的that分句中。例如: He ordered that all the books be sent at once、 We propose that somebody neutral take the chair(担任主席)。 She insisted that she go to the south for her holiday、 Congress has decided /voted/ decreed that the present law be maintained、 The doctor insisted that he not eat meat、 b)用在decision, decree, demand, Instruction, order, requirement, resolution等名词之后的that-分句中。例如: The board(理事会) has given instructions that the agent fly to Boston、 We were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished、 Your advice that she wait till next week is reasonable、 Their decision was that the school remain closed、 His order that the troops not be sent at once was carried out、 在这一用法中be-型虚拟式能与“should +不定式”交替使用,也能与不定式被动语态交替使用。例如: He ordered that the books be sent at once、 =He ordered that books should be sent at once、 =He ordered the books to be sent at once、 It is important that she be placed in an appropriate job、 =It is important that she should be placed in an appropriate job、 =It is important for her to be placed in an appropriate job、 be-型虚拟式能用于由if, though, whatever, lest, so long as等引导的分句中表示推测、让步、防备等含义。例如: If he be found guilty, John shall have the tight of appeal、 If the rumour be true, everything is possible、 Though everyone desert you, I will not Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty、 So long as a volume hold together, I am not disturbed as to its outer appearance、 Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unswerving support、 Quietly we sat on the river bank lest the fish swim away、 上述用法现在只限于正式书面语体,在非正式语体中通常用动词陈述式或者用should/may+不定式。例如: If the rumour is true, everything is possible、 He hid himself in the bush lest he should be seen、 Whatever his defense may be, we can\'t tolerate this disloyalty、 用于某些公式化的语句中 be-型虚拟式用于某些公式化语句中可表示祝愿、诅咒、禁止等意义。例如: Long live the People\'s Republic of China! God bless you! Heaven forbid!(天理不容) Devil take him!(混蛋) So be it、(但愿如此/就这样吧。) Suffice it to say that、、、(只需说……就够了。) Far be it from me to(我极不愿) spoil the fun、
虚拟语气与倒装句
语法系列复习专题十-----虚拟语气、倒装句型 虚拟语气 虚拟语气是通过特殊的谓语动词形式来表达的愿望、假设、怀疑、猜测或建议等语气，它不表示客观存在。 一、虚拟语气在单句中的用法 常用来表示祝愿、采用固定的倒装句式。例如： Long live the People s Republic of China!中华人民共和国万岁！ be happy! 快乐！ have a good time! 玩得愉快！ May you 祝你 succeed! 成功！ make progress! 进步！ 二、虚拟语气在复合句中的用法： 1．在非真实性条件句和主句中的用法 条件从句主句 一般过去时（be多用于were）would/should/could/might＋动词原形 如果我是你，我会接受邀请的。 If I had time,I would go there. 如果我有空，我就去那儿。 条件从句主句 过去完成时would/should/could/might＋have done 如果你早点来，你就不会错过那辆公共汽车了。 If he had seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book. 如果他昨天见到了你，他就会还你的书的。 条件从句主句 一般过去时（be多用were） would/should/could/might＋动词原形 should do,were to do put off.万一明天下雨，运动会就推迟。（事实上明天下雨的可能性不大。） If you dropped/should drop/were to drop the glass,it would break. 万一杯子掉下来会打碎的。 4）i f的省略 如果条件句中有were,had,should 等助动词，可将if省略，而把were,had或should 置于句首,来表达以if引导的条件句的相同意思。 例如：Should it rain/were it to rain tomorrow,the sports meet would be put off./Had he seen you yesterday,he would have returned your book. 5)条件句或主句的省略 当有上下文或上下句中的语言环境暗示的时候，表示虚拟语气的从句或主句往往可以省略，以避免重复。 例如：——Why didn t you attend the party yesterday? ——I would/should have,but I was too busy then. I was surprised that you didn t like this job.You could have done it better.（后面省略了if you had liked it.） 6)混合时间条件句和主句 条件句和主句的动作发生的时间有先后之差，应按各自动作时间搭配好相应的结构形式。 例如：If the teacher hadn t been ill yesterday,who could give us a lecture now?/If you had
虚拟语气用法总结讲课稿
虚拟语气用法总结
虚拟语气用法总结 朱世梅 新时代大学英语中针对虚拟语气的练习题较多,而学生们往往把握不好虚拟语气的正确使用,现将其用法总结如下: 一.虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达： a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。 b. 与客观事实相反地情景，即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。 c. 虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而且一般有明显得标志。 二.虚拟语气的考点为： 1.If 句型 (共有三种句型) 非真实条件句: a.与现在的事实相反：从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形 If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day. b.与过去的事实相反：从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋现在完成时 If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree. c.与将来的事实相反：从句用should (were to，did) + 动词原形，主句的谓语用would (could, might) ＋动词原形 If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.
注意：虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。 Eg: Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. Eg:_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day. A. If were I B. I were C. Were I D. Was I 答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren't I to do. d.混合条件句主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在)谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。 Eg: If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在). 2.Wish 句型表达“但愿…，要是…多好”的语气表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为： He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲那样的话。 I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。 Wish to do表达法: Wish sb / sth to do I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. I wish the manager to be informed at once. (= I want the manager to be informed at once.) 3.在强制性语气的宾语从句中的运用即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，其中should 经常被省略。这类动词包括： suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist,