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《美国文学选读》第二版课后习题答案

Unit 14 F·Scott Fitzgerald

The American Modernism

(1914 - 1945)

Part One: Introduction:

II. Modernism?

Modernism is a??cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance, painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20th century , particularly in the years following World War I. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late??19th century academic and historical tradition, and embraced the new economic, social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.

The avant-garde movements that followed including Impressionism,??Post-Impressionism, Cubism, Futurism,??Expressionism,??Constructivism, De Stijl, and??Abstract Expressionism are generally defined as Modernist.

Modernism in literature is not easily summarized, but the key elements are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism and a stress on the cerebral(大脑的）rather than emotive aspects. The work of Modernist writers is characterized by showing the disenchantment（觉醒）, dislocation（混乱）, and alienation（疏远）of men in the world, and by the emphasis on??experimentation and formalism and objectivism which are, in most cases, a reaction to the cataclysm(大变动）known as the Modern Age.

Among American writers, the best-known Modernists are T.S.Eliot, Ezra Pound, F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner and so on.

The Lost Generation:

The Lost Generation is a term used to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian (A person with artistic or literary interests who disregards conventional standards of behavior) lifestyle in Paris.

Full of youthful idealism, these individuals sought the meaning of life, drank excessively, had love affairs and created some of the finest American literature to date.

The Lost Generation

American poet Gertrude Stein actually coined the expression "lost generation." Speaking to Ernest Hemingway, she said, "you are all a lost generation."

The main representatives of Lost Generation include F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway and John Dos Passos(多斯?柏索斯).

F. Scott Fitzgerald (1890 - 1940)

I. Brief Introduction:

1.? ?He is best known for his novels and short stories which chronicle(编年史）the excesses of America's 'Jazz Age' during the 1920s.

2.? ?Born into a fairly well-to-do family in St Paul, Minnesota（明尼苏达州）in 1896, Fitzgerald attended, but never graduated from Princeton University. He mingled with the brilliant classes from the Eastern Seaboard.

3.? ?In 1917 he was drafted into the army, he spent much of his time writing and re-writing his first novel This Side of Paradise, which on its publication in 1920 became an instant success. In the same year he married the beautiful Zelda Sayre and together they embarked on a rich life of endless parties.

4.? ? Dividing their time between America and fashionable resorts in Europe, the Fitzgeralds became as famous for their lifestyle as for the novels he wrote. Fitzgerald once said 'Sometimes I don't know whether Zelda and I are real or whether we are characters in one of my novels'.

5.? ???He followed his first success with The Beautiful and the Damned (1922), and The Great Gatsby (1925) which Fitzgerald considered his masterpiece. It was also at this time that Fitzgerald wrote many of his short stories which helped to pay for his extravagant lifestyle.

The bubble burst in the 1930s when Zelda became increasingly troubled by mental illness. Tender is the Night (1934), the story of Dick Diver and his schizophrenic wife Nicole, goes some way to show the pain that Fitzgerald felt.

The book was not well received in America and he turned to script-writing in Hollywood for the final three years of his life.

It was at this time he wrote the autobiographical essays collected posthumously in The Crack-Up and his unfinished novel, The Last Tycoon. He died in 1940.

II. His masterpiece: The Great Gatsby

1.The story summary:

The entire story takes place in one summer in 1922.

The novel describes the life and death of Jay Gatsby, as seen through the eyes of a narrator who does not share the same point of view as the fashionable people around him.

The narrator learns that Gatsby became rich by breaking the law. Gatsby pretends to be a well-educated war hero, which he is not, yet the narrator portrays him as being far more noble than the rich, cruel, stupid people among whom he and Gatsby live.

Gatsby?s character is purified by a deep, unselfish love for Dai sy, a beautiful, silly woman who, earlier, married a rich husband instead of Gatsby and moved into high society.

Gatsby has never lost his love for her and, in an era when divorce has become easy, he tries to win her back by becoming rich himself. He does not succeed, and in the end he is killed??by accident because of his determination to shield Daisy from disgrace.

None of Gatsby?s upper class friends come to his funeral. The narrator is so disgusted that he leaves New Y ork and returns to his original home.

What is Fitzgerald?s attitude toward Tom and Daisy?

He criticized them as selfish, hypocritical persons.

From The Great Gatsby, talk about F. Scott Fitzgerald?s achievement.

Fitzgerald?s greatness lies in the fact that he found intuitively in his pers onal experience the embodiment of that of the nation and created a myth out of American life.

The story of The Great Gatsby is a good illustration ……

3.? ?Gatsby?s life follows a clear pattern: There is, at first, a dream; then disenchantment, and finally a sense of failure and despair. In this, Gatsby?s personal experience approximates the whole of the American experience up to the first few decades of this century.

4.? ?Now the virgin forests have vanished and made way for a modern civilization, the only fitting symbol of which is the “valley of ashes, ” the living hell.

5. Here modern men live in sterility（贫瘠）and meaninglessness and futility(无益）as best illustrated by Gatsby?s essentially pointless parties. The crowds hardly know their host; many come and go without invitation. The music, the laughter, and the faces signify the purposelessness and loneliness of the partygoers beneath their masks of relaxation and joviality.(快活）

6.The shallowness of Daisy whose voice is “full of money”, the restless wicke dness of Tom, the

representative of the egocentric, careless rich, and Gatsby who is, on the one hand, charmingly innocent enough to believe that the past can be recovered and resurrected（复兴）, tragically convinced of the power of money.

Background of the Novel

F. Scott Fitzgerald wrote and set The Great Gatsby in the United States in the 1920s.

After World War I, the American economy was thriving, the stock market was growing quickly, and the decade was known as the Roaring Twenties兴旺的二十年代.

It was also a period of great social upheaval.

In November 1920, women had been granted the right to vote, alcohol had been prohibited by a constitutional amendment,

and a predominantly African-American form of music, Jazz, was becoming mainstream. Fitzgerald had dub bed this era the “Jazz Age".

Nick Carraway

Nick Carraway (Narrator)—a 29-year-old (thirty by the end of the book) bond salesman from the Midwest, a veteran, a Y ale graduate, and resident of Long Island. Neighbor of Gatsby.

Nick is the hardest character to understand in the book because he is the narrator and will therefore only give us an impression of himself that he would like to give.

He tells the reader that "I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known", but we see him lie on several occasions. So it is all but impossible to get an accurate picture of Nick.

By the end of the book he is very jaded(厌倦的）, though. When he and Jordan break up he says "I'm thirty. I'm five years too old to lie to myself and call it honor". “要是我年轻五岁，也许我还可以欺骗自己，说这样做光明正大。”

Gatsby

Jay Gatsby (originally James “Jimmy” Gatz)—a young, mysterious millionaire later revealed to be self-made, originally from North Dakota, with shady business connections and a nostalgic(怀旧的）love for Daisy Fay Buchanan, whom he had met when he was a young officer in World War I. To understand Gatsby one has to look at not only his true life, but the life that he tried to create for himself.

The truth is that he came from poor beginnings and created a fantasy world where he was rich and powerful.

Even in his youth Gatsby was not content with what he had. He wanted money, so he managed to get it. He wanted Daisy, and she slipped through his fingers.

So even when his wealth and stature are at their greatest, he will not be content. He must have Daisy.

But more than that there is a drive to possess her because that is what he wanted for all of those years. She was part of his image for the future and he had to have her.

And although Gatsby seems very kind, he is not afraid to be unscrupulous to get what he wants. When he wanted money, he was more than willing to become a bootlegger（酿私酒者）. His drive is what makes him who he is, good and bad. And it is this drive that ends up ruining his life. Daisy

Nick's second cousin, once removed; and the wife of Tom Buchanan.

Daisy is believed to have been inspired by Fitzgerald's own youthful romance with Chicago heiress Ginevra King.

Gatsby had courted but lost Daisy due to their different social standing, the main reason Fitzgerald

believed he had lost Ginevra.

Daisy is a trapped woman.

She's trapped in a marriage that she is unhappy in and trapped in a world where she has no chance to be free or independent.

She is at the mercy of（受……支配）her husband, a man who takes her for granted.

Daisy is also terribly clever, delivering some of the funnier lines of the book.

When a reader looks at the foolishness and shallowness of Daisy they must realize that Daisy may be doing out of necessity.

As she said when she delivered her daughter, "- that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool".

Daisy is smart enough to understand the limits imposed on her and has become jaded and indulgent because of them.

The word careless also describes Daisy well. Many of the things that Daisy does, the accident with Myrtle in particular, show a woman who is just careless.

She has become very much wrapped up in （酷爱）herself. Part of this is due to the fact that she had been spoiled all her life.

She was born into money and had an endless assortment of men who would continue to spoil her. So she has learned to think only of herself without regard for the people that it may hurt.

Tom

Thomas "Tom" Buchanan—an arrogant "old money" millionaire who lives on East Egg, and the husband of Daisy.

Buchanan had parallels to William Mitchell, the Chicagoan who married Ginevra King. Buchanan and Mitchell were both Chicagoans with an interest in polo(马球）.

Like Ginevra's father, whom Fitzgerald resented, Buchanan attended Y ale.

Being born into a family that is wealthy has made Tom a spoiled man.

He hasn't really worked his entire life and instead spends his days in indulgence and ease.

He has a shameless affair with Myrtle because it satisfies his needs.

He flaunts(炫耀）their relationship in public because he does not concern himself with the consequences of his actions, he's never had to.

This is also why he and Daisy escape in the end of the book. There was a situation they would have to face and they didn't want to.

So they ran to their money and fled the situation, leaving it to be dealt with by others.

Tom will spend his whole life doing things like that because that is who he is: A careless man who won't be bothered by the suffering he causes.

Jordan

Jordan Baker—She is Daisy 's long-time friend, a professional golf player. Fitzgerald told Maxwell Perkins that her character was based on the golfer Edith Cummings, a friend of Ginevra King.

Jordan faces the same problems that Tom and Daisy do.

She has been born with money and has lived in a culture full of money and has been spoiled by it. She is surrounded by people like the Buchanans who perpetuate her indulgent behavior.

This can be observed in the scene where she and Nick are driving in the city and calls her a careless driver. She says she doesn't worry because the other people on the road aren't as careless as her and that she makes sure she surrounds herself with people who won't "crash" into her.

It can be seen that Jordan has no concept of accountability and that has been furthered by the people who allow her to go unaccountable.

Chapter Nine

Nick makes plans for the funeral.

Gatsby's Funeral, three people show up.

Nick returns to the west.

Nick meets with Tom Buchanan

Nick gets a last view of Gatsby's house.

Chapter 9

Nick calls Daisy's house to speak to her but she and Tom have left without any way to be reached. He also tries to get in contact with Meyer Wolfsheim but cannot. Wolfsheim sends a letter later saying that he cannot comes to Gatsby's funeral.

Shortly after Gatsby dies. A few days later Henry Gatz, Gatsby's father, comes to the house. He had heard about Gatsby's death in the paper and came at once.

The day of the funeral Nick goes into the city to see Wolfsheim. Nick has to force himself into Wolfsheim's office, but Meyer refuses to come to the funeral saying that he can't get mixed up in another man's death.

When Nick returns to the house he and Mr. Gatz talk about what Gatsby was like when he was younger. Gatz shows Nick a schedule that Gatsby wrote out when he was younger that shows a very driven, determined young Gatsby.

The minister arrives at the house and seems ready to start the funeral but Nick asks him to wait for more people to show up, but no one does.

When the small group goes to the cemetery another man shows up for the service. He was a man who came to Gatsby's party that summer and thought he should be there out of respect.

A few days later Nick goes to see Jordan and formally end things between them. She tells him that she is engaged to another man and although not surprised, Nick pretends to be.

Another afternoon Nick sees Tom on the street in the city. Nick is obviously disgusted with Tom and asks him what he said to Wilson. Nick has figured out that Tom was the one who told Wilson that it was Gatsby that was having an affair with his wife and who ran her down. Tom denies it but Nick is certain.

Nick goes back to his home one last time and decides that he doesn't want to live in the East anymore.

He believes that he, and all of the others, were not fit to live out in the East and that is why they failed there.

Explanation

The poor attendance at Gatsby's funeral exemplifies the ultimate failure of Gatsby to ever achieve what he wanted.

The woman he loved was not present, she was off with her husband.

None of the people who frequented the parties over the summer showed up

and Wolfsheim, one of the few people who could be called a close friend to Gatsby, refused to attend.

This can all be tied into the final quote about trying to grasp for that green light.

The more Gatsby tried to obtain, the less he ended up with. Like the green light, it receded(后退）before him no matter how badly he wanted all of it.

And Tom and Daisy's sudden disappearance shows the truly careless nature of these two.

As Nick says, "They were careless people, Tom and Daisy- they smashed up things are creatures and then receded back into their money...".

汤姆和黛西，他们是粗心大意的人——他们砸碎了东西，毁灭了人，然后就退缩到自己的金钱或者麻木不仁或者不管什么使他们留在一起的东西之中，让别人去收拾他们的烂摊子……The privileged life the two had led made them incapable of accepting responsibility for their actions.

This is why Daisy is willing to leave Gatsby in order to escape punishment.

No matter how true her words of love to him were, she was willing to sacrifice them to run away from responsibility.

Another look at the importance of the word careless is when Nick goes to see Jordan.

She brings up the time he called her a careless driver.

She says that Nick was careless also and that it was careless of her to trust him, that he was false and a liar.

This is also interesting because of how honest Nick claims to be.

"I am one of the few honest people that I have ever known",

Analysis of Chapter 9

The final line of The Great Gatsby is one of the most famous in American literature, and serves as a sort of epitaph（墓志铭）for both Gatsby and the novel as a whole.

So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.

于是我们奋力向前划，逆流向上的小舟，不停地倒退，进入过去

Here, Nick reveals Gatsby's lifelong quest to transcend his past as ultimately futile.

In comparing this backward-driving force to the current of a river, Fitzgerald presents it as both inexorable（无情的）and, in some sense, naturally determined. It is the inescapable lot of humanity to move backward.

Nick, in reflecting on America as a whole, links its fate to Gatsby's.

America, according to Fitzgerald, was founded on the ideals of progress and equality.

The America envisioned by its founders was a land made for men like Gatsby: it was intended as a place where visionary dreamers could thrive.

Instead, people like Tom and Daisy Buchanan have recreated the excesses of the European aristocracy in the New World.

Gatsby, for all his wealth and greatness, could not become a part of their world; his noble attempt to engineer his own destiny was destroyed.

Fitzgerald's America is not a place where anything is possible: just as America has failed to transcend its European origins, Gatsby, too, cannot overcome the circumstances of his upbringing. Though Nick worships Gatsby's courage and capacity for self-reinvention, he cannot approve of either his dishonesty or his criminal dealings.

Gatsby, both while he is alive and after his death, poses a challenge to Nick's customary ways of thinking about the world.

Nick firmly believes that the past determines who we are: he suggests that he, and all the novel's characters, are fundamentally Westerners, and thus unsuited to life in the East.

The West, though it was once emblematic of the American desire for progress, is presented in the novel…s final pages as the se at of traditional morality, an idyllic heartland, in contrast to the greed and depravity（堕落）of the East.

It is important to note that the Buchanans lived in East Egg, and Gatsby in West Egg; therefore, in gazing at the green light on Daisy's dock, Gatsby was looking East.

The green light, like the green land of America itself, was once a symbol of hope; now, the original ideals of the American dream have deteriorated into the pursuit of wealth.

In committing his extraordinary capacity for dreaming to his love for Daisy, Gatsby, too, devoted himself to nothing more than material gain.

In Fitzgerald…s grim version of the Roaring Twenties, Gatsby?s ruin both mirrors and prefigures （预示）the ruin of America itself.

Symbolism

The Green Light（00：03：10，00：18：20, 00:31:48）

It's most obvious interpretation is that the light is symbolic of Gatsby's longing for Daisy, but that is too simplistic.

Daisy is part of it, but the green light means much more. Gatsby has spent his whole life longing for something better. Money, success, acceptance, and Daisy.

And no matter how much he has, he never feels complete. Even when he has his large house full of interesting people and all of their attention, he still longs for Daisy.

So the green light stands for all of Gatsby…s l ongings and wants. And when Nick talks about the green light at the end of the book he says “It eluded（躲避）us then, but that's no matter- tomorrow we will run faster, stretch our arms out farther...." .

它从前逃脱了我们的追求，不过那没关系——明天我们跑得更快一点，把胳臂伸得更远一点……

He connects the green light to all people. Everyone has something that they long and search for that is just off in the distance. That is the green light.

The eyes of T.J. Eckleburg（00：09：00，01：10：16）

These eyes are from a billboard(广告板）that looks over Wilson's garage.

The eyes are always mentioned whenever Nick is there.

They look over the situation, objectively, but offer a kind of judgment on the characters and their actions.

They are placed near Wilson's because that is where some of the most selfish acts take place: Myrtle's death, Tom's affair. All of these crimes go unpunished.

So they eyes look on and remind the characters of the guilt that they forget to have for what they have done.

East and West Egg

One of the most important themes in the novel is class and social standing.

Tom and Daisy live on the East which is far more refined and well bred.

Nick and Gatsby are on the West which is for people who don't have any real standing, even if they have money.

The green light shines from the East Egg enticing（引诱）Gatsby towards what he has always wanted.

And Daisy, the woman that Gatsby has always wanted but never gets, lives on East Egg.

The barrier that the water creates between these worlds in symbolic of the barrier that keeps these people apart from one another and from much of what they want.

Major Themes

Decay

Decay is a word that constantly comes up in The Great Gatsby, which is appropriate in a novel which centers around the death of the American Dream.

Decay is most evident in the so-called "valley of ashes." Fitzgerald describes a barren wasteland which probably has little to do with the New Y ork landscape and instead serves to comment on the downfall of American society.

It seems that the American dream has been perverted(不正当的）, Gatsby lives in West Egg and Daisy in East Egg;

therefore, Gatsby looks East with yearning, rather than West, the traditional direction of American frontier ambitions.

Fitzgerald's implication seems to be that society has already decayed enough.

Violence

Violence is a key theme in The Great Gatsby, and is most embodied by the character of Tom.

He uses his immense physical strength to intimidate（胁迫）those around him.

When Myrtle taunts（嘲弄）him with his wife's name, he strikes her across the face.

The other source of violence in the novel besides Tom are cars. A new commodity at the time that The Great Gatsby was published,

Fitzgerald uses cars to symbolize the dangers of modernity and the dangers of wealth.

The climax of the novel, the accident that kills Myrtle, is foreshadowed by the conversation between Nick and Jordan about how bad driving can cause explosive violence.

The end of the novel, of course, consists of violence against Gatsby. The choice of handgun as a weapon suggests Gatsby's shady past, but it is symbolic that it is his love affair, not his business life, that kills Gatsby in the end.

Class

Class is an unusual theme for an American novel.

It is more common to find references to it in European, especially British novels. However, the societies of East and West Egg are deeply divided by the difference.

Gatsby is aware of the existence of a class structure in America, Gatsby tries desperately to fake status, even buying British shirts and claiming to have attended Oxford in an attempt to justify his position in society.

Ultimately, however, it is a class gulf that seperates Gatsby and Daisy, and cements（巩固）the latter in her relationship to her husbad, who is from the same class as she is.

World War I

Because The Great Gatsby is set in the Roaring Twenties, the topic of the Great War is unavoidable.

The war was crucial to Gatsby's development, providing a brief period of social mobility which quickly closed after the war.

Gatsby only came into contact with a classy young lady like Daisy as a result of the fact that he was a soldier and that no one could vouch for（担保）whether he was upper-class or not.

The war provided him with further opportunities to see the world, and make some money in the service of a millionaire.

Gatsby's opportunities closed up after the end of the war, however, when he found upon returning to America that the social structure there was every bit as rigid as it was in Europe.

Unable to convince anyone that he is truly upper-class (although his participation in the war gave

him some leeway(借口）about lying), Gatsby finds himself unable to break into East Egg society. The Decline of the American Dream in the 1920s

On the surface, The Great Gatsby is a story of the love between a man and a woman.

The Great Gatsby is a highly symbolic meditation on 1920s America as a whole, in particular the disintegration(瓦解）of the American dream in an era of unprecedented prosperity and material excess.

Fitzgerald portrays the 1920s as an era of decayed social and moral values, greed, and empty pursuit of pleasure.

The decadent（颓废）parties and wild jazz music in The Great Gatsby resulted in the corruption of the American dream, as the unrestrained desire for money and pleasure surpassed more noble goals.

When World War I ended in 1918, the generation of young Americans who had fought the war became disillusioned, as the brutal carnage（大屠杀）that they had just faced made the social morality of early-twentieth-century America seem like stuffy, empty, hypocrisy.

A person from any social background could, potentially, make a fortune, but the American aristocracy—families with old wealth—scorned the newly rich industrialists and speculators（投机者）.

American dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness.

In the 1920s depicted in the novel, however, easy money and relaxed social values have corrupted this dream.

Gatsby…s dream of loving Daisy is ruined by the difference in their respective social statuses, his resorting to crime to make enough money to impress her.

Gatsby instills Daisy with a kind of idealized perfection that she neither deserves nor possesses. Gatsby's dream is ruined by the unworthiness of its object, just as the American dream in the 1920s is ruined by the unworthiness of its object—money and pleasure.

Gatsby longs to re-create a vanished past—his time in Louisville with Daisy—but is incapable of doing so.

When his dream crumbles, all that is left for Gatsby to do is die; all Nick can do is move back to Minnesota, where American values have not decayed.

The Hollowness of the Upper Class

In the novel, West Egg and its residents represent the newly rich, while East Egg and its residents, especially Daisy and Tom, represent the old aristocracy.

Fitzgerald portrays the newly rich as being vulgar, gaudy（华而不实）, ostentatious（卖弄的）, and lacking in social graces and taste. Gatsby, for example, lives in a monstrously ornate（华丽的）mansion, wears a pink suit, drives a Rolls-Royce.

In contrast, the old aristocracy possesses grace, taste, subtlety, and elegance, epitomized(概括、缩影）by the Buchanans' tasteful home and the white dresses of Daisy and Jordan Baker.

What the old aristocracy possesses in taste, however, it seems to lack in heart, as the East Eggers prove themselves careless, inconsiderate bullies who are so used to money's ability to ease their minds that they never worry about hurting others.

The Buchanans exemplify this when, at the end of the novel, they simply move to a new house far away rather than condescend(屈尊）to attend Gatsby's funeral.

Gatsby, on the other hand, whose wealth derives from criminal activity, has a sincere and loyal heart, remaining outside Daisy's window until four in the morning simply to make sure that Tom

does not hurt her.

Ironically, Gatsby's good qualities (loyalty and love) lead to his death, as he takes the blame for killing Myrtle rather than letting Daisy be punished,

and the Buchanans' bad qualities (carelessness,selfishness) allow them to remove themselves from the tragedy not only physically but psychologically.

“G atsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that's no matter—tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther. . . . And then one fine morning—So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.”

盖茨比信奉这盏绿灯，这个一年年在我们眼前渐渐远去的极乐的未来。

它从前逃脱了我们的追求，不过那没关系——明天我们跑得更快一点，把胳臂伸得更远一点……总有一天……于是我们奋力向前划，逆流向上的小舟，不停地倒退，进入过去。These words return to the theme of the significance of the past to dreams of the future, here represented by the green light.

It focuses on the struggle of human beings to achieve their goals by both transcending and re-creating the past.

Y et humans prove themselves unable to move beyond the past: in the metaphoric language used here, the current draws them backward as they row forward toward the green light.

This past functions as the source of their ideas about the future (epitomized by Gatsby's desire to re-create 1917 in his affair with Daisy)

While they never lose their optimism (“tomorrow we wi ll run faster, stretch out our arms farther . . .”), they expend all of their energy in pursuit of a goal that moves ever farther away. This apt metaphor characterizes both Gatsby's struggle and the American dream itself.

I hope she'll be a fool—that's the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool. Daisy speaks these words in Chapter I as she describes to Nick and Jordan her hopes for her infant daughter.

Daisy is not a fool herself but is the product of a social environment that, to a great extent, does not value intelligence in women.

The older generation values docility(温顺）in females.

she describes her own boredom with life and seems to imply that a girl can have more fun if she is beautiful and simplistic.

How does the geography of the novel dictate its themes and characters? What role does setting play in The Great Gatsby?

Each of the four important geographical locations in the novel—West Egg, East Egg, the valley of ashes, and New Y ork City—corresponds to a particular theme or type of character encountered in the story.

West Egg is like Gatsby, full of garish（炫耀的）extravagance, symbolizing the emergence of the new rich alongside the established aristocracy of the 1920s.

East Egg is like the Buchanans, wealthy, possessing high social status, and powerful, symbolizing the old upper class that continued to dominate the American social landscape.

The valley of ashes is like George Wilson, desolate（无生命的）, desperate, and utterly without hope, symbolizing the moral decay of American society hidden by the glittering surface of upper-class extravagance.

New Y ork City is simply chaos（混乱）, associated with the “quality of distortion” that Nick

perceives in the East.

Setting is extremely important to The Great Gatsby, as it reinforces the themes and character traits that drive the novel's critical events.

Even the weather matches the flow of the plot. Gatsby…s reunion with Daisy begins in a ferocious （凶猛的）thunderstorm and reaches its happiest moment just as the sun comes out.

Tom's confrontation with Gatsby occurs on the hottest day of the summer.

Finally, Gatsby's death occurs just as autumn creeps into the air.

The specificity of the settings in The Great Gatsby contributes greatly to the creation of distinct zones in which the conflicting values of various characters are forced to confront each other. What makes Gatsby “great”?

Nick considers Gatsby as a great figure. He sees both the extraordinary quality of hope that Gatsby possesses and his idealistic dream of loving Daisy in a perfect world.

Though Nick recognizes Gatsby's flaws the first time he meets him, he cannot help but admire Gatsby's brilliant smile, his romantic idealization of Daisy, and his yearning for the future.

The private Gatsby who stretches his arms out toward the green light on Daisy's dock seems somehow more real than the vulgar, social Gatsby who wears a pink suit to his party and calls everyone “old sport.”

That is, Gatsby makes Daisy his dream because his heart demands a dream, not because Daisy truly deserves the passion that Gatsby feels for her.

Further, Gatsby impresses Nick with his power to make his dreams come true—as a child he dreamed of wealth and luxury, and he has attained them through criminal means.

As a man, he dreams of Daisy, and for a while he wins her, too. In a world without a moral center, in which attempting to fulfill one…s dreams is like rowing a boat against the current, Gatsby?s power to dream lifts him above the meaningless pleasure-seeking of New Y ork society.

In Nick's view, Ga tsby's capacity to dream makes him “great” despite his flaws and eventual undoing.

Unit 16 Ernest Hemingway

The American Modernism

Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961)

I. Biography:

Born in Oak Park, Illinois, the son of a country doctor, Hemingway worked as a reporter for the Kansas City Star after graduating from high school in 1917.

During World War I he served as an ambulance driver for the American??Red Cross; wounded on the front just before his 19th birthday, he was decorated for heroism.

After recuperating(复原）in the United States, he sailed for France as a foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star. In Paris he became part of the coterie（圈内人）of expatriate（移居国外的）Americans that included Gertrude Stein, Ezra Pound, and F. Scott Fitzgerald.

During the Spanish Civil War, Hemingway served as a correspondent.

He fought in World War II and then settled in Cuba in 1945.

In 1954, Hemingway was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

By 1960 Fidel Castro…s revolution had led Hemingway to leave Cuba and settle in Id aho. There, anxiety-ridden, depressed, and ill with cancer, he shot himself, leaving behind many manuscripts. Two of his posthumously published books are the admired memoir（论文集）of his apprentice days in Paris: A Moveable Feast (1964), and Islands in the Stream (1970), consisting of three

closely related novellas（中篇小说）.

II. His Novels:

The Sun Also Rise (1926) The novel concerns a group of psychologically bruised, disillusioned expatriates living in postwar Paris, who take psychic refuge in such immediate physical activities as eating, drinking, traveling, brawling（争吵）, and lovemaking. With the publication of it, he was recognized as the spokesman of the “lost generation” (so called by Gertrude Stein).

A Farewell To Arms (1929) tells of a tragic wartime love affair between an ambulance driver and an English nurse.

Death in the Afternoon (1932), a nonfiction work about bullfighting

Green Hills of Africa (1935), a nonfiction work about big-game hunting, glorify virility, bravery, and the virtue of a primal challenge to life.

To Have And Have Not (1937)

The Fifth Column (his only play 1938)

For Whom The Bell Tolls (1940), in detailing an incident in the war, argues for human brotherhood.

Across the River and into the Trees (1950)

The Old Man And The Sea (1952, Pulitzer Prize), celebrates the indomitable courage of an aged Cuban fisherman.

Paris: A Moveable Feast (1964)

Islands in the Stream (1970)

III. His Collections of Stories

Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923),

In Our Time (1924)

Men without Women (1927)

Winner Take Nothing (1933)

First Forty-nine Stories (1938)

IV. His famous stories:

The Killers

The Undefeated

The Snows of Kilimanjaro

Comment on Hemingway?s theme and writing style:

Works of Hemingway??reveal man…s impotence(虚弱）and his despairing courage against overwhelming fate.

? ?? ?? ?To Hemingway, man's greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure, “grace under pressure” is a repeated theme in his novels.??

? ?? ?? ? For him,??in a world which is crazy and meaningless, there is nothing one can do but to take care of himself and be tough against fate and tough with grace under pressure.??

His works have sometimes been read as a negative commentary on a modern world filled with sterility, failure, and death.

? ?? ?His primary concern was an individual's "moment of truth," and his fascination with the threat of physical, emotional, or psychic death is reflected in his lifelong with stories of war (A Farewell to Arms, 1929, and For Whom the Bell Tolls, 1940), the bullfight (Death in the Afternoon, 1932), and the hunt (The Green Hills of Africa, 1935).

For his novels and for his short stories, which include some of the finest in the English language, Hemingway received wide acclaim.

? ?? ?In 1954 he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration.”

? ?? ?Hemingway brought Mark Twain…s??colloquial style to near perfection in American literature.

? ?? ?In Paris, Hemingway -- along with Gertrude Stein,??Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, and James Joyce --accomplished a revolution in literary style and language.

? ?? ?He developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simple sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.??

His language is characterized by features including: economy of expression, short sentences and paragraphs, vigorous and positive language, and deliberate avoidance of gorgeous adjectives, and etc.

Unit 16 A Clean Well-Lighted Place

A Clean Well-lighted Place

The story

A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is a short story by Ernest Hemingway, first published in 1926. It was later included in his 1933 collection, Winner Take Nothing.

Main Characters

Old Man: The elderly, deaf gentleman who drinks gracefully near the back of the café, outside, is the main subject of discussion for the waiters, who are starting to close up for the night.??

The waiters gossip with one another about the man?s attempted suicide the previous week, and speculate about other aspects of his life.??

It seems the man drinks at the caféevery night, alone, to pass the time in a clean, well-lighted environment.

Y oung Waiter

The young waiter is impatient with the old man, hoping to return home to his wife earlier.??

He doesn?t understand how important it is to offer such a clean, well-lighted place to his customer. Older Waiter

The waiter, like Hemingway, understands the deeper things in life, believing strongly that he must keep the café open in order to let others stay in the light, as he wishes also to remain in the light.?? Unable to bear the darkness of his world, the waiter walks the streets late in the night, not being able to sleep until morning.

The story

It is late evening. Inside of the cafe, there are two waiters (old and young) and the old man who is sitting outside on the terrace.

"The old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at the night it was quiet and he felt the difference".

He was drunk as usual. The waiters are chatting about the old man who tried to commit suicide last week.

The young waiter has no idea why he wanted to kill himself: "He was in despair" (...) "He has plenty of money".

Eventually the old man wants another glass of brandy. The young waiter comes to him and refuses to give him another glass: "Y ou will be drunk".

Disappointed, he goes back inside of the café. The young waiter starts to complain about the old

man. "I'm sleepy(...) he should have killed himself last week".

Then he takes the brandy bottle and marches out to the old man's table and says this word directly to the old man, but as the old man is deaf he does not understand him.

Afterwards in the café, both waiters are talking about the reasons that some old people commit suicide.

From this conversation, the reader can gather that the old man who was there last week hanged himself with a rope, and that it was his niece that cut him down.

The young waiter again states that the old man who is there tonight should go home because he, the young waiter, wants to go home to his wife.

Furthermore, the young waiter cannot understand that both the old man and the older waiter like to stay in the café longer: "He's lonely. I'm not lonely. I have a wife waiting in bed for me."- he said. Once again we can see that the young waiter has no regard toward the old, as he describes the old as a "nasty thing."

The older waiter tries to explain a few things to the younger waiter.

The old deaf man wants another glass, but the waiter who persuades him in a hurry "with that omission of syntax stupid people employ when talking to drunken people or foreigners. "No more tonight. Close now".

The old man pays for the brandy and gives a tip to the waiter.

Both waiters are pulling the shutter, only this time they are talking about a matter of being lonely, feeling no fear about going home before usual hours.

Y oung man: "I'm confidence. I am all confidence."??

Then he says that the older waiter has the same things as he, but the older waiter says

"No. I have never had confidence and I am not young (...) I am of those who like to stay late at the café," (...) "With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night."

The young waiter seems to not comprehend the idea of a well-lighted and clean place where the old can escape from loneliness.

Well-lighted is a contrast with the darkness of death and bad thoughts.

The darkness must be avoided because in the darkness everything is a "nada" (Spanish: 'nothing'). The older waiter stays in case someone needs a lighted cafe in the night, in contrast with a bodega(酒店）or a bar, which may not be lighted or clean and thus will only increase the loneliness.

The young waiter leaves the scene, and after 'good night,'

the older waiter begins a monologue（独白）.

Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada [then nothing]. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee.

我们的虚无缥缈就在虚无缥缈中，虚无缥缈是你的名字，你的王国也叫虚无缥缈，你将是虚无缥缈中的虚无缥缈，因为原来就是虚无缥缈。给我们这个虚无缥缈吧，我们日常的虚无缥缈，虚无缥缈是我们的，我们的虚无缥缈，因为我们是虚无缥缈的，我们的虚无缥缈，我们无不在虚无缥缈中，可是，把我们打虚无缥缈中拯救出来吧；为了虚无缥缈。欢呼全是虚无缥缈的虚无缥缈，虚无缥缈与汝同在。

After that he smiles and goes to stand in front of a bar, which he thinks needs cleaning.

"What's yours?" asked the barman. [apparently asking for an order, meaning "What is your drink"] "Nada."

"Otro loco mas," [Another crazy person] said the barman and turned away. The waiter then finally orders a little coffee.

The story ends with these words: Now, without thinking further, he would go home to his room. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it…s probably only insomnia（失眠）. Many must have it.

此刻他要回到自己那间斗室去，什么也不要再想了。他将会躺在床上，直至天色破晓才入睡。他自言自语地说，也许，这不过是失眠症吧。一定有很多人都有失眠症。Interpretation

Some have argued that Hemingway contrasts light and shadow differentiate the old man and the young people around him, and uses the deafness of the old man as a symbol for his separation from the rest of the world.

In A Clean Well Lighted Place Hemingway uses the waiters to judge the old man and portray the type of drinker he is.

As a clean drunk, the man does not spill a drop as he drinks and walks "unsteadily but with dignity" when he finally leaves the café.

The wait ers talk between themselves as the young waiter asks the old waiter the man?s story.

He wonders how anyone could sit alone while drinking instead of buying a bottle for himself while

drinking in the comfort of his own home.

It is then the old waiter who defends the man.

The old waiter acknowledges that it is better for the man to have many drinks in public than any drinks in private.

The young waiter complains about having to stick around the café waiting for the man to finish drinking.

He claims that he has a wife to go home to and he would rather be in bed than in the café.

The old waiter defends the drinking man because he can relate and even see himself in the man. He sympathizes knowing that he, too, prefers a clean well lighted place to drink and will later appreciate such a place in his old drinking age.

The old man is in his final years of life and the old waiter recognizes that he soon will have the same fate as the old man.

A progression of age is seen among the characters demonstrating the transition from being young to aging and feeling lonely.

In "A Clean Well Lighted Place," Hemingway portrays a difference in age, experience, and opinion of drinking.

Analysis

The main focus of "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" is on the pain of old age suffered by a man that we meet in a cafe late one night.

Hemingway contrasts light and dark to show the difference between this man and the young people around him, and uses his deafness as an image of his separation from the rest of the world. Near the end of the story, the author shows us the desperate emptiness of a life near finished without the fruit of its labor, and the aggravation of the old man's restless mind that cannot find peace.

Throughout this story images of desperation show the old man's life at a point when he has realized the futility of life and finds himself the lonely object of scorn.

The most obvious image used by Hemingway in this story is that of the contrast between light and dark.

The cafe is a "Clean, Well-Lighted Place". It is a refuge from the darkness of the night outside. Darkness is a symbol of fear and loneliness.

The light symbolizes comfort and the company of others. There is hopelessness in the dark, while the light calms the nerves.

Unfortunately for the old man, this light is an artificial one, and its peace is both temporary and incomplete.

"... the tables were empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind."

Maybe the old man hides in the shadows of the leaves because he recognizes the shortcoming of his refuge.

Perhaps he is drawn to the shadows so that the darkness of his own age will not be so visible as it would be in the full force of the electric light.

His body is dark with the effects of illness. Even his ears bring him a sort of darkness as they hold out the sounds of the world.

The old man's deafness is also a powerful image used in the story. "...the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he could feel the difference."

Deafness shuts the old man out from the rest of the world.

In the day, everything must be a reminder to him of his disconnection from the world.

The busy streets, the marketplace, the chatter in the cafes along the street, the animals, and the motor vehicles fill the town with noise all day long.

The old man knows this and recognizes that he is completely cut off from the sounds that he probably had not thought much of as a young man.

In fact, he might prefer to miss the conversation about him between the two waiters.

The younger waiter is disgusted by the old man. He says, "I wouldn't want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing." The same thing may have been said by the old man when he was young. One might even conjecture that the old man chooses to be deaf rather than to face the nastiness of caducity and hear the words of disdain spoken by his juniors.

Another tool used by Hemingway in this story is the image of Nothing.

Nothing is what the old man wants to escape. The older waiter, who sometimes acts as the voice of the old man's soul, describes his adversary:

"It was all nothing, and a man was nothing, too...Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it was nada y pues nada y pues nada. Our nada who art in nada nada be thy name thy kingdom nada they will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee..."

The Nothing is unending emptiness without comfort or companionship of man or God.

It is the senselessness of each heart-beat that is just like the last and refuses to give in to death. The old man…s loneliness is empty. The emptiness of a life without progress of meaning is Nothing, and this Nothing afflicts（折磨）the old man with a powerful grip.

The only escape from this Nothing is blissful unconsciousness, permanent only in death.

The old man…s death-wish is further played out through the metaphor of insomnia, an ailment（疾病）which he apparently shares with the older waiter insomnia keeps the two awake through the hours of darkness, just as a tenacious（顽强的）life keeps the old man breathing when he would rather rest in his grave.

In the second paragraph of the story, the older waiter informs the younger that their elderly customer had tried to commit suicide the week before.

The old man is racked（折磨）with despair - at his loneliness, the darkness of his life, his segregation（隔离）from the world, and the Nothingness that permeates his existence.

He wants rest, but it is withheld from him. Even when he tries to take his own life, his niece cuts him down from his noose.

Peace is far from this man, and what little relief he may find is incomplete like the artificial light of the cafe.

He tries to drown himself in whiskey, but that also fails to bring him rest.

There is only left the hope that, as drunk as he is, he may pass out when he arrives home.

This story is filled with images of despair.

The contrasts between light and dark, youth and age are harsh and well defined.

The reader leaves the story with a feeling that there is no escape from the doldrums of the winter years of life.

Perhaps it is Hemingway…s own terror of old age and infirmity（虚弱）that he is trying to communicate to the reader.

metaphor

The pervading metaphor in this story, is, predictably, the clean, well-lighted place.??

To Hemingway, it was much more than the physical darkness that frightened him—it was the symbolic darkness of reality.??

Hemingway was a modernist, a realist, and a philosopher.??

He believed the ultimate purpose of life was to discover such a clean, well-lighted place to escape from the darkness of the world—the dark truth that life is without truth or meaning.

So light represents any device man uses to distract himself from the darkness.??

The story?s image of the lighted café in the sea of dark nothingness perfectly symbolizes Hemingway?s nihilistic（虚无主义的）view of a world with no hope, no solace（安慰）, no escape.

Themes

Hemingway?s theme in A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is a theme that runs through all of his literature: there is no God, no meaning to this world, and man must consequently find? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???som ething to distract himself from his horrible truth.??

For the older waiter, a clean, well-lighted café is such an escape.??

This is an artificial light, made by man for man, yet it is the only way to step out of the darkness of reality: that life is filled with nothing meaningful.

This completely nihilistic worldview glorifies individuals, like the waiter and the elderly drinker, who find a method of coping with life?s hardships in a graceful, dignified manner.??

Though the old man is dr unk, he isn?t rude or unruly(蛮横的）, but polite and well behaved.?? Despite the obvious hardships in his life (since he attempts suicide), he doesn?t lose his cool, but stays in control of himself, exhibiting grace under pressure.??

Such grace, Hemingway asserts, should be the goal of every individual.

Light and Shadows

The story is filled with light and shadows, as an old man sits through another sleepless night--in the quiet of a well-lighted cafe.

The older waiter explains to the younger, more impatient waiter, "Y ou do not understand. This is a clean and pleasant cafe. It is well lighted. The light is very good and also, now there are shadows of the leaves."

For a lonely, old man, the clean, well-lighted cafe is a slight respite（暂缓）from the darkness. He drinks himself into a drunken state, hoping that sleep will come--taking him from the quiet desperation that has already caused him to attempt suicide once (as the waiters discuss). loneliness and despair

In Ernest Hemingway's "A Clean, Well-Lighted Place," the central idea of the story deals with the loneliness and despair associated with old age.

An old and deaf man symbolizes this feeling, even though he does not quite say a dozen words in the course of the story.

The discussions between the two waiters further develop this concept of loneliness.

With a young waiter portraying the optimistic role of youthful human nature, that which believes itself both immortal and never alone; conversely, an older waiter is at the opposite pole, with a belief in an inevitable mortality and a terrible feeling of loneliness and despair.? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?

Hemingway tries to impress upon the reader that man's inevitable fate is to enter into nothingness from nothingness, for life is nothing.

The old man in the story sought merely to enjoy a drink in the company of a clean, well-lighted place.

Even though it is apparent he is rich; the old man had attempted to commit suicide by hanging himself.

The older waiter and the old man

" The older waiter is sympathetic to the old man because he himself is lonely.

The old man slowly gets up and leaves, walking with dignity even though he has been thrown out of the cafe, a place where he felt comfort against the terrors of the night.

The idea of a well-lighted place is of great significance to this short story.

It illuminates the connection between the old man and the older waiter, both of whom favor well-lighted places especially at night.

A well-lighted atmosphere is an atmosphere in which the old man and older waiter can escape their loneliness.

In the darkness of the night, the men are more vulnerable to thoughts of suicide and despair.

The younger waiter, on the other hand, has a wife to go home to, and is therefore anxious to close up the café.

The older waiter can empathize with the old man and understands his attraction to a clean,

well-lighted place.

The Unknowable and Nothingness

“Nothing,” or the Spanish equivalent “nada,” is the most important word in this short story.

It is the reason why the old man kil ls himself, according to the older waiter: …“Last week he tried to commit suicide,? one waiter said.”/?“Why?”?/“?He was in despair.?”/ ” …What about?“/” ?Nothing.“/ ” …How do you know it was nothing??”/ ?“He has plenty of money.?”

It is the word which obsesses the old waiter as well.

After work, he leans against a bar and recites two prayers to himself substituting “nada” for most of the prayer?s major verbs and nouns.

This narrative pattern suggests at least two possible explanations.

The first follows from considering the character of the older waiter.The waiter is a man of few words.

He attributes the cause of his despair to be “nothing.”

This paradox of believing in an emotion (despair) with no cause (“Nothing”) is unraveled(不可分开）if one decides th at with “nothing”.

The old man, at least in his opinion, is in despair over the fact that his life means “nothing.”

This can be linked, for example, to the old waiter later thinking, “It was all a nothing and a man was nothing too.”

In this case, despair follows from a belief in meaningless or absurdity of life.

This is why despair is over nothing if one has “plenty of money.”

In this world, there is no meaning beyond the bodily and material; all intangible(无形的）yearnings（向往）are nothing but illusion.

Style

Minimalism

Hemingway uses simple diction, usually monosyllabic（单音节的）words of Anglo-Saxon. Grammatically,??he uses simple as opposed to complex sentences.

There is little figurative（比喻的）language — no metaphor or simile, for example. Character and plot are minimized. These three characters do not even have names.

All that happens is that the two waiters talk, the old man drinks, and then they all go home. Repetition

For example, the story opens with an old man “who sat in the shadow the leaves of t he tree made against the electric light.”

A bit further in the story the old man is said to sit “in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind.”

And a few sentences later the old man is the one who is “sitting in the shadow....”

In repeating, Hemingway seems to acknowledge the beauty of pattern or artifice。

Unit 17 Ezra Pound

Ezra Pound

庞德??

(1885—1973)

Ezra Pound??(1885—1973)

American Imagism

Two leaders:

Pound

Amy Lowell

The three Imagist poetic principles

1. _____________of poetic subjects,

2. _________of merely ornamental or superfluous words,

3. and___________________ in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of

a “__________”.

(1，直接表现事物，不论所表现的内容是主观还是客观。2，不使用无助于表现的词。3，采用音乐性短句，不用节拍器的节奏写作)

direct treatment

elimination

rhythmical composition

metronome

Pound?s Major Literary Works

Cathay

《华夏集》

《神州集》

《中国诗章》

based on translations

from older Chinese

poets like Li Bai

2) Hugh Selwyn Mauberley

《休赛尔温?毛伯利》

his disillusionment

and his view of

his own career

Pound?s Major Literary Works

3) The Cantos???诗章?

It explores western civilization

from the classical past

through the medieval period

and the Renaissance to the modern age,

and describes remedies for its cultural ills.

encyclopedic

epic poem

Pound?s Major Literary Works

5) “In a Station of the Metro”

“在地铁站里”

“A Pact”??“合同”，“协约”

庞德曾把“意象”称为

“一刹那间思想和感情的复合体”。

用视觉意象引起联想，

表达一瞬间的直觉和思想。

一般用自由体写作短小篇章。

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新视野大学英语第四册答案（第二版）《中国近现代史》选择题全集（共含250道题目和答案）《电工学》课后习题答案（第六版，上册，秦曾煌主编）完整的英文原版曼昆宏观、微观经济学答案《数字电子技术基础》习题答案（阎石，第五版）《电路》习题答案上（邱关源，第五版）《电工学》习题答案（第六版，秦曾煌） https://www.wendangku.net/doc/8713204321.html,/viewthread.php?tid=112&fromuid=164951 21世纪大学英语读写教程（第三册）课文翻译《生物化学》复习资料大全（3套试卷及答案+各章习题集）《模拟电子技术基础》课后习题答案（共10章）ewthread.php?tid=21&fromuid=164951 《概率论与数理统计及其应用》课后答案（浙江大学盛骤谢式千编著）《理论力学》课后习题答案（赫桐生，高教版）《全新版大学英语综合教程》（第四册）练习答案及课文译文viewthread.php?tid=78&fromuid=164951 《化工原理答案》课后习题答案（高教出版社，王志魁主编，第三版）《国际贸易》课后习题答案（海闻P.林德特王新奎）大学英语综合教程1-4册练习答案 read.php?tid=1282&fromuid=164951 《流体力学》习题答案《传热学》课后习题答案（第四版）高等数学习题答案及提示

网络技术及应用课后习题及答案

Chap1 一、名词解释计算机网络三要素：1. 网络服务2. 传输媒介3. 通信协议分布式网络服务：网络服务分布在网络中的多台或所有计算机中资源控制策略：网络的目的是共享资源，但对资源的共享并不是没有任何条件的共享，任何一个网络都要对自己的提供的资源进行访问控制，以保证资源的安全及可靠性，并限制用户的资源的访问。 WAN：一个非常大的网。不但可以将多个局域网或城域网连接起来，也可以把世界各地的局域网连接在一起。 LAN：一般指规模相对较小的网络，在地理上局限于较小的范围，通信线路不长 C/S：客户机／服务器(Client／Server) B/S：在C/S模型之后发展起来的浏览器/服务器计算模型客户机/网络模型：用户登录或访问到的不是某个服务器，而是某个网络！用户与某个服务或一组服务连接，其服务并不属于某个服务器，而是属于整个网络。二、填空题 1．无论是计算机网络软件的开发，还是硬件的研制，都是围绕着网络共享能力的开发。同时，由此引发的网络安全问题的解决成为网络应用开发研究的核心问题之一。 2．在每个数据分组中加入分组的控制信息主要有两个：一个是指明数据发送方和接收方的地址信息，另一个是对数据进行验证的差错控制信息。 3．在计算机网络的数据传输过程中，数据将通过的不仅是多个通信结点，通过还可能是多种和多个网络。 4．计算机网络提供的网络服务具有两种基本方式，它们分别是：集中式网络服务方式和分布式网络服务。 5．集中式网络服务的劣势之一是由于集中式服务汇集于一点，一旦服务器发生故障，将会引起灾难性地数据丢失或降低可用性；分布式网络服务系统的优势之一是分布式网络服务系统的最大优势在于当一处存储设备的出现故障时，只影响该存储系统的文件服务器上的其他存储设备或其他服务器中的数据将不会受到破坏，并能保证网络正常工作并提供服务。 6．任意一个计算机网络都将提供或具备以下五种基本的网络服务，它们是：文件服务打印服务信息服务应用服务数据库服务。 7．应用服务不同于文件服务，他们之间的差别在于应用服务不仅允许计算机之间可以共享数据，同时还允许计算机之间共享处理能力（共享CPU）。 8．通信子网的主要功能是完成对数据的传输、交换以及控制，具体地实现把信息从一台主机传到另一台主机 9. 在网络协议的层次化结构中，相邻层之间保持着相对的独立性，这是指_低一层的数据处理方法的改变不影响高层功能的执行。三、简答题 1．简述计算机网络的功能特点。 1. 资源共享 2. 寻址与差错控制 3. 路由选择 4. 会话建立与管理 5. 数据通信与异构多重网络之间的通信 6. 高带宽与多点共享 7. 消除系统之间的差别与加密 8. 负载平衡与拥塞控制 2．简述计算机网络体系架构与计算机网络结构之间的关系。网络体系结构都是对计算机网络的抽象说明的概念性框架。而网络的实现，则是具体地配置为完成特定的网络服务所需要的设备以及设备之间的连接方式和方法。可见，体系结构是抽象的，而实现则是具体的。然而，任何实现都应该与体系结构一致

(完整版)现代通信系统与网络课后题答案(部分)

第一章 1.你对信息技术如何理解？信息时代的概念是什么？答：信息技术是研究完成信息采集、加工、处理、传递、再生和控制的技术，是解放、扩展人的信息功能的技术。概念是信息技术为核心推动经济和社会形态发生重大变革。 2.NII GII的含义是什么？答：NII国家信息基础结构行动计划。GII全球信息基础设施。 3.现代通信的基本特征是什么？它的核心是什么？答：现代通信的基本特征是数字化，核心是计算机技术。 4.数字通信与模拟通信的主要区别是什么？试举例说明人们日常生活中的信息服务，哪些是模拟通信，哪些是数字通信。答：模拟信号的电信号在时间上、瞬时值上是连续的，模拟信号技术简单，成本低，缺点是干扰严重，频带不宽、频带利用率不高、信号处理难、不易集成和设备庞大等。数字信号在时间，瞬时值上是离散的，编为1或0的脉冲信号。 5.数字通信的主要特点有哪些？答：数字通信便于存储、处理；数字信号便于交换和传输；数字信号便于组成多路通信系统；便于组成数字网；数字化技术便于通信设备小型化、微型化；数字通信抗干扰性强，噪声不积累。 6.为什么说数字通信抗干扰性强？噪声不积累？答：在模拟通信中，由于传输的信号是模拟信号，因此

很难把噪声干扰分开而去掉，随着传输距离的增加，信号的传输质量会越来越恶化。在数字通信中，传输的是脉冲信号，这些信号在传输过程中，也同样会有能量损失，受到噪声干扰，当信噪比还未恶化到一定程度时，可在适当距离或信号终端经过再生的方法，使之恢复原来的脉冲信号，消除干扰和噪声积累，就可以实现长距离高质量的通信。 7.你对网络全球化如何理解？它对人类生活将带来什么样的影响？答：我认为网络全球化是以内特网为全球范围的公共网，用户数量与日俱增，全球各大网络公司抢占内特网网络资源，各国政府高度重视，投资研发的网络，全球网络化的发展趋势是即能实现各国国情的应用服务，又能实现突破地区、国家界限的世界服务，使世界越来越小。 8.什么是现代通信？它与信息网关系如何？答：现代通信就是数字通信系统与计算机融合，实现信源到信宿之间完成数字信号处理、传输和交换全过程。信息网是多种通信系统综合应用的产物，信息网源于通信系统，但高于通信系统，通信系统是各种网不可缺少的物质基础。通信系统可以独立地存在并组成网络，而通信网不可能离开系统而单独存在。 9.信息网的网络拓扑结构有哪几种类型，各自有何特点？答：有星型网，以一中点向四周辐射，现在的程控交换局与其所在的各电话用户的连线就是这种结构。

生产运营管理--课后题标准答案

生产运作管理人力1221班 201251211130

1. 需求管理的主要功能是什么？如何理解需求管理在企业生产运作管理中的重要性？答：需求管理的主要功能： 1)预测顾客需求、输入订单、进行产品决策； 2）与顾客协商交货期、确认订单状态、订单变更的沟通； 3)确定需求的各种来源：包括服务性零部件需求、内部需求、促销库存和替他渠道库存需求。需求管理在企业生产运作管理中的重要性表现在：生产计划与控制系统 2.什么是代表产品？什么是假定产品？如何进行生产能力和生产任务之间的平衡？答：代表产品：在结构与工艺相似的多品种的系列产品中，寻则产量与劳动量乘积最大的产品作为代表产品。假定产品：实际上并不存在的产品，只是为了结构与工艺差

异的产品有一个统一的计量单位而假定的。进行生产能力和生产任务之间的平衡：计算生产能力的目的是为了衡量生产计划的可行性，因此要进行生产能力与生产任务的平衡，如果生产能力满足不了计划任务的要求，应采取一定的措施扩大生产能力，如果生产能力大于计划任务，则应设法利用生产能力，一面造成无端浪费。生产能力与生产任务的平衡凡是有产量平衡和时间平衡。对于能力不足时段，要提出相应的需求计划，落实生产单位所能提供的能力，对于能力有富余的时段，要尽可能加以利用。 3. 处理非均匀需求有几种策略？答：如下图：

4.MTO企业和MTS企业如何确定产品品种和数量？答：MTS企业产品品种的确定对于大批量生产，品种数很少，而且所生产的产品品种是市场需求量很大的产品，一般没有品种选择问题。对于多种中批量生产，则有品种选择问题，确定品种选择问题，确定生产什么品种的产品，对企业的利润水平有至关重要的影响，是十分重要的决策。品种优选就是要确定出最有利于实现企业经营目标的产品，优选可以采用收入利润顺序法。 MTS企业产品产量的确定在品种一定的情况下，优化各种产品的计划生产数量，是企业利润达到最大化。确定产量水平，涉及人力、设备、材料、资金等多方面因素的制约，因此，常用一些数学规划方法来优化产品产量。线性规划是用得较多的方法。 MTO企业产品品种的确定单件小批量生产是典型的定货型生产，其特点是按用户的要求，生产规模、质量、价格、交货期不同的专用产品。大批量生产以其成本低、高效率与高质量取得的优势，使得一般中等批量生产难以与之竞争。但是，单件小批量生产却以其产品的创新性与独特性，在市场中牢牢地站稳脚跟。MTO企业产品数量的确定：对于单件小批量生产，由于订单到达具有随机性，产品

《计算机网络》第3版课后题参考答案(徐敬东、张建忠编著)

第1章计算机网络的基本概念一、填空题（1）按照覆盖的地理范围，计算机网络可以分为局域网、城域网、和广域网。（2）ISO/OSI参考模型将网络分为物理层、数据链路层、网络层、传输层、会话层、表示层和应用层。（3）建立计算机网络的主要目的是：资源共享和在线通信。二、单项选择题（1）在TCP/IP体系结构中，与OSI参考模型的网络层对应的是：( B ) A.主机-网络层 B.互联层 C.传输层 D.应用层（2）在OSI参考模型中，保证端-端的可靠性是在哪个层次上完成的？( C ) A.数据链路层 B.网络层 C.传输层 D.会话层三、问答题计算机网络为什么采用层次化的体系结构？【要点提示】采用层次化体系结构的目的是将计算机网络这个庞大的、复杂的问题划分成若干较小的、简单的问题。通过“分而治之”，解决这些较小的、简单的问题，从而解决计算机网络这个大问题（可以举例加以说明）。

第2章以太网组网技术一、填空题（1）以太网使用的介质访问控制方法为CSMA/CD。（2）计算机与10BASE-T集线器进行连接时，UTP电缆的长度不能超过100米。在将计算机与100BASE-TX集线器进行连接时，UTP 电缆的长度不能超过100米。（3）非屏蔽双绞线由4对导线组成，10BASE-T用其中的2对进行数据传输，100BASE-TX用其中的2对进行数据传输。二、单项选择题（1）MAC地址通常存储在计算机的( B ) A.内存中 B.网卡上 C.硬盘上 D.高速缓冲区（2）关于以太网中“冲突”的描述中，正确的是( D ) A.冲突时由于电缆过长造成的 B.冲突是由于介质访问控制方法的错误使用造成的 C.冲突是由于网络管理员的失误造成的 D.是一种正常现象（3）在以太网中，集线器的级联( C ) A.必须使用直通UTP电缆 B.必须使用交叉UTP电缆 C.必须使用同一种速率的集线器 D.可以使用不同速率的集线器 (4) 下列哪种说法是正确的？( A ) A.集线器可以对接收到的信号进行放大 B.集线器具有信息过滤功能 C.集线器具有路径检测功能 D.集线器具有交换功能

(完整版)计算机通信与网络课后题答案

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2.2 求M/M/m （n ）中，等待时间w 的概率密度函数。解： M/M/m （n ）的概率分布为： 1 1010011!)(!)(--=--?? ????--+=∑m r m n m k m m p k m p ρρρρ ??? ? ???>≤≤-≤≤=n k n k m p k m m k p k m p k m k k 0!10!)(00ρρ 假定n>m ，n ≥0，现在来计算概率P{w>x}，既等待时间大于x 的概率。 ∑=>?=>n j j j x w P p x w P 0 }{}{ 其中，P j {w>x}的概率为： n j m x w P n j m i x m e x w P m j x w P j m j i i x m j j ≤≤=>-≤≤? = >-≤≤=>∑-=-1 }{1! )(}{1 00 }{0 μμ 可得： x m m n n i m m n i i x m m n m j n m j i i x m j m n n m j m j i i x m j e m m P x w P 则若n P i x m e P m m i x m e P m m P i x m e P x w P )(010 010010 ! )(1}{1!)(!!)(!! )(}{λμμμμρρρρρμρμρμ--+--=--=-=--=-=-?-=>∞→+--?=??????+??=+??=>∑∑∑∑∑ 特别的，新到顾客需等待的概率为： ! )(1}0{0m m P W P m ρρ? -=>

] )! 1() ()!1()(!)()([)1(!)(而 1 2 10--------=----=---∑m n m m m n x m i x m e m P m x f m n n m n i m n m i m x m m w μλμρλμρλλμρρμ n m k k x m m m w P w P P w P 注： e m m P m x f 在n =∞===--=∞→∑-=--}{}0{)() 1(!)(10 )(0 λμλμρρ 2.4求M/D/1排队问题中等待时间W 的一、二、三阶矩m 1、m 2、m 3，D 表示服务时间为定值b ，到达率为λ。解： ) () 1()(S B s s s G λλρ+--= 其中 sb st e dt e b t s B -∞ -=-= ? )()(δ 从而 sb e s s s G -+--=λλρ)1()( 又 ∑∞ ==0 )(i i i s g s G )1(!)(00ρλλ-=??? ? ??-?+-??? ??∴∑∑∞ =∞=s j sb s s g j j i i i b g λρ--=110 221)1(2)1(b b g λρλ---= 3 4232) 1(12)2)(1(b b b g λλλρ-+-= 3 4 332 3 222 114 43)1(4)21(6)0()1(6)2(2)0()1(2)0() () 1(24)1)(21(ρλρρλρρλρλλλρλ-+= ?='''-=-+= ?=''=-= -='-==--+-=b g G m b g G m b g G m b b b b g 2.5 求M/B/1，B/M/1和B/B/1排队问题的平均等待时间W ，其中B 是二阶指数分布： 100 ,)1()(212121<<>-+=--αλλλααλλλt t e e t f

陈荣秋版生产运作管理习题及答案

陈荣秋，马仕华 1. 企业经营活动是多个职能有机联系往复循环的过程，其中的职能出了生产，还包括哪些？（） A．人力资源B．财务C．营销D．技术参考答案：ABCD 2. 企业经营活动的多个职能中，哪个职能为企业创造价值而成为企业利润源泉？（） A．人力资源B．财务C．营销D．生产参考答案：D 3. 以下哪些可以作为生产系统绩效衡量的指标？（） A．质量B．成本C．生产率D．适应性参考答案：ABCD 4. 制造业生产类型按照生产稳定性和重复性可以分为哪些类型？（）A．大量生产B．成批生产C．试产D．单件小批生产参考答案：ACD 5. 生产运作管理的基本问题包括哪些？（） A．如何保证和提高质量B．如何保证适时适量将产品投放市场 C．如何使产品的价格为顾客接受D．如何打败竞争对手参考答案：ABC 6. 生产运作管理的基本内容包括哪些？（） A．生产运作战略决策B．生产运作系统设计 C．生产运作运行D．新型生产经营方式参考答案：ABCD 7. 运作经理的工作重点包括哪些？（） A．制订生产工艺B．控制生产线员工工资与工作时间 C．担负起决策的职责D．找到合适的方法参考答案：CD 8. 泰勒通过哪些著名的实验总结了称为“科学管理”的一套思想？（）A．霍桑实验B．铁铲实验C．搬运实验D．切削实验参考答案：BCD 9. 1930-1940，生产运作管理的重要内容是统计质量管理与工业心理学，其中非常著名的实验包括哪些？（） A．霍桑实验B．铁铲实验C．搬运实验D．抽样检验参考答案：AD 10. 产品开发工作需要根据哪些因素做出决策？（）

A．产品功能B．质量特性C．产品成本D．产品发展的步骤参考答案：ABCD 11. 产品开发的动力主要来自哪些方面？（） A．领导的决策B．需求的拉动C．同行的建议D．技术的推动参考答案：BD 12. 以下哪些因素将影响制造流程的选择？（） A．不同的产品性质B．不同的生产规模 C．不同的品种数量D．不同的工艺方法参考答案：ABCD 13. 自然资源条件主要包括哪些？（） A．土地资源B．气候条件C．水资源D．物产资源参考答案：ABCD 14. 社会环境条件主要包括哪些？（） A．劳动力资源B．基础设施条件C．工业综合化基础D．市场空间参考答案：ABCD 15. ．厂址选址的原则包括哪些？（） A．费用原则B．集聚人才原则C．接近用户原则D．长远发展原则参考答案：ABCD 16. ．厂址选择方法主要有哪些？（） A．分级加权评分法B．层次分析法 C．线性规划-运输模型方法D．头脑风暴法参考答案：ABC 17. 厂区平面布置原则包括哪些？（） A．工艺原则B．技术原则C．经济原则D．安全和环保原则参考答案：ACD 18. 工厂平面布置的方法主要包括哪些？（） A．模板布置法B．生产活动相关图法C．统计法D．重量-距离模式参考答案：ABD 19. 生产过程主要组成部分包括哪些？（） A．基本生产过程B．生产技术准备过程C．辅助生产过程D．生产服务过程参考答案：ABCD 20. ．组织生产过程的最主要原则包括哪些？（） A．节省原则B．工艺专业化原则C．最高质量原则D．对象专业化原则参考答案：BD 21. ．组织生产过程的基本要求包括哪些？（） A．生产过程的连续性B．生产过程的平衡性 C．生产过程的比例性D．生产过程的均衡性参考答案：ABCD 22. ．生产类型按照生产方法分为哪几种？（） A．合成型B．分解型C．提取型D．调制型参考答案：ABCD 23. ．生产类型按照接收生产任务方式分为哪几种？（） A．订货生产方式B．备货生产方式C．借货生产方式D．买货生产方式参考答案：AB 24. 生产类型按照生产方法分为哪几种？（）

大学物理学(第三版)课后习题参考答案

习题1 1.1选择题 (1) 一运动质点在某瞬时位于矢径),(y x r 的端点处，其速度大小为 (A)dt dr (B)dt r d (C)dt r d | | (D) 22)()(dt dy dt dx [答案：D] (2) 一质点作直线运动，某时刻的瞬时速度s m v /2 ，瞬时加速度2 /2s m a ，则一秒钟后质点的速度 (A)等于零 (B)等于-2m/s (C)等于2m/s (D)不能确定。 [答案：D] (3) 一质点沿半径为R 的圆周作匀速率运动，每t 秒转一圈，在2t 时间间隔中，其平均速度大小和平均速率大小分别为 (A) t R t R 2, 2 (B) t R 2,0 (C) 0,0 (D) 0,2t R [答案：B] 1.2填空题 (1) 一质点，以1 s m 的匀速率作半径为5m 的圆周运动，则该质点在5s 内，位移的大小是；经过的路程是。 [答案： 10m ； 5πm] (2) 一质点沿x 方向运动，其加速度随时间的变化关系为a=3+2t (SI)，如果初始时刻质点的速度v 0为5m·s -1，则当t 为3s 时，质点的速度v= 。 [答案： 23m·s -1 ] (3) 轮船在水上以相对于水的速度1V 航行，水流速度为2V ，一人相对于甲板以速度3V 行走。如人相对于岸静止，则1V 、2V 和3V 的关系是。 [答案： 0321 V V V ]

1.3 一个物体能否被看作质点，你认为主要由以下三个因素中哪个因素决定： (1) 物体的大小和形状； (2) 物体的内部结构； (3) 所研究问题的性质。解：只有当物体的尺寸远小于其运动范围时才可忽略其大小的影响，因此主要由所研究问题的性质决定。 1.4 下面几个质点运动学方程，哪个是匀变速直线运动？（1）x=4t-3；（2）x=-4t 3+3t 2+6；（3）x=-2t 2+8t+4；（4）x=2/t 2-4/t 。给出这个匀变速直线运动在t=3s 时的速度和加速度，并说明该时刻运动是加速的还是减速的。（x 单位为m ，t 单位为s ）解：匀变速直线运动即加速度为不等于零的常数时的运动。加速度又是位移对时间的两阶导数。于是可得（3）为匀变速直线运动。其速度和加速度表达式分别为 2 2484 dx v t dt d x a dt t=3s 时的速度和加速度分别为v =20m/s ，a =4m/s 2。因加速度为正所以是加速的。 1.5 在以下几种运动中，质点的切向加速度、法向加速度以及加速度哪些为零哪些不为零？ (1) 匀速直线运动；(2) 匀速曲线运动；(3) 变速直线运动；(4) 变速曲线运动。解：(1) 质点作匀速直线运动时，其切向加速度、法向加速度及加速度均为零； (2) 质点作匀速曲线运动时，其切向加速度为零，法向加速度和加速度均不为零； (3) 质点作变速直线运动时，其法向加速度为零，切向加速度和加速度均不为零； (4) 质点作变速曲线运动时，其切向加速度、法向加速度及加速度均不为零。 1.6 ｜r ｜与r 有无不同?t d d r 和d d r t 有无不同? t d d v 和t d d v 有无不同?其不同在哪里?试举例说明．解：（1）r 是位移的模， r 是位矢的模的增量，即r 12r r ，12r r r ；（2） t d d r 是速度的模，即t d d r v t s d d . t r d d 只是速度在径向上的分量. ∵有r r ?r （式中r ?叫做单位矢），则 t ?r ?t r t d d d d d d r r r 式中 t r d d 就是速度在径向上的分量，

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