地质学英语术语ZT
变质圈metamorphic aureole
变质闪长岩deuterodiorite
变质沉积物metasediments
变质沉积岩带dejective zone
变质水方硼石metahydroboracite
变质水分metamorphic water
变质水高稜土metahalloysite
变质水铁矾metahohmannite
变质碎屑喷出岩类porodite
变质无烟煤meta-anthracite
变质相metamorphic facies
变质岩metamorphic rocks
变质页岩metashale
变质原岩palosome
变质组构metamorphic fabric
变质作用metamorphism
变种;突变mutation
变转珠被的campylotropous
标本hand specimen
标示矿物typomorphic minerals
标型矿物;主导矿物guide mineral
标轴面coordinate plane
标準变晶normal twinning
标準材料type material
标準层index bed
标準大气standard atmosphere
标準大气压standard atmospheric pressure 标準带index zone
标準的normative
标準地层学orthostratigraphy
标準地点type locality
标準化石index fossil
标準化石leading fossil
标準化石type fossil
标準化石;主导化石guide fossil
标準矿物normative mineral(C.I.P.W.)
标準矿物standard minerals
标準面index plane
标準偏差图standard deviation map
标準剖面type section
标準时fiducial time
标準时standard time
标準钻机standard rig
表壁〔珊瑚〕epitheca(in coral)
表层滑动dermal gliding
表层侵蚀sheet erosion
表层碎屑的epiclastic
表层碎屑岩epiclastic rocks
表流drift current
表流;逕流surface flow
表流;片流sheet flood
表面的superficial
表面动物群epifauna
表面鮞石superficial oolith(or oolite)
表面硬化作用case-hardening
表面张力surface tension
表皮epidermis
表皮;角质ctuicle
表磧surface moraine
表生矿床;地面矿床superficial deposit
表土surface soil
表土蠕动;土滑soil creep
錶珊瑚Hapsiphyllum
鳖Trionyx
别珊瑚Heterophyllia
别羊齿Alloiopteris
滨〔海滨;湖滨〕shore
滨冰shore ice
滨螺Littorina
滨漂积;海滨漂积物shore drift
滨坡面shore face
滨坡臺地shore-face terrace(wave-built terrace) 滨墙shore wall
滨沙丘shore dune
滨臺地shore terrace
滨外;岸外offshore
滨夕法尼纪〔系〕〔石炭纪〕Pennsylvanian 滨线循环shoreline cycle
滨崖shore cliff
濒海湖;沿岸湖coastal lake
冰ice
冰坝湖ice dam lake
冰堡ice rampart
冰堡;冰岸barrier ice
冰被ice carapace
冰崩glacier avalanche
冰崩ice avalanche
冰崩解作用ice distintegration
冰壁ice wall
冰壁沟rinnental
冰饼ice cake
冰波ice wave
冰擦痕glacial stria
冰擦痕glacial striation
冰擦痕;冰川擦痕glacial striae
冰擦石面;冰蚀岩面glacial pavement
冰擦岩glaciated rock
冰擦作用scoring
冰槽肩alp
冰层ice layer
冰层ice sheet
冰长石adular
冰长石adularia
冰长石valencianite
冰长石化作用adularization
冰成的glacigenous
冰成的glacionatant
冰成湖;冰川湖glacial lake
冰成湖;冰斗湖tarn
冰成阶地;冰川阶地glacial terrace
冰成平原glacial plain
冰成岩glacial rock
冰川glacier
冰川冰glacial ice
冰川冰glacier ice
冰川槽glacial trough
冰川带glacier bands
冰川的glacial
冰川堤glacial leave
冰川地质学glacial geology
冰川氾滥glacier flood
冰川粉砂glacier silt
冰川风glacier wind
冰川谷glacial valley (galical-carved valley) 冰川洪水outburst
冰川后退;冰退glacial recession
冰川极盛期;最大冰河期glacial maximum 冰川坚坑moulin(in glacier)
冰川角阶confluence step
冰川阶地cascade stairway
冰川界限glacial boundary
冰川静力均衡;冰河地壳均衡glacio-isostacy
冰川控制说glacial control theory
冰川连流streaming flow
冰川裂隙crevasses of glacier
冰川末缘terminus
冰川内的intraglacial
冰川泥glacier mud
冰川甌穴moulin potholes(Glaual potholes)
冰川甌穴moulin(glacial pothole)
冰川甌穴;冰洞;冰河堊穴glacial pothole(chimney moulin) 冰川盆地glacial basin
冰川侵蚀作用glarosion
冰川舌glacial lobe
冰川沉积glaposition
冰川沉积平原outwash plain
冰川沉积扇outwash fan
冰川石流;石冰川rock glacier(rock stpeam)
冰川碎屑层dirt band
冰川外缘的proglacial
冰川污线带ogive
冰川线glacier line
冰川相glacial facies
冰川削平〔作用〕冰河平夷〔作用〕glacial planation
冰川穴glacial mill
冰川穴glacier well
冰川学glaciology
冰川学说;冰川说glacial theory
冰川循环;冰蚀轮迥glacial cycle
冰川支流inset ice stream
冰川作用glaciation
冰川作用glacierization
冰垂ice lobe
冰带ice band
冰岛ice island
冰地蜡dinite
冰点freezing point
冰洞ice cavern
冰冻线frost line
冰斗cirque(corrie;cwm;Kar)
冰斗kar
冰斗;山侧穴cwm
冰斗冰川corrie glacier
冰斗冰川cwm glacier
冰斗冰川;〔冰〕斗冰川cirque glacier
冰斗底cirque floor
冰斗湖cirque lake
冰斗阶地cirque step
冰斗阶梯cirque stairway
冰斗切刻cirque cutting
冰斗侵蚀cirque erosion
冰斗群karling
冰斗台cirque platform
冰堵盆地ice barrier basin
冰多角地形frost polygons
冰筏作用ice rafting
冰方锥ice pyramid
冰粉cryoconite
冰粉kryoconite
冰风化作用;冻裂作用frost weathering 冰峰serac
冰浮块ice float;ice floe
冰釜ice cauldron
冰盖ice cap
冰盖层glacial sheet
冰高原ice plateau
冰沟dorr
冰沟湖fosse lake
冰谷河道ice-walled channel
"冰谷横阶
" riegel
冰谷阶地glacial staircase
"冰谷阶梯
" giant stairway
冰谷棚alb
冰刮痕glacial markings
冰刮痕glacial scratches
冰海的glaciomarine
冰海崖ice blink
冰河ice river
冰河床;冰川床glacier bed
冰河气候循环cycle of glaciation
冰河舌glacier bulb
冰河时期cryogenic period
冰河系glacial drainage
冰河学cryology
冰河增水作用alimentation
冰痕ice mark
冰洪流glacier burst
冰湖ice lake
冰湖;冰栅ballycadder;bellicatter;cadder;catter;ice foot 冰湖的glaciolacustrine
冰花ice flowers
冰积层drift bed
冰积露头图drift map
冰积土glacial soil(glacial deposit)
冰积物drift
冰积物glacial debris
冰极ice pole
冰接触地形ice-contact forms
冰接平原;冰积阜平原ice contact plain
冰接坡ice contact slope
冰阶riser
冰阶地ice pushed terrace
冰解作用calving
冰界沉积ice contact sediment
冰晶粒glacier corn
冰晶石cryolite
冰举丘pingo
冰举丘残穴pingo remnant
冰举作用;举裂作用frost heaving
冰刻沟glacial groove
冰块脊ice block ridge
冰块运动block-schollen movement
冰粒glacier grain
冰砾glacial boulder
冰砾壁boulder-wall
冰砾带boulder belt
冰砾对boulder couplet
冰砾阜;冰磧阜kame
冰砾阜平原kame plain
冰砾阜三角洲kame delta
冰砾阜田;冰砾阜群kame field
冰砾泥boulder clay
冰砾泥drift clay
冰砾磧kame moraine
冰砾臺地kame terrace
冰砾岩glacial conglomerate
冰裂磧ice-crack moraine
冰裂岩块congelifractate
冰裂岩屑congelifract
冰裂作用congelifraction
冰裂作用frost splitting
冰流glacier flow
冰流ice flow
冰流槽glacial chute
冰流溢口;冰积溢道glacial spill-way 冰脉;冰楔ice vein
冰脉;冰楔ice vein
冰帽;冰盖glacial cap
冰面堆积层border belts
冰膜film crust
冰膜ice rind
冰钠长石系adularia-albite series
冰泥ice gruel
冰泥凝土ice concrete
冰甌阜moulin kame
冰盘ice pan
冰棚ice shelf
冰硼ram
冰漂石ice boulder
冰磦石soled boulder
冰坪ice pavement
冰瀑glacial cascade(glacial fall)
冰瀑ice cascade
冰期drift epoch
冰期glacial epoch(ice age)
冰期glacial period
冰期ice age(glacial age)
冰期;冰河期glacial age(ice-age)
冰期次阶stade
冰期后的post-glacial
冰磧;冰磧物glacial drift
冰磧坝湖morainal dam lake
冰磧擦痕drift scrath
冰磧层till sheet
冰磧的morainic
冰磧阜moraine kame
冰磧盖层drift sheet
冰磧高原moraine plateau
冰磧湖drift lake
冰磧湖morainal lake
冰磧脊till billow
冰磧角砾岩moraine-breccia
冰磧脉till wall
冰磧泥炭drift peat
冰磧丘moraine(till;drift)
冰磧裙地morainal apron
冰磧三角洲morainal delta
冰磧沙洲moraine bar
冰磧土flow till
冰磧外的extramorainic
冰磧物glacial till
冰磧物till
冰磧下地形subdrift topography
冰磧岩tillite
冰磧原till plain
冰前湖marginal lake
冰前石脊protalus rampat
冰前沼polynya
冰壳foam crust
冰壳ice curst
冰丘堆hydrolaccolith
冰球ball ice
冰圈;冰冻圈cryosphere
冰裙ice apron
冰扰土congeliturbate
冰扰作用congeliturbation
冰扰作用cryoturbation
冰扰作用frost stirring
冰扰作用kryoturbation
冰刃ice blade
冰溶残岗thermokarst mound
冰溶地形thermokarst topography
冰溶喀斯特;热溶喀斯特thermokarst 冰融ablation
冰融冲积阶地fluvio-glacial terrace
冰融的fluvioglacial
冰融浮磧fluvioglacial drift
冰融河glacial(glacier)stream
冰融漂砾fluvioglacial drift stone
冰融沉积fluvioglacial deposit
冰融仪ablatograph
冰乳浆glacial milk
冰塞湖drift dammed lake
冰砂glacial sands
冰山berg
冰山ice berg
冰山ice mountain
冰山磧土berg till
冰扇ice fan
冰上的superglacial
冰舌ice tongue
冰舌;冰河舌glacier tongue
冰蚀glacial erosion
冰蚀槽;槽蚀作用fluting
冰蚀的glaciated
冰蚀的;冰损的iceworn
冰蚀高地monumented upland
冰蚀海岸glaciated coast
冰蚀角峰monumental peak
冰蚀盆地deflection basin
冰蚀平原ice-scoured plain
冰蚀峡谷;冰河峡谷glacial canyon
冰蚀峡谷;冰河峡谷glacial gorge
冰蚀作用exaration
冰水冲积平原glaciofluviatile plain
冰水的aqueoglacial
冰水的glacioaqueous
冰水的glaciofluvial
冰水泥;冰水黏土glacio-aqueous clay
冰水沉积glacio-fluvial deposit
冰水沉积裙outwash apron
幻想节日2006-10-30 13:40
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地质学专业英语词汇(10)
等粒状〔结构〕equigranular
等量半径equivalent radius
等量度组构因素eguant element
等量度组构因素equant element
等量线isogram
等密度的isopycnic
等密度内流homopychal inflow
等面积投影equiaeral projection
等面积网格equal-area net
等浓度线isocon
等热值线isocal
等容积线;等间距线isochore
等色线isochromatic curve
等深线isobath
等升降线isobase
等时线time line
等水分线isohume
等水压面(等压面) isopiestic level(isobaric surface) 等水压线isopiestic line
等他形equant anhedronal
等碳线isocarb
等尾虫Homotelus
等尾目Isopygous
等位面;等势面niveau surface
等位能面equipotential surface
等温面或等温剖面isothermal plane or section
等温线isotherm
等温研究isothermal study
等线贝Isogramma
等相isofacies
等相图isofacies map
等相线facies contour
等小长身蜿Productellana
等斜的isoclinal
等斜线isodip line
等斜褶皱isoclinal fold
等斜褶皱isocline
等形equiform
等形体的equidimensional
等压面isobaric surface
等压线isobar(isopiestics)
等盐度线isohalsine
等异常线isanomalic line
等异常线isanomaly
等萤光线isofluors
等雨量线isohyet
等震isoseism
等震的isoseismic
等震度的isoseismal
等震线homoseism
等震线isoseismal line
等正辉正长岩yogoite
等值线isopleth
等中粒度线isomegathy
等轴晶系cubic system
等轴晶系isometric system
等轴晶系regular system
等轴偏形半面类isometric plagihedral hemihedral class
等轴全面六八类isometric holohedral hexakisoctahedral class 等轴四半面体isometric tetrahedral hemihedral class
等轴鉭钙石koppite
等轴投影isometric projection
等属形的isogenotypic
等椎目Isospondlyi
等足目Isopoda
鐙骨stapes
低冰depth ice
低潮low tide
低潮neap tide
低潮阶带low-tide terrace
低潮线low-water line
低潮线;低水位準low water mark
低地lowland
低度含水层aquiclude
低共熔点;低共熔温度eutectic point or eutectic temperature 低缓坡waning slope
低挥份烟煤low-volatile bituminous coal
低级变质作用low-rank metamorphism
低级杂砂岩lithic graywacke
低级杂砂岩;低级混浊砂岩low-rank graywacke
低角断层low angle fault
低角逆冲断层low angle thrust
低能量环境low energy environment
低品位矿石;低级矿石low-grade ore
低平海岸;低平湖岸flat coast
低氢的subhydrous
低区sag
低区;洼地depression
低砷铁矿leucopyrite
低蚀岩基的hypobatholithic
低蚀岩基时期hypobatholithic stage
"低水铜铀云母
" metatorbernite
低水準面low-water datum
低铁次透辉石ferrosalite
低铁淡闪石ferroedenite
低铁多硅白云母ferrophengite
低铁方镁石ferropericlase
低铁黑硬绿泥石ferrostilpnomelane
低铁菱镁矿ferromagnesite
低铁镁铁橄石ferrohedenbergite
低铁镁铁橄石ferrohortonolite
低铁锰白云石ferromangandolomite
低铁锰闪石ferrorichterite
低铁钠闪石ferrohastingsite
低铁砷硅锰矿ferroschallerite
低铁透辉石ferrosilite
低铁透闪石ferrotremolite
低铁硅灰石ferrowollastonite
低铁阳起石ferroactinolite
低铁棕锑矿ferrostibianite
低温的epithermal
低温发光cryoluminescence
低温热液矿床;浅成热液矿床epithermal deposit
低温热液矿脉;浅成熟液矿脉epithermal veins
低温石英low-quartz
低盐滩slob land
低沼泥煤lowmoor peat
低沼泽lowmoor bog
堤侧湖lateral levee lake
堤防;沙堤embankment
堤防石块cyclopean stone
堤礁shoal reef
堤洲堰〔岸外〕滩;离岸沙滩barrier beach(offshore bar) 滴痕drip impression
滴孔driphole
滴水虫Guttulina
滴岩;滴石drip stone
滴岩幕curtain
狄克石dickite
狄南〔早石炭纪〕Dinantian
笛珊瑚Syringopora
底;下盘floor
底〔冰〕磧basal moraine
底冰ground ice
底部接触basal contact
底层水hypolimnion
底长石砂岩basal arkose
底荷bottom load
底积;层土prodelta clay
底积冰磧lodgement till
底积层bottom-set bed
底加作用plastering-on
底孔压bottom-hole pressure
底稜basal edge
底砾岩basal conglomerate
底流bottom flow
底流under current
底流undertow
底流痕undertow mark
底面basal plane
底面base
底面;底基面sole fault
底面〔层下底面〕subface(of a bed)
底面断层sole injection
底面解理basal cleavage(plane)
底面双晶manedach twin
底面注入底面痕sole marking
底泥炭bottom peat
底黏土石灰岩;淡水石灰岩underclay limestone 底坡haldenhang
底栖的benthic
底栖动物demersal
底栖生物benthos
底栖生物群benthon
底磧bottom moraine
底磧ground moraine
底磧海滨线ground moraine shoreline
底磧土basal till
底石seat stone
底蚀undermine(undermining)
底蚀作用undermining
底水basal water
底水bottom water
底图base map
底土root clay
底土seat clay
底土seat earth
底土underclay
底土underearth
底岩seat rock
底岩;基岩bed-rock
底轴面basal pinacoid
砥石whet stone
砥石;镰刀石scythestone
砥石;研磨石grindstone
地〔下夹〕冰〔层〕subterranean ice
地背斜geanticline
地背斜岭geanticlinal welt
地表的supracrustal
地表的surfical
地表古积geest
地表热液矿床的telethermal
地表异常surface anomaly
地冰层ground-ice layer
地冰堆ground-ice mound
地冰楔ground-ice wedge
地槽geosyncline
地槽的geosynclinal
地槽沉积柱geosynclinal prism
地槽相geosynclinal facies
地槽循环geosynclinal cycle
地层〔单数〕stratum
地层〔复数〕strata
地层测验drill-stem test
地层垂直变化图vertical veriability map 地层单位stratigraphic unit
地层对比stratigraphic correlation
地层法stratigraphic code
地层方向;走向direction of strata
地层封闭stratigraphic trap
地层古生物学stratigraphic palaeontology 地层划分stratigraphic classification
地层间断;小堆积间断lacuna
地层间断时间interzonal time
地层控制stratigraphic control
地层剖面stratigraphic section
地层时间stratigraphic time
地层时序表chronological timescale
地层试井strata test
地层水formation water
地层探井stratigraphic test
地层图stratigraphic map
地层相stratigraphic facies
地层学stratigraphic geology
地层学stratigraphy
地层学家stratigrapher
地层岩柱geogram
地层因数formation factor
地层柱stratigraphic column
地潮bodily tides
地磁terrestrial magnetism
地磁赤道magnetic equator
地磁的geomagnetic
地磁地层学magnetic stratigraphy
地磁极geomagnetic pole
地磁记绿器magnetograph
地磁日变化telluric diurnal variation
地磁图magnetic chart
地磁仪magnetometer
地磁异常magnetic anormaly
地单斜geomonocline
地叠horst
地动ground motion
地盾shield
地盾玄武岩shield basalt
地函mantle
地化高区;地球化学浓集geochemical culmination 地化探勘geochemical exploration
地化探勘geochemical prospecting
地化循环geochemical cycle
地化异常geochemical anomaly
地基土壤foundation soil
地籍测量cadastral survey
地籍图cadastral map
地籍图plat
地景;景观landscope
地块;山块block
地块逆掩作用block-overthrusting
地蜡mineral wax
地蜡ozocerite(ozokerite)
地蜡ozokerite
地理学geography
地沥青asphalt
地沥青asphaltos
地沥青asphaltum
地沥青asphaltus
地沥青mineral pitch
地瘤geotumor
地面;场ground
地面波surface wave
地面波surface wave group
地面磁测仪ground magnetometer
地面地质学surface geology
地面电流earth current
地面电阻率ground resistivity
地面供应间歇河surface-fed intermittent stream 地面逕流overland flow
地面逕流surface runoff
地面矿床hypotaxic deposit
地面曲率earth curvature
地面水surface water
地面相surface phase
地内的intratelluric
地内等温线geoisotherm
地内结晶intratelluric crystalization
地泡假说blister hypothesis
地坡ground slope
地堑graben
地堑断层trough fault
地壳板块crustal plate
地壳变动diastrophism
地壳波动学说undation theory
地壳不定稳定性crustal instability
地壳海洋化作用oceanization
地壳滑动作用phorogenesis
地壳均衡补偿isostatic compensation
地壳均衡的isostatic
地壳均衡的异常isostatic anomaly
地壳均衡说isostasy
地壳扭力crust torsion
地壳翘曲crustal warping
地壳外壳crust
地壳应力crust stress
地壳元素百分比clarke
地壳运动crustal movement
地壳运动diastrophism(crustal movement)
地壳运动earth movement
地壳运动revolution
地球〔泥〕土earth
地球成因学geogeny
地球成因学;地因学geogony
地球的telluric
地球发生论geogenesis
地球化学geochemistry
地球化学相geochemical facies
地球曲率curvature of earth
地球四面体说tetrahedral theory(of the earth) 地球体;地球形;象地体geoid
地球物理测勘geophysical survey
地球物理的geophysical
地球物理学geophysics
地球物理学家geophysicist
地球中心带〔圈〕core of the earth
地区terrain
地热变质geothermal metamorphism
地热梯度;地温梯度geothermal gradient
地热学geothermics
地色石geophyrocapsa
地石膏ground gypsum
地史学geochronic geology
地史学;歷史地质学historical geology
地势surface relief
地势图relief map
地台platform
地图map
地图比例representative fraction
地图投影map projection
地洼;大沉降带geodepression
地温测定法geological thermometry
地温度geothermometer
地文学physiography
地峡;土腰issite isthmus
地下冰脉crevasse hoar
地下的subterranean
地下地质学subsurface geology
地下古露头subcrop
地下古露头图subcrop map
地下金属探测器treasure finder
地下切流subterranean cutoff
地下生成期intratelluric stage
地下竖井underground shaft
地下霜depth hoar
地下水subsurface water
地下水subterranean water
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Date:2006-07-22 20:10:25
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看我其他帖子地质学专业英语词汇(19) 光椭圆剖面optic ellipse
光尾球接子Lejpyge
光线ray
光线矿abichite
光线矿clinoclase
光线矿clinoclasite
光像light figure
光行差(光);变体(生) aberration
光性optic character
光性optical character
光性optical properties
光性测温计optical pyrometer
光性常数optical constant
光性方位optical orientation
光性符号optical sign
光性记录optical registration
光性试验optical test
光性异常optical anomaly
光学放大optical magnification
光玉髓corneline
光玉髓;肉红石髓carnelian
光玉髓;肉红石髓carneol
光泽luster
光栅grating
光之分异differentiation of light
光轴optic axis
光轴法线third mean line
光轴角axial angle
光轴角optic angle
光轴面optic plane
光轴面plane of optic axis
光轴然线optic normal
光轴色散dispersion of optic axes
光轴影melatopes
光柱beam of light
光子photon
广鼻类Platyrrhini
广翅目Megaloptera
广深性的;耐深的eurybathic
广温性的eurythermal
广温性生物eurythermal organism
广西螺Kwangsispira
广西珊瑚Kwangsiphyllum
广西运动Kuangsi movement
广盐性的;耐盐度变化的euryhaline
广盐性生物euryhalinous organism
广元统Kuanyuan series
规格石块;建筑石材dimension stone
规模;数值magnitude
规则包体regular inclusions
规则海胆目Regulate
龟背地形turtleback
龟背石;裂心结核;桃核心结核septarium
龟甲石;龟甲状结核septaria(septarian nodule) 龟裂的septarian
龟龙Oudenodon
龟形石turtle stone
归州统Kuichouseries
轨道orbit
鬼里螺;骨螺Murex
桂林山;石灰岩残丘haystack
桂林山灰岩残丘hum
桂竹林层kueichoulin formation
贵蛋白石noble opal
贵蛋白石precious opal
贵电气石noble tourmaline
贵橄欖石chrysolite
贵橄欖石chrysolyte
贵橄欖石peridot
贵尖晶石noble spinel
贵金属noble metal
贵金属precious metal
贵榴状晶石almandine-spinel
贵蛇纹石noble serpentine
贵州角石Kueichouceras
贵州珊瑚Kueichouphyllum
贵州珊瑚Kweichouphyllum
锅穴kettle
锅穴状kettled
锅状湖pit lake
锅状火山口pit crater(volcano sink)
国姓埔层Kuohsingpu formation
果皮内层endocarp
过;超hyper-
过白榴粒玄岩parchettite
过斑晶的persemic(C.I.P.W.)
过饱和supersaturation
过饱和溶液supersaturant solution 过饱和岩oversaturated rocks
过玻璃质perhyaline(C.I.P.W.)
过长石质perfelic(C.I.P.W.)
过长英质perfelsic(C.I.P.W.)
"过陡谷壁
" oversteepened walls
过渡岩系transitiional series
过多容晶的perxence
过多容晶的perxenic
过多主晶的peroikic
过基质的perpatic(C.I.P.W.)
过硷性peralkaline
过硷性的peralkalic
过结晶作用per crystallization
过晶质percrystalline(C.I.P.W.)
过冷super-cooling
过冷under cooling
过冷的undercooling
过量下蚀overdeepening
过硫锑铅矿epiboulangerite
过铝质岩peraluminous rocks
过镁铁质permafic(C.I.P.W.)
过氢煤perhydrous coal
过氢煤素质perhydrous maceral 过氢烟煤perbituminous coal
过热作用superheating
过溶作用transfusion
过生长over growth
过石英质perquaric(C.I.P.W.)
过酸性岩peracidite
过酸性岩persilicic rocks
过铁镁质perfemane(C.I.P.W.)
过铁镁质perfemic(C.I.P.W.)
过硅铝质persalane(C.I.P.W.)
过硅铝质persalic(C.I.P.W.)
过硅酸质persilicic
过中孔型permesothyrid
哈德逊海星Hudsonaster
骸晶skeleton crystals
骸晶生长skeletal growth
海sea
海岸seacoast
地质年代 Relative Time 相对年代/ Absolute Time 绝对年代isotopic age 同位素年龄 law of superposition 地层层序律 law of faunal succession 生物层序律 fossil 化石 index fossil 标准化石 chronologic scale 地质年代表 eon宙/ era代/ period纪/ epoch世 eonothem宇/arethem界/ system系/ series统 Archaeozoic era(erathem) 太古代(界) Proterozoic era(erathem) 元古代(界) Palaeozoic era(erathem) 古生代(界) Mesozoic era(erathem) 中生代(界) Cenozoic era(erathem) 新生代(界) Sinian period(system) 震旦纪(系) Cambrian period(system) 寒武纪(系) Ordovician period(system) 奥陶纪(系) Silurian period(system) 志留纪(系) Devonian period(system) 泥盆纪(系) Carboniferous period(system) 石炭纪(系) Permian period(system) 二叠纪(系) Triassic period(system) 三叠纪(系) Jurassic period(system) 侏罗纪(系) Cretaceous period(system) 白垩纪(系) Tertiary period(system) 第三纪(系) Quaternary period(system) 第四纪(系) 矿物 element 元素 isotope 同位素 radioactive isotope 放射性同位素 stable isotope 稳定同位素 clarke number 克拉克值 mineral 矿物 crystal 晶体 crystalline 结晶质 amorphous substance 非晶质 crystal form 晶形 classification 分类 chemical bond 化学键 polymorphism 同质多像 isomorphism 类质同像 aggregate 集合体 degree of rounding 磨圆度 degree of grains 粒度 transparency 透明度 luster 光泽 streak 条痕 color 颜色 hardness 硬度 cleavage 解理 fracture 断口;断裂 silicate minerals 硅酸盐矿物 silicon oxygen tetrahedron 硅氧四面体 岩石与成岩作用 1.岩浆作用与火成岩 petrology 岩石学 igneous rock 火成岩 structure 构造texture 结构 mineral composition 矿物组成 magmatism 岩浆作用 magma 岩浆 Extrusion 喷出作用(火山作用): pyroclastic rocks 火山碎屑岩 lava 熔岩 ash 火山灰 bomb 火山弹 columnar joint 柱状节理 pahoehoe lava 波状熔岩 block lava 块状熔岩 komatiite 科马提岩 crater 火山口 caldera 破火山口 circum pacific volcanic belt 环太平洋火山带intrusion 侵入作用 country rock 围岩 assimilation 同化混染作用 xenolith 捕虏体 fractional crystallization 结晶分异作用 continuous reaction 连续反应系列 discontinuous reaction 不连续反应系 dike岩脉/sheet岩床/rockbasin岩盆 laccolith岩盖/stock岩株/batholith岩基 cryptocrystalline texture 隐晶质结构 phanerocrystalline texture 显晶质结构 porphyritic texture斑状结构 porphyaceous texture似斑状结构 massive structure 块状构造 flowed structure 流动构造 fumarolic structure 气孔构造 layered structure 层状构造 intrusive(invade)rock 侵入岩 effusive rock 喷出岩 plutonic rock 深成岩
Catastrophic versus uniform views of change and the age of the earth // 地球的灾变论和均变论之争以及地球的年龄 1.Ancient people quite understandably were impressed only by rapid and violent geologic processes. This led to a catastrophic view of the earth (commonly called catastrophism), which dominated European thought until 1850, Changes were thought to occur suddenly, rapidly, and devastatingly by a series of catastrophes. The most famous example of such a supposed catastrophe was, of course, the great Deluge of the old Testament, Others included volcanic eruptions at Pompeii and Thera as well as the Lisbon earthquake. // 古人往往对于快速的和猛烈的地质演化现象印象深刻,这导致了地球灾变性观点(通常称之为灾变论)在欧洲地质学界一直占主导地位,直到十九世纪五十年代,地质学家普遍认为地球演化是在一些列突发性、快速并具有灾难性的地质事件之后产生。支持灾变论最著名的例子如旧约全书所记载的大洪水时代,其他的地质事件如意大利庞贝古城火山的爆发,锡拉岛火山爆发,里斯本大地震等也是其有效的证据。 2.A parallel idea consistent with catastrophism was a universally accepted belief that the earth was but a few thousand years old, This conception is revealed in Shakespeare’s As You Like It, written around 1600, where reference is made to the age of the earth being about 6000years, In 1654 one of several more definite pronouncement came from Anglican Archbishop Ussher, who announced that, based upon his analysis of genealogies in the Scriptures and of astronomical cycles, the word had been created in the year4004B.C. on the 23d of October! Some years later, anotherauthority fixed an equally precise date for the great Deluge, November 18,2349 B.C. At that time, Practically all leading European intellectuals believed implicitly in a literal interpretation of the Bible, and so it is not surprising to find that a 6000-year age for the erath was gospel for fully 200 years. //与灾变论相一致的观点,且被广泛接受相信的是地球的年龄只有几千年。这个观点是在英国大文豪莎士比亚著作于大约公元1600年的《皆大欢喜》中所揭示,文中涉及到地球的年两大约在6000年左右。其后,相继有更明确的论点对这一观点进行佐证,其中之一,1654年,英国国教有曷休大教主声称,根据其对《圣经》中宗谱和天文周期的分析,地球是在公元前4004年10月23日创立,数年之后,另外一个更加权威、固定并同样精确的日期被计算出:大洪水时代是在公元前2349年11月18日。在那个年代,实际上几乎欧洲所有的主要知识分子都默默的赞成《圣经》上面的解释,因此地球年龄为6000年这一观点被传播了200年就不足为奇了。 3.In the seventeenth century, the Scriptural account of Creation was a point of departure for European science. Humans were considered early comers who lived for a time in paradise. As punishment for their sins, the Deluge was sent to throw the earth’s surface into chaos. Countless creatures suddenly were buried in sediments ,violent waves and currents scoured out valleys and piled up rocks to form mountains, and the earth was wracked by earthquakes and volcanic eruption. After the Flood, the mountains began to be worn down and valleys to be filled. //在17世纪,《圣经》的创作是出于对欧洲科学的记载:人类被认为是地球早期的到来者,他们之前居住在伊甸园,为了惩罚人类的罪恶,大洪水爆发,将地表陷入混乱之中,无数的生物被瞬间埋藏在土中,汹涌的洪水将地表冲刷成山谷,将石头堆积成山脉,同时,地球也遭受着地震和火山喷发的破坏。大洪水时代过后,山脉开始被磨蚀,山谷被填平。 4.When geology emerged as a vigorous intellectual pursuit around 1800, an alternative concept of earth change began to develop. It was now argued that the same common processes observed operating today were largely responsible for all past changes imprinted in the rock
2. GEOLOGY地质 2.1 LITHOLOGY CASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION ORDER 岩性分类和描述顺序 2.1.1 Rock Types 岩石类型 Sedi Sedimentry 沉积岩 clas clastic 碎屑岩 ss sandstone 砂岩 mdst mudstone 泥岩 sh shale 页岩 clyst, clst claystone 粘土岩 sd sand 砂 mSsd medium sandstone 中砂岩 fsst fine sandstone 细砂岩 bldr boulder 卵石 pbl pebble 卵石 grl gravel 砾石 cgl conglomerate 砾岩 gywk graywacke 硬砂岩 cbl cobble 大鹅卵石 ark arkose 长石砂岩 grnl granule 粒砂 brec breccic 角砾岩 bioc bioclastic 生物碎屑岩 vcrs sst very coarse sandstone 极粗砂岩 argl argillite 泥板岩 gyp gypsum 石膏 anhy anhydrite 硬石膏 slt salt 盐岩 flint-lingite 隧石 carbonate 碳酸盐岩 ls limestone 灰岩,石灰岩 dolo dolomite 白云石 dolst dolostone 白云岩
mrls marlstone 泥灰石 coq coquina 贝壳灰岩 biosp biosparte 生物亮晶灰岩 biomi biomicrite 生物微晶灰岩 clcar calcarenite 灰屑岩,钙屑灰岩 clclt calcilutite 泥屑石灰岩 micr micrite 微晶灰岩 clcrd calcirudite 砾屑石灰岩 clslt calcisilitite 粉砂屑石灰岩 grst grainstone 粒状灰岩 oolitic limestone 鲕状灰岩 Igneous Rock 火成岩 intrusive igneous 侵入岩 extrusive igneous 喷出岩 volc colcanic 火山岩 grt granite 花岗岩 dr diorite 闪长岩 grdr grano diorite 花岗闪长岩 qu dr quartz diorite 石英闪长岩 dr po diorite porphyrite 闪长玢岩 syenite 正长岩 gab, gb gabbro 辉长岩 qu po quartz porphyrite 石英玢岩 an andesite 安山岩 bas basalt 玄武岩 arag aragonite 纹石,霞石 Meta Metsmorphic rock 变质岩 phyl phyllite 千枚岩 sl slate 板岩 sch schist 片岩 mbl marble 大理岩 gne gneiss 片麻岩 qtzt quartzite 石英岩 novac novaculite致密石英岩 2.1.2 COL Color, Colour 颜色 blk black 黑色 brn brown 棕色 yel yellow 黄色 gy, gry grey 灰色
1.地球的外部圈层和内部圈层有哪些? 答:内部圈层:地球内部结构是指地球内部的分层结构。根据地震波在地下不同深度传播速度的变化,一般将地球内部分为三个同心球层:地核、地幔和地壳。中心层是地核;中间是地幔;外层是地壳。外部圈层:根据各层大气的不同特点(如温度、成分及电离程度等),从地面开始依次分为对流层、臭氧层、平流层、中间层、热层(电离层)和外大气层。 2.什么叫做地质作用?内外力的地质作用各有哪些类型? 答:由自然动力引起使地壳组成物质,地壳构造,地表形态等不断的变化和形成的作用,通称地质作用。其中内力作用使地球内部和地壳的组成和结构复杂化,造成地表高低起伏;外力作用使地壳原有的组成和结构改变,夷平地表的起伏,向单一化发展。地质学界把自然界引起的这些变化的各种作用称为地质作用。 3石英石与斜长石、方解石和石膏如何区别? 答:石英:属氧化物、架状构造、柱面横纹,在分化过程中化学性质稳定,斜长石:斜晶系,属架状硅酸盐,解理面上有平行的双晶皮,基性斜长石较酸性,斜长石硬,易分化;方解石:三云晶系,集含体为粒状,鲕状,玻璃光泽,热液、变质和分化作用形成石灰岩主要造岩产物。石膏:单斜晶系,常呈板状或纤维状,玻璃光泽或丝绢光泽,主要干旱,炎热气候条件下的盐湖沉积。 4、什么是化石?研究化石有何意义? 答:化石是存留在岩石中的古生物遗体或遗迹,最常见的是骸骨和贝壳等。研究化石可以了解生物的演化并能帮助确定地层的年代。保存在地壳的岩石中的古动物或古植物的遗体或表明有遗体存在的证据都谓之化石。 5、古生代、中生代、新生代地史各有什么特点? 答:古生代是显生宙的第一个代,生命活动在地球上已经十分广泛,处于生命演化的初级阶段。又可以分为早古生代和晚古生代。早古生代包括寒武纪(∈)、奥陶纪(O)、志留纪(S),晚古生代包括泥盆纪(D)、石炭纪(C)、二叠纪(P)。中生代包括三叠纪(T)、侏罗纪(J)、白垩纪(K)。中生代时曾发生过两次大的地壳运动:三叠纪中期的印支运动;侏罗纪和白垩纪的燕山运动。新生代分为第三纪(E)和第四纪(Q)两个纪,新生代最重要的构造运动称为喜马拉雅运动,在欧洲又称为阿尔卑斯运动。6、岩层产状三要素是什么?如何确定岩层产状? 答:三要素:走向、倾向和倾角。 7、褶皱是如何形成的?其类型和形态有哪些?野外如何识别褶皱? 答:岩层形成时,一般是水平的,岩层在构造运动作用力,因受力而发生弯曲,一个弯曲环称褶曲。如果发生一系列波状的弯曲变形就叫褶皱。根据褶皱轴面的产状变化分为:对称褶皱、不对称褶皱、倾斜褶皱、平卧褶皱、倒转褶皱;根据褶皱的不同形态可分为:尖棱褶皱、梳状褶皱、拱状褶皱、箱状褶皱、扇状褶皱、等斜褶皱。 8、断层要素有哪些?断层是如何分类的?野外如何识别断层? 答:断层各组成部分的名称叫断层要素,主要有断层面、断盘。断层的类型:一般按断层两盘相对滑动方向,把断层的基本类型分为:①正断层②逆断层③平移断层。断层的识别1)擦痕和镜面2)断层角砾岩与糜棱岩3)断层泥4)拖曳褶曲5)地层的缺失与重复6)地质体错断7)密集的节理8)地貌标志9)泉水的带状分布10)土壤和植被标志。顺或逆着倾向方向,地层重复出现,倾角变化有规律。背斜:新—老—新;向斜:老—新—老 9、风化作用是怎样发生的?有哪些类型? 答:风化作用,即地壳表层的岩石,在大气和水的联合作用以及温度变化和生物活动的影响下,所发生的一系列崩解和分解作用。岩石的风化作用是一种长期的、持续的普遍而极其缓慢的作用过程。类型:按照风化作用的影响因素、性质和方式,把风化作用分为物理风化、化学风化和生物风化三大类。一、物理风化作用1.矿物岩石的差异性胀缩2.冰劈作用3.盐分结晶的撑裂作用4.
A abbreviate v. 缩写,简写ably ad. 异常地 abrupt v. 突然的absolute porosity 绝对孔隙度access n. 接近,进入accumulate v. 聚集accumulation n. 聚集acquisition n. 获取,采集acromagnetic a. 航空磁测的acyclic a. 无环的admixture n. 混合,混合物aeolian a. 风成的,风积的aerobic a. 喜氧的 affinity n. 亲合力,亲合性
aformentioned a. 上述的,上面提到的agency n. 因素,营力,作用agglomeration n. 结块,凝聚aggregated gas 聚集型气 agitated a. 搅动过,摇过的 agitation n. 搅拌,搅动 aircraft n. 飞机,航空器 algae 藻类 aliphatic a. 脂肪类的 alkane 链烷 alkane n. 烷烃,链烷 alkene n. 烯烃 alkylaromatic a. 烷基芳烃的 alkylate v. 烷基化 allochthonous a. 外来的,异地的
alluvial fan 冲积扇 alteration n. 蚀变作用 ambient a. 周围的 ambiguity n. 含糊,模棱两可ambiguous a. 意思含糊的,模棱两可的amino acids 氨基酸 ammonite n. 菊石 amorphous a. 非晶质的,无一定方向的amphibolite n. 角闪石 amplitude n. 幅度,振幅 analogous a. 类似的,模拟的 angular a. 棱角状的,带角的anhydrite n. 硬石膏 anomoly n. 异常,变异 anoxic a. 缺氧的
矿业工程专业词汇英语翻译 1
abscissa 横座标 accidental explosion 意外爆炸 actual mining 回采工作 adjoining rock 围岩 after gases 炮烟 age of mine 矿山寿命 angle of break 崩落角 angular hole 斜炮眼 area 矿区 area blasting 多排列爆破 area of explosion 爆炸区 azimuth 方位 azimuth angle 方位角 backfill 充填 backfill material 充填料 bag powder 装袋炸药 ballast pit 采石场 bank height 台阶高度 base charge 基本装药量;炮眼底部装约base line 基线 bench 阶段 bench cut blasting 阶段爆破 bench drilling 阶段钻眼 bench floor 台阶底 bench height 台阶高度 bench preparation 阶段准备 bench stoping 阶梯式开采 benched quarry 阶段采石场benching 阶梯式开采 benching bank阶段 blast 爆炸 blast firing 放炮 blast hole 炮眼 blast hole drill 凿岩机 blast layout 装药布置 blaster 放炮工 blasters' permit 爆破技术员blasthole 炮眼 blasting 爆破 blasting charge 装炸药 blasting explosive 炸药 blasting fume 炮烟
地质专业英语词汇A a horizon a 层位 a lineation a 线理 a twin a双晶 aa lava 块熔岩 aalenian stage 阿林阶 abandon 废弃 abandoned mine 废弃得矿山abandoned well 废孔 abatis 通风隔墙 abdomen 腹部 abdominal appendage 腹肢abdominal cavity 腹腔 abdominal fin 腹 abductor外展肌 abductor muscle外展肌abernathyite 水砷钾铀矿 aberration象差 abichite 光线矿 abiogenesis 自然发生abiogeny自然发生 abiotic factor 非生物因素ablation 剥蚀 ablation breccia 剥蚀角砾岩ablation moraine 消融碛ablation skin 熔蚀皮 ablationtill 消融碛ablykite 阿布石 abnormal异常得 abnormal interference color 异常干涉色 abnormal metamorphism异常 变质酌 abolition 废除 abrade 剥蚀 abrasion海蚀 abrasionplatform磨蚀台 地 abrasion surface 浪蚀面 abrasion terrace 磨蚀阶地 abrasionn test磨耗试验 abrasive 磨料;海蚀得 abrazite 多水高岭土 absarokite 正边玄武岩 absite钍钛铀矿 absolute age 绝对年龄 absolute black body绝对 黑体 absolute chronology绝对 年代学 absolute dating绝对年 代测定 absolute geopotential 绝对 重力势 absolute porosity 绝对孔隙率 absolute pressure 绝对压力 absolutestructure 绝对构 造 absorbed water 吸附水 absorbent吸收剂 absorber 吸收器 absorbing well 吸水井 absorption 吸收 absorption axis 吸收轴 absorptionborder融蚀缘 absorption curve 吸收曲线 absorption edge吸收端 absorption factor 吸收率 absorption spectrum 吸收 光谱 absorptive capacity吸收 率 absorptivity 吸收性 abukumalite 铋磷灰石 abundance丰度 abundance of elements 元素丰度 abundance ofisotopes 同位素丰度 abundance ratio of isotopes 同位素相对丰度 abysmaldeposits 深海沉积 物 abyss深海 abyssal 深海得 abyssal benthic zone 深渊底 栖带 abyssal deposits 深海沉积 物 abyssalfacies 深海相 abyssal hills province 深 海丘陵区
1.矿物:是由地质作用形成的、在正常情况下呈结晶质的元素或无机化合物, 是组成岩石和矿石的基本单元。 2.矿物的集合体即组成岩石或矿石。 3.克拉克值:各种化学元素在地壳中的平均含量之百分数。 4.岩石的三大分类:沉积岩、岩浆岩(火成岩)、变质岩。 5.地下水分类:按含水介质分为:孔隙水、裂隙水、岩溶水。按埋藏条件分为:包气带水、潜水、承压水。 6. 什么是崩塌 答:崩塌是指陡坡上的岩体或者土体在重力作用下突然脱离山体发生崩落、滚动,堆积在坡脚或沟谷的地质现象。 7. 什么是滑坡 答:滑坡是指斜坡上的土体或岩体,受河流冲刷、地下水活动、地震及人工切坡等因素的影响,在重力的作用下,沿着一定的软弱面或软弱带,整体地或分散地顺坡向下滑动的地质现象。 8. 什么是泥石流? 答:由暴雨、冰雪融水或库塘溃坝等水源激发,使山坡或沟谷中的固体堆积物混杂在水中沿山坡或沟谷向下游快速流动,并在山坡坡脚或出山口的地方堆积下来,就形成了泥石流。 9.建筑分类 2)除住宅建筑之外的民用建筑高度不大于24m者为单层和多层建筑,大于24m 者为高层建筑(不包括建筑高度大于24m的单层公共建筑); 3)建筑高度大于1OOm的民用建筑为超高层建筑。
14.地球化学以矿产勘查为主要目的之外,还可用于:环境质量评价、土地资源评价、水资源调查与评价、海洋资源调查与评价、地震监测、城市工程、考古等。 15.矿床和矿体 矿床概念:地壳中由地质作用形成的所含有用组分的质和量在当前经济技术条件下能开采利用的地质体。 矿体概念:是矿床中可供开采利用的部分,是由矿石和夹石组成的地质体。 矿体与矿床的关系:矿体是矿床的主体,一个矿床可有一个或多个矿体。 16.矿石矿物和脉石矿物 矿石矿物(有用矿物):矿石中可供利用的矿物。 脉石矿物(无用矿物):矿石中不能利用的矿物。(例铅锌矿石、金矿石)注意:矿石矿物与脉石矿物是相对于一个具体的矿床而言的,在一个矿床中某种矿物可利用则是矿石矿物,而在另一矿床或矿体中这种矿物不能利用则是脉石矿物,脉石矿物的概念也如此。(例自然金和石英) 17.消色 消色是在正交偏光间,两矿片在45°位异名半径平行,总光程差为0时,视
abbreviate v.缩写,简写abno rmally ad.异常地 abrupt v. 突然的 absolute porosity绝对孔隙度access n接近,进入accumulate v.聚集accumulation n.聚集acquisition n.获取,采集acromagnetic a.航空磁测的acyclic a.无环的 admixture n.混合,混合物aeolian a.风成的,风积的aerobic a.喜氧的 affinity n. 亲合力,亲合性 aformentioned a.上述的,上面提到的agency n.因素,营力,作用agglomeration n. 结块,凝聚aggregated gas R集型气 agitated a.搅动过摇过的 agitation n. 搅拌,搅动 aircraft n. 飞机,航空器 algae藻类 aliphatic a. 脂肪类的 alkane 链烷 alka ne n.烷烃,链烷 alke ne n.烯烃 alkylaromatic a. 烷基芳烃的 alkylate v. 烷基化
allochthonous a.外来的,异地的 alluvial fan 冲积扇 alteration n. 蚀变作用 ambie nt a.周围的 ambiguity n.含糊,模棱两可ambiguous a.意思含糊的,模棱两可的ami no acids 氨基酸 ammonite n. 菊石 amorphous a.非晶质的,无一定方向的amphibolite n.角闪石 amplitude n. 幅度,振幅 analogous a类似的,模拟的 angular a.棱角状的,带角的anhydrite n.硬石膏 anomoly n. 异常,变异 anoxic a. 缺氧的 an teisoalka ne n.反异构烷烃 an thracite n.无烟煤 anticline n. 背斜 antiform n. 背斜构造 aperture n 孔,孔眼 apparent molecular weight表观分子量aquatic a.水的,水生的 arago nite n霰石
中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Theory of the treatment Abstract: the landslide is a kind of global natural disasters, huge harmfulness, often to people's life and property security caused great hidden trouble.Meizhou of guangdong province in China is located in the southern margin of the five ridges mountains, rocks are mainly quartz sandstone in the devonian strata in the area, Permian limestone has a wide distribution and the Jurassic and cretaceous red sandstone, geological environment fragile, landslide is prevalent.In this paper, through examples on landslide hazards and control measures were briefly reviewed in this paper, the and the development prospect of prevention and control and control technology is prospected.
The Earth From classical times it has been known that the earth is roughly spherical in shape. Actually the planet is shaped more like a slightly flattened ball whose polar radius is about 21km shorter than its equatorial radius. The average radius is 6371km. The earth’s specific gravity is 5.5. It is 5.5 times as heavy as an equal volume of water. The specific gravity is greater than that of any other planet in the solar system, but not appreciably different from that of Mercury, Venus and Mars. Because the average specific gravity of surface rocks is only about 2.7, the material existing deep within the earth must have a specific gravity well in excess of the 5.5 average. Very likely, the material at the earth’s center has a specific gravity as high as about 15. The splendid photographs of the earth taken from space by Apollo astronauts remind us that our planet is more than a rocky globe orbiting the sun. The patterns of white clouds above the azure blue color tell us of the presence of an atmosphere and hydrosphere. Here and there one can even discern patches of tan that indicates the existence of continents. Greenish hues provide evidence of the planet’s most remarkable feature: there is life on earth. THE A TMOSPHERE We live beneath a thin but vital envelope of gases called atmosphere. We refer to these gases as air. “Pure air”is composed mainly of nitrogen (78.03%) and oxygen 920.99%). The remaining 0.98% of air is made of argon, carbon dioxide and minute quantities of other gases. One of these “other”components found mostly in the upper atmosphere is a form of oxygen called ozone. Ozone absorbs much of the sun’s lethal ultraviolet radiation, and is thus of critical importance organisms on the surface of the earth. Air also contains from 0.1 percent to 5.0 percent of water vapor. However, because this moisture content is so variable, it is not usually included in lists of atmospheric components. Every day, the atmosphere receives radiation from the sun. This solar radiation provides the energy that heats the atmosphere and drives the winds. Distribution of solar radiation is one of the most important factors in determining the various kinds of climate we experience on the earth. THE HYDROSPHERE(水圈) The discontinuous envelope of water that covers 71 percent of earth’s surface is called hydrosphere. It includes the ocean as well as water vapor. The water contained in streams and lakes, water frozen in glaciers, and water that occurs underground in the pores and cavities of rocks. If surface irregularities such as continents and deep oceanic basins and trenches were smoothed out, water would completely cover the earth to a depth of more than two kilometers. Water is an exceedingly important geologic agent. Glacier composed of water in its solid form alter the shape of the land by scouring, transporting and depositing rock debris. Because water has the property of dissolving many natural compounds, it contributes significantly to the decomposition of rocks and, therefore, to the development of soils on which we depend for food. Water moving relentlessly down hill as sheetwash, in rills, and in streams loosens and carries away the particles of rock to lower elevations where they are deposited as layers of sediment. Clearly, the process of sculpturing our landscapes is primarily dependent upon water. By far the greatest part of the hydrosphere is contained within the ocean basins. These basins are of enormous interest to geologists who have discovered that they are not permanent and immobile as once believed, but rather are dynamic and ever changing. There is ample evidence
名词解释 第一章绪论 地质构造:组成地壳的岩层或岩体在内、外动力地质作用下发生的变形,从而形成诸如褶皱、节理、断层、劈理以及其他各种面状和线状构造等。 第二章沉积岩层的原生构造及其产状 层理:通过岩石成分、结构和颜色在剖面上的突变或渐变所显现出来的一种成层构造。 有:平行层理,波状层理,斜层理 几个概念:岩层、沉积岩层、层面(顶面、底面)、厚度、原生构造。 岩层与地层概念的区别 岩层的产状要素 走向:岩层面与水平面相交的线叫走向线。 倾向:岩层最大倾斜线在水平面上的投影方向。 倾角:岩层最大倾斜线与水平面的夹角。 整合:上、下两套地层层序没有间断。 不整合:上、下两套地层层序有间断,有地层缺失 1.平行不整合:表现为上、下两套地层的产状彼此平行,但在两套地层之间缺失了一些时代的地层。 2.角度不整合:上、下两套地层之间既缺失部分地层,产状又不相同 第三章地质构造分析的力学基础 外力:对于一个物体来说,另一个物体施加于这个物体的力,有面力和体力。 内力:是同一物体内部各部分之间的相互作用力。分固有内力和附加内力。 应力:作用于单位面积上的内力。 应力场:一系列点的瞬时应力状态 均匀应力场、非均匀应力场 构造应力场:地壳内一定范围内某一瞬时的应力状态 规模上:局部构造应力场、区域构造应力场、全球构造应力场 时间上:古构造应力场、现代构造应力场 应力轨迹:表示构造应力场中主应力和最大剪应力的作用方位的应力迹线 应力集中:在均匀应力场中局部的应力异常增大现象 应力集中一般出现在以下部位: 断裂的端点、拐点、分枝点、错列点和待交会点及空洞周围等。 光弹实验和数值计算可以显示出应力集中现象。 均匀变形:岩石的各个部分的变形性质、方向和大小都相同的变形称为均匀变形。 非均匀变形:岩石各点变形的方向、大小和性质变化的变形称为非均匀变形。 线应变:单位长度的改变量 横向线应变/纵向线应变=泊松比泊松比<=0.5 弹性变形:岩石在外力作用下发生变形,当外力解除后,又完全恢复到变形前的状态,这种变形称为弹性变形。 微观机制:岩石内部质点位移后获得一定的位能,外力解除后,可发生弹性变形回复或弹性回跳。 塑性变形(剩余变形或永久变形):当应力超过岩石的弹性极限后,即使再将应力解除,变形的岩石也不能完全恢复其原来的形状,这种变形称塑性变形。