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小学英语上海_语法

小学英语上海_语法
小学英语上海_语法

第3讲名词

名词是指表示人和事物名称的词,可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。

1、专有名词:特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。

e.g. Jim Green, New York, Bank of China,Peking University

星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。

e.g. Monday,May,Christmas,Spring Festival,Maths,China Daily

2、普通名词:表示一类人或物或抽象概念的名称。普通名词又可以分为四类: 个体名词——表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:student , desk

集体名词——表示若干个体组成的集合体,如:class , family

物质名词——表示无法分为个体的物质名称,如:water , rice , sand,hair

抽象名词——表示情感,状态,品质等抽象名称,如:love ,carelessness 个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词,有单、复数形式;物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词,一般只有一种形式。

注意:

①集体名词被看作一个整体时,表达单数概念。

e.g. His family was well known in the town. 他家在镇里是名门望族。

②集体名词被看作若干个体的集合时,表达复数概念。

e.g. His family are waiting for him. 她的家人正在等他。

③集体名词表达多个集体时,也有复数形式。

e.g. Our village is made up of 300 families. 我们村有300户人家。

3、可数名词复数形式的构成规则:

①一般名词在末尾直接加s,清辅音后读/ s /,浊辅音和元音后读/ z / e.g. book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds

②以s、x、sh、ch结尾,加es,读/ IZ /

e.g. bus-buses, box-boxes,brush-brushes,watch-watches

③以辅音字母+y结尾,变y为i,再加es,读/ z /

e.g. baby-babies, library-libraries,factory-factories

④以f或fe结尾,变f或fe为v,再加es,读/ vz /

e.g. thief-thieves,knife-knives

⑤以o结尾,表示无生命的物体时加s, 表示有生命的物体时,加es,都读/ z /

e.g. photo-photos, piano-pianos, radio-radios, zoo-zoos

potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes,mango-mangoes,hero-heroes

⑥不规则变化

e.g. man-men child-children foot-feet fish-fish woman-women mouse-mice tooth-teeth sheep-sheep policeman-policemen

ox-oxen goose-geese deer-deer

▲ fish表示鱼的数量时,单复数同形;表示鱼的种类时,复数为fishes.

e.g. My cat had two fish for lunch.

You can see a lot of different fishes in the lake.

4、不可数名词一般只有原形,没有复数形式,但是可以借助量词表示一定的数量。如果表达两个或两个以上的概念时,量词需要用复数形式,不可数名词不变。

e.g. a bottle of water ,a cup of coffee,two glasses of milk ,five bags of rice

▲这种形式用于可数名词时,量词和可数名词都要用复数。

e.g. ten baskets of eggs

5、既可用作可数,又可用作不可数的名词:

不可数 glass 玻璃 paper 纸 iron 铁 wood 木头 beauty 美 room 空间可数 a glass 一只玻璃杯 a paper 一份报纸、论文、文件 a iron 一个熨斗 a wood 一片森林 a beauty 一个美人 a room 一个房间

6、名词所有格

①在英语中,有些名词可以加’s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格。大多数表示有生命的东西。 e.g. Tom?s book

②如果复数名词末尾已有s,就直接加’。 e.g. the teachers? office

③如果一些物品为两者共有,只需在后一个名词后加’s ;如果为各自所有,则需在每个名词后加’s。

e.g. Lucy and Lily?s bedroom.(Lucy 和 Lily共用一个卧室)

Lucy?s and Lily?s bedrooms.(Lucy 和 Lily分别拥有各自的卧室)

④表示无生命的物体的名词所有格,一般与of短语连用。

e.g. a map of the world ,a photo of my family

⑤双重所有格:把of所有格和’s所有格结合在一起表示所有关系。

e.g. a friend of my father?s

第4讲冠词

冠词一般用在名词的前面,对名词起限定作用,不能离开名词单独存在。

1、不定冠词a,an用在单数可数名词前面,泛指一类人或物中的任何一个。

① a用于辅音音素开头的名词之前。e.g. a bed,a computer,a “U”

② an用于元音音素开头的名词之前。 e.g. an egg,an umbrella,an hour

2、定冠词the用在单数或复数可数名词前,也可用在不可数名词前。

①表示特指的人或物前。

e.g. The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.

②指说话人双方都知道的人或物前。 e.g. Lily, close the door, please.

③在上文提到过,第二次又提到的人或物前。

e.g. There is a man under the tree. The man is called James.

④表示世界上独一无二的事物前。

e.g. The sun is bigger than the moon.

⑤用在序数词前面。

e.g. It is the first day of the new term.

⑥用在乐器名称前。

e.g. He often plays the violin at weekends.

⑦用在形容词最高级前。

e.g. Spring is the best season in a year.

⑧用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。 e.g. I went to the Great Wall last week.

⑨用在国家名称的缩写前。 e.g. He is from the UK.

3、零冠词:名词前不用冠词的情况。

在季节、月份、星期、节假日、三餐、球类或棋类运动前,通常不用冠词。 e.g. have breakfast ,play basketball,play chess

第5讲代词

1、人称代词:表示“我、你、他、她、它、我们、你们、他们”的词。

①主格一般用在句子开头做主语,通常用在动词前。

e.g. I am a student. They are cleaning the classroom.

②宾格可以用来表示动作行为的对象,一般用在动词和介词后面。

e.g. Ask her, please. Listen to me carefully.

2、物主代词:表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。

①形容词性物主代词后面一般要带上名词。如:my watch, his cousin, our school

②名词性物主代词本身就可以看作是名词,故其后不能再加名词,可单独使用。

e.g. —Is that your bike?—No. Mine is blue.

3、不定代词:没有明确指定代替某个(些)人或物的词叫不定代词。

(1)some和any

都表示“一些”,既可以修饰可数名词,也可以修饰不可数名词。

① some多用在肯定句中,any多用在否定句和疑问句中。

e.g. There are some flowers in the garden. (肯定句)

There isn?t any milk in the fridge. (否定句) Do you have any hobbies? (疑问句)

②在表示邀请和希望对方给予肯定回答的疑问句中也要用some。

e.g. —Would you like some coffee? —Yes, please. (邀请)

—Mum, can I have some peaches? —Sure.(希望对方给予肯定回答)

(2)both和all

① both表示“两个都……”,只指代或修饰可数名词。 e.g. We are both policemen.(强调两人)

② all表示“三个或三个以上都……”,既可指代或修饰可数名词,也可指代或修饰不可数名词。 e.g. They are all in the room.(至少三人)

(3)many和much都表示“许多”,many修饰可数名词,much修饰不可数名词。 e.g. My uncle has many stamps. There is much tea in the cup.

(4)each和every

each强调个人,指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”;every是指许多人或事物的“全体”,与all的意思相近。

e.g. I?ll buy a present for each of her parents. 我要为她的父母每人买一件礼物。 Every book in his study is interesting. 他书房里的每本书都很有趣。(5)other 作形容词时意思是“其他的”,指尚未提到的部分,其后一般接复数

名词。 e.g. We study Chinese, English, Maths and other subjects.

(6)something和everything

① something 某事;某物 e.g. I want something to drink.

② everything 一切事物;每样事物 e.g. Tell me everything about you.

(7)nobody 没有人 e.g. She likes nobody and nobody likes her.

4、疑问代词:用来表达疑问或构成疑问句的代词,一般放在疑问句的句首。

5、指示代词

① this(这个)、these(这些)表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物。

② that(那个)、those(那些)表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。

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