美国文学 期末考试试卷及答案 精品推荐
2017 — 2018 学年第 一 学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A 卷）
适用班级 考试时间 120 分钟
学院 班级 学号 姓名
Ⅰ. Choose TEN of the following works and write the names of the authors. (10%)
1. Octopus ( )
2. Maggie, A Girl of the Streets ( )
3. Babbitt ( )
4. White Fang ( )
5. “Legend of Sleepy Hollow” ( )
6. My Antonia ( )
7. “Birches” ( )
8. Poor Richard’s Alma nac ( )
9. Light in August ( )
10. Twice Told Tales ( )
11. The Declaration of Independence ( )
12. “Rip Van Winkle ”( )
13. Nature ( )
14. The Song of Hiawatha ( )
15. Uncle Tom ’s Cabin ( )
16. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( )
17. Sister Carrie (
)
18. The Waste Land ( )
19. For Whom the Bell Tolls ( )
20. The Emperor Jones ( )
(10%)
1._________________________was one of the founders of the
Jamestown colony in Virginia in 1607 and is known for his work describing the colonies.
2.__________________________was a determined revolutionary whose
work helped the cause of the American Revolution considerably, but who lost his popularity long before his death.
3.The term refers to the group of people, some of them
important to American literature (especially secular essay writing), who led the American Revolution and helped create the early American Republic.
4.________________________was an early form of horror fiction that
originated in 18th century Europe and was very popular in America during the Romantic Period.
5._____________________________, known for her deeply personal
poems and radically different poetic themes and form, didn’t achieve fame as a poet until long after her death.
6.The first of American literature was not written by an American, but by
___________________, a British captain, who thus became the first American writer.
7. _________________ has been entitled the “Father of American
Poetry.
8._______________________was the first great prose stylist of
American romanticism, author of the first American short stories and familiar essays , the first American author to achieve international distinction, and has a significant position in the history of American literature.
9._____________________is the first American professional writer and
the first writer of the detective story in the world.
10._______________________is also called novel of the road, it strings
the incidents on the line of the hero’s travel.
Ⅲ. Choose only one answer form the four choices as the
most appropriate answer. (30%)
1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. When her poems were published in England, she became know as the “______” who appeared in America.
A Ninth Muse
B Tenth Muse
C Best Muse
D First Muse
2. ______ is the sometimes exaggerated use of local language, characters and customs in regional literature.
A purple prose
B waste-land imagery
C local color
D symbolism
3. The first great flourishing of African American literature that appealed to a relatively large literate Black readership was known as_____.
A The Holocaust
B The Harlem Renaissance
C Abolitionism
D The Civil Rights Movement
4. _______ was a leading 19th century feminist and one of the core members of the Transcendentalist movement.
A Margaret Fuller
B Sylvia Plath
C Hilda Doolittle
D Gloria Stein
5. Which of the following is not typical of modern poetry?
A gushing sentimentalism and comfortable images
B abandonment of earlier verse forms
C use of free verse
D an effort to find and/or explore a new role for the poet in a changing world
6. Who was perhaps the most popular of all 20th century American poets?
A Ezra Pound
B Walt Whitman
C Robert Frost
D Allen Ginsburg
7. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as
_______.
A The Jazz Age
B The Gilded Age
C The Roaring Age
D The Beat Age
8. Which is true of the “Fireside Poets”?
A They were generally strongly in favor of abolishing slavery.
B They were deeply involved in the Transcendentalist movement.
C They were a group of 19th century New England poets who were
tremendously popular and respected at the time they wrote.
D They opposed to tradition and were in favor of radical change.
9. Ernest Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in love with a nurse. These two persons later became the characters of his novel ________.
A The Old Man and the Sea
B For Whom the Bell Tolls
C The Sun Also Rises
D A Farewell to Arms
10. The Brahmists or Boston Brahmi, in American literature, refers to _______.
A The highest ranking of the Hindu castes.
B A movement that emerged from rebellion against Puritan religious ideas and systems.
C A group of New England writers known for their scholarship and/or conservative philosophy.
D A school of imaginative writing.
11. Which of the following is one of Ben Franklin’s famous proverbs?
A “A stitch in time saves nine”
B “God helps those who help themselves”
外国文学期末重点
小知识点： 1、古希腊—罗马文学和希伯来—基督教文学是欧洲文学的两大源头。 2、赫西俄德 《工作与时日》（又译《农作与日子》）。第一部以现实生活为题材的教诲诗。 《神谱》是最早关于宇宙起源和神的谱系的系统描述。 3、柏拉图称萨福为“第十位文艺女神”。 4、贺拉斯《诗艺》，继承亚里士多德模仿说，提出“寓教于乐”的原则，被视为经典。 5、维吉尔的史诗《埃涅阿斯记》模仿赫西俄得《工作与时日》，是欧洲文学史上第一部文人史诗。 6、《伊利昂记》题名原意是“伊利昂的故事”，描写的是希腊人围攻特洛伊城的故事，整个诗篇围绕着阿基琉斯的两次愤怒而展开； 《奥得修记》题名原意是“奥得修斯的战争”，描述的是希腊英雄奥得修斯在特洛伊战争后还乡的故事。 7、埃斯库罗斯“悲剧之父” 恩格斯称他为“有强烈倾向的诗人” 悲剧7部：《波斯人》《七将攻忒拜》《祈援人》《俄瑞斯忒亚》（包括《阿家门农》《奠酒人》《报仇神》）和《被缚的普罗米修斯》（和《带火的普罗米修斯》《被释的普罗米修斯》统称为“普罗米修斯三部曲”） 8、索福克乐斯写作了被亚里士多德称为悲剧典范的《俄底浦斯王》。 9、欧里庇得斯《特洛伊妇女》《美狄亚》（家庭悲剧，弃妇形象，为妇女鸣不平） 10、《列那狐传奇》是欧洲城市文学的最重要作品，它是在民间创作动物故事的基础上发展起来的，约形成于12世纪后半期到13世纪中叶。 11、但丁被恩格斯称为“中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时期的最初一位诗人”。12，《新生》是但丁作为温柔的新体诗人的主要作品，也是他抒写对贝娅特丽丝爱情的作品。 13、《论俗语》是最早一部关于语言和格律的专著，为意大利民族语言和文学语言的发展奠定了基础。 14、古罗马文学发展的三个阶段：共和时期、黄金时期、白银时期。
东方文学史-网课答案
东方文学史-网课答案 1. 单选题“省”在古代汉语中的意思是()。 从属 2. 单选题谷崎润一郎的第一部小说是()。 《刺青》 3. 单选题鲁迅最早翻译的夏目漱石的小说是()。《挂福》、《克莱克先生》 4. 单选题《河边的台阶》中主人公是一个()。寡妇 5. 单选题日本近代()被称为“国民大作家”。夏目漱石 6. 单选题民间文学的人物应该称为()。 类型 7. 单选题被誉为“日本的海明威”的是()。 三岛由纪夫 8. 单选题日本近代()被称为“国民大作家”。夏目漱石 9. 单选题民间文学的人物应该称为()。 类型 10. 单选题被誉为“日本的海明威”的是()。
三岛由纪夫 11. 单选题国木田独步是日本近代()作家的代表。 短篇小说 12. 单选题中国文学史上的写实主义相当于()。 欧洲的现实主义 13. 单选题《沙恭达罗》的前半部分表现出的味是()。 艳情味 14. 单选题不属于西方戏剧的基本样式的是()。 舞台剧 15. 单选题日本人将能乐演出当中表演的幕间戏称为()。 狂言 16. 单选题印度在8世纪之前文化的传承主要是依靠()。 口耳相传 17. 单选题朝鲜人创立本土文字的时期对应的中国是()。 明代 18. 单选题中国50年代出版的泰戈尔戏剧集有()本。 四 19. 单选题下列作品有王道乾译本的是()。 《情人》 20. 单选题日本文学的最大特点是充满()。 幽玄感 21. 单选题想要了解中国知识分子可以阅读中国古代作品()。
《儒林外史》 22. 单选题《舞论》一书的核心概念是()。 情和味 23. 单选题日本物语的鼻祖是()。 《竹取物语》 24. 单选题盘腿坐在日本称为()。 胡坐 25. 单选题汉诗在日本退至第二位最明显的转变时期是()。 公元10世纪 26. 单选题《圣经》中的神话受到一些原生态文化的影响,其中不包括()。 古印度 27. 单选题《饥饿的石头》是泰戈尔的一部()。 短篇小说 28. 单选题周作人的散文创作语言平淡且有()。 涩味 29. 单选题《吉尔伽美什》的汉译本是译者根据()本翻译而成。日语 30. 单选题“东方”形成的主义从()时期就开始了。 古希腊 31. 单选题下列生产方式中()的最基本特点是出现在以农业为基础的社会。
《美国文学》期末考试试卷(A卷)答案
湖州师范学院外国语学院2008— 2009学年第二学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷（A卷）答案暨评分标准 I. Write the names of the authors. (10%) ①Walt Whitman ②Edgar Allen Poe ③Wallace Stevens ④Franklin Norris ⑤Stephen Crane ⑥William Faulkner ⑦Sinclair Lewis ⑧John Steinbeck ⑨Langston Hughes ⑩Tennessee Williams II. Fill in the following blanks with appropriate information.（10%） ①New England ②Regionalism or Local color writing ③semi-autobiographical ④anti-realism ⑤Imagist ⑥Santiago ⑦multiple narrations or points of view ⑧1930 ⑨Harlem Renaissance ⑩Eugene O’Neill III. Choose only one answer form the four choices as the most appropriate answer. （20%） 1－5. A D C B B 6－10. D B E B A IV. Identify the author and the title of the work from which each of the following excerpts is taken. And then answer the question after each excerpt. (20%) Passage 1 the author: Walt Whitman (1%) the title of the work : Songs of Myself (1%) Question: What is the poet celebrating? (2%) The poet is celebrating individualism and nationalism, singing of all those people who form the American nationality.
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
外国文学史(外国文学编写组)聂珍钊-考试重点部分
阿基一踵：指再强大的英雄，也有他致命的弱点，要害。荷马史诗中的英雄阿卡琉斯，传说她的母亲曾把他浸在冥河里使其能刀枪不入。但因冥河水流湍急，母亲捏着他的脚后跟不敢松手，所以脚踵是最脆弱的地方，因此埋下祸跟。长大后，阿卡琉斯作战英勇无比，但终于给人发现了弱点，一箭射在脚后跟而身亡。 特洛伊木马：木马计──战史中著名的智慧故事。希腊联军久攻特洛亚10年不下，奥德修斯遂设计假意退兵，藏伏兵于巨大的木马之内。特洛亚人将木马作为战利品推进城里。当夜，希腊联军回兵，与木马中的伏兵里应外合，攻陷了特洛亚城。 物哀：（美学特征）通过宫廷男女的恋情悲剧，表达作家对人生的悲苦体验，从而激起令人兴叹、使人哀伤的情怀，以便让内心情感超越卑污烦恼的俗世，将人情欲望升华为审美对象。 骑士文学：骑士文学盛行于11至13世纪西欧封建制度巩固繁荣的时期，基本内容是描写骑士爱情和他们的冒险，宣扬和美化骑士精神。有骑士抒情诗和骑士叙事诗两种。骑士抒情诗的中心是法国南部的普罗旺斯。最常见的形式有牧歌、破晓歌、夜歌、怨歌等。骑士叙事诗又称骑士传奇，其中心在法国北部。重要作品有《特里斯丹和伊瑟》等。 人文主义：文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建反教会斗争中形成的思想体系、世界观或思想武器，也是这一时期资产阶级进步文学的中心思想。主张一切以人为本、反对神的权威。主要内容（特征）：(1) 用人权反对神权。(2) 用个性解放反对禁欲主义。(3) 用理性反对蒙昧主义。(4) 拥护中央集权、反对封建割据。 三一律：“三一律”是古典主义戏剧重要的创作规则。他要求一个剧本只能有一个情节线索，剧情只能发生在同一地点，时间不准超过一昼夜，即24小时。三一律使法国古典主义戏剧具有了明晰、精炼、紧凑的优点，但对戏剧创作也构成一种束缚，使得古典主义戏剧
东方文学史答案
绪论（五） 1关于东西方思维方式的说法，正确的是：（） A 东方是一种综合性思维方式，西方是一种分析性思维方 2从下列哪个角度看民族心理是最可靠的：（） D 文学作品 3下列关于东西方文化的特点，说法正确的是：（） C 东方是一种权力文化，西方是一种宗教文化 4一般而言认为西方人总体是？ A 分析性思维方式 5《东西方民族心理比较研究》的作者是？ B 中村元 6传统东方文化中弘扬的是？ C 集体主义 7我们今天所谓的“东方学”大概是什么时候建立起来的？ C 19世纪 8“东方学”这门学科的基础工作是什么？ C考古发掘 9东方文学独立成一门学科大概是在哪一时期？ C 20世纪 10下列描述符合19世纪“东方学”学科发展的是？ D 识读东方古文字 11历史上的印度一直是一个统一的国家。错 12马克思.韦伯认为东方的宗教是禁欲主义宗教。错 13马克思·韦伯认为西方宗教诗禁欲主义宗教？对 14印度从来没有统一成一个完整的国家？错 15．20世纪的东方学发展往往集中在古典文学领域。对 16东方各国社会由于在近代受到西方的冲击和刺激，其统一性表现得更为明显。对 17近代至现代的东方社会具有高层次上的统一性。错
绪论（六） 1中国最大规模的现代小说史的作者是：（） D 刘义（其实是杨义，题目错误） 2《文心雕龙》的作者是：（） A 刘勰 3下列说法正确的是：（） C 现有的文学史多了，就更容易写了，就更不容易写好了 4下列哪本书试图做过文学史的努力？ A 文心雕龙 5《中国人史纲》的作者是? D 柏杨 6下列哪一本是杨义写的？ C 中国现代小说史 7“仁义礼智信忠孝”是哪一种伦理道德的典型价值？ B 儒家伦理 8按照马克思的观点，东方文化意识的核心内容是什么？ D 宗教伦理 9印度的伦理制度是以什么为中心的？ C 种姓伦理 10“人天生是政治的动物”这句话是谁首先提出的？ C 亚里士多德 11最早给写中国文学史的并不是中国人。 对 12文学作品都具有艺术特色。 错 13最早写中国文学史的是中国人？ 错 14加藤株说“世界上最愿意研究日本人是什么人的人就是日本人”？对
大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题
大四美国文学期末考试题型及例题： 1.选择/对错60分（40道选择，20个对错） 2.名词解释10分（5个） 3.选段配对10分（5个） 4.问答20分（10/2） 1．历史：Father / poetess… 2. 名作家：Hemingway, Faulkner, Poe, Hawthorne, Emerson 3．作品：The W asteland/Moby Dick/Scarlet Letter 1.a)选择题（40个，40分） 1. At the age of reason and revolution, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ________. A. Chartist Movement B. Romanticist Movement C. Enlightenment Movement D. Modernist Movement 2. Which is NOT connected to Benjamin Franklin? ________ A. He was born in a poor family. B. He was a pious puritan. C. He was phrased as “Jack of all trades”. D. He was a master of diplomacy. 3. Ernest Hemingway is noted for the following EXCEPT ________. A. Lost Generation B. Iceberg theory C. American Dream D. Code Heroes 4. Which character is NOT from The Scarlet Letter? ________ A. Hester Prynne B. Roger Chillingworth C. Captain Ahab D. Pearl 5. Jack London’s semi-biographical novel ________well presents the disillusionment of American Dream. A. The American Tragedy B. The Call of the Wild C. Martin Eden D. The Grapes of Wrath b)判断对错题（20个，20分） 1. Poe’s masterpiece “To Helen” is written to memorize his deceased wife. (F) 2. The tone of “Annabel Lee” is optimistic and hopeful. (F) 3. Mark Twain's novel Jumping Frog was an artistic failure, but it gave its name to the America of the postbellum period which it attempts to satirize. (F) 4. Sister Carrie ended up in tragedy because she could not control her fate. (F)
美国文学期末考试复习必备(精)
美国文学期末考试复习必备（精） 1. What’s Puritanism? A religious and political movement which appeals to the right of the individual to political & religious independence. It includes three parts: a code of values, a point of view & a philosophy of life 2. What are the basic Puritan beliefs? 1). Total Depravity 2). Unconditional Election 3). Limited Atonement 4). Irresistible Grace 5). Perseverance of the "saints" 3. What are American Puritan values? Sobriety thrift, Self-reliance Diligence, Struggle, simple tastes 4. What are the features of American literature in the Colonial Period? A. Humble origins: diaries, journals, histories, letters. Its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period. B. in content: serving either god or colonial expansion or both C. in form: imitating English literary traditions. D. in style: tight and logic structure, precise and compact expression, avoidance of rhetorical decoration, adoption of homely imagery and simplicity of diction. E. Symbolism formed in this period ------To the pious Puritan, the physical, phenomenal world was nothing but a symbol of God. F. Simple, fresh and direct style
外国文学史考试期末重点(第二学期)
一、名词解释 1.感伤主义：18世纪中后期产生于英国并扩展到欧洲其他国家的文学流派。得名 于劳伦斯·斯特恩的小说《感伤旅行》，它是对理性主义的反驳，并认为人性的核心是情感，人类的天性是慈悲，即与人为善，形成了感伤的社会风潮。 2.多余人： 出现在俄国文学中的一种艺术形象。沙皇专制下的农奴制社会政治、经济、文化都很落后，优秀的知识分子受西欧启蒙思想的影响，试图有所作为，但又找不到出路，于是苦闷、彷徨、忧郁、痛苦。他们大都富有才华，不满现状，愤世嫉俗，同时又性格脆弱，对人生采取消极态度。他们有时寻找刺激，在伤害别人的同时也伤害自己，有时沉溺无奈的伤感情绪中不可自拔，成为社会的“多余人”。著名的形象有奥涅金、毕巧林等。 是十九世纪俄国文学中一部分贵族知识分子的典型。他们受到启蒙思想的影响，具有人道和民主的倾向，厌倦上流社会的生活，不甘沉沦，渴望有所作为；但贵族生活方式又使他们灵魂空虚，找不到明确的生活目标，缺乏行动的能力与勇气，终于一事无成。普希金在《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》中塑造了俄国文学史上第一个“多余人”形象，后来一些作家又塑造了一系列这类形象。 3. 英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义诗派，包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞，他们都喜欢歌颂大自然，描写淳朴的乡村生活，厌恶城市工业文明和冷酷的金钱关系。由于他们曾经隐居远离城市的昆布兰湖区，由此人称“湖畔派”三诗人。 指十九世纪开创浪漫主义的一个流派，主要代表有华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北湖区，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人"之称。湖畔派诗人起初同情法国革命进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻找精神的安慰与寄托。华兹华斯和柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》为浪漫主义奠基之作。华兹华斯为诗集再版时撰写的《序言》，成为英国浪漫主义宣言。 4.启蒙文学18世纪在欧洲出现的启蒙运动是西方资产阶级第二次反封建反教会
尔雅东方文学史期末答案
一、 单选题（题数：50，共 50.0 分）
1
启蒙主义运动兴起时是以哪个国家为中心？
1.0 分
?
A、
日本
?
B、
英国
?
C、
意大利
?
D、
法国
正确答案： D 我的答案：D
2
中国古代和西方交流的媒介一般是通过下列哪种人实现的：（）
1.0 分
?
A、
新罗人
?
B、
日本人
?
C、
阿拉伯人
?
D、
印度人
正确答案： C 我的答案：C
3
日本的和歌论是属于？
1.0 分
?
A、
民众
?
B、
贵族
?
C、
天皇
?
D、
艺妓
正确答案： B 我的答案：B
4
《沙恭达罗》中讲述主人公离开静修林与动物们告别的一幕是第几幕？
1.0 分
?
A、
第一幕
?
B、
第二幕
?
C、
第三幕
?
D、
第四幕
正确答案： D 我的答案：D
5
印度人将哪部史诗称为“最初的诗”？
1.0 分
?
A、
《摩诃婆罗多》
?
B、
《摩罗衍那》
?
C、
《吉尔伽美什》
?
D、
《薄伽梵歌》
正确答案： B 我的答案：B
6
“审美的无功利性”是哪个哲人提出的？
美国文学史复习资料要点汇总整编【手动】
美国文学史整理 一、Colonial America 殖民时期 1、New England：Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 2、Doctrines of Puritanism清教 American Puritanism stressed predestination（命运神定), original sin（原罪）, total depravity (彻底的堕落), and limited atonement (有限的赎罪)from God’s grace. 3、Writing style：fresh, simple and direct and with a touch of nobility；the rhetoric is plain and honest. 4、Life style：hard work, thrift, piety, and sobriety. 5、Main writer:①Thomas Paine 托马斯·潘恩 work：Common Sense (1776) 《常识》 American Crisis (1776-1783)《美国危机》 The Rights of Man《人权》 The Age of Reason《理性时代》 ②Benjamin Franklin（本杰明·富兰克林） Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷查理历书》 Autobiography 《富兰克林自传》
外国文学史考试期末重点第二学期
一、名词解释斯18世纪中后期产生于英国并扩展到欧洲其他国家的文学流派。得名于劳伦斯·1.感伤主义：，它是对理性主义的反驳，并认为人性的核心是情感，人类的天性特恩的小说《感伤旅行》是慈悲，即与人为善，形成了感伤的社会风潮。：2.多余人出现在俄国文学中的一种艺术形象。沙皇专制下的农奴制社会政治、经济、文化都很落后，优秀的知识分子受西欧启蒙思想的影响，试图有所作为，但又找不到出路，于是苦闷、彷徨、忧郁、痛苦。他们大都富有才华，不满现状，愤世嫉俗，同时又性格脆弱，对人生采取消极态度。他们有时寻找刺激，在伤害别人的同时也伤害自己，有时沉溺无奈的伤感情绪中不可自拔，成。着名的形象有奥涅金、毕巧林等。为社会的“多余人”是十九世纪俄国文学中一部分贵族知识分子的典型。他们受到启蒙思想的影响，具有人道和民主的倾向，厌倦上流社会的生活，不甘沉沦，渴望有所作为；但贵族生活方式又使他们灵魂空奥普希金在《叶甫盖尼·缺乏行动的能力与勇气，虚，找不到明确的生活目标，终于一事无成。涅金》中塑造了俄国文学史上第 一个“多余人”形象，后来一些作家又塑造了一系列这类形象。 3.湖畔派诗人：英国文学中最早出现的浪漫主义诗派，包括华兹华斯、柯勒律治、骚塞，他们都喜欢歌颂大自然，描写淳朴的乡村生活，厌恶城市工业文明和冷酷的金钱关系。由于他们曾经隐居远离城市的昆布兰湖区，由此人称“湖畔派”三诗人。指十九世纪开创浪漫主义的一个流派，主要代表有华兹华斯、柯勒律治和骚塞。由于他们三人曾一同隐居于英国西北湖区，以诗赞美湖光山色，所以有“湖畔派诗人之称。湖畔派诗人起初同情法国革命进而逃避现实，迷恋过去，美化中世纪的宗法制，幻想从古老的封建社会中去寻 找精神的安慰与寄托。华兹华斯和柯勒律治的《抒情歌谣集》为浪漫主义奠基之作。华兹华斯为诗集再版时撰写的《序言》，成为英国浪漫主义宣言。世纪在欧洲出现的启蒙运动是西方资产阶级第二次反封建反教会的思想文化启蒙文学184. 强烈的战斗性和批启蒙文学具有鲜明的政治色彩、运动，启蒙文学是这一运动的组成部分。反映资产阶级和平民的思判性；它把所谓“第三等级”的普通人作为正面主人公加以歌颂，也创造了不少想感情；启蒙作家常常借用古典主义的文学形式，给它注入了新的思想内容，、书信体小说、对话体小说、教育小说等，新的文学形式，如哲理小说、正剧（严肃喜剧）有时忽视文启蒙文学的缺点是：打破了古典主义的一些清规戒律，拓展了文学表现的领域。学的审美功能，把人物形象变成作者的代言人。代表作家有：菲尔丁、伏尔泰、卢梭等。世纪俄国文学中所描绘的贵族知识分子的一种典型。他们的特点是出身贵19多余人”5.“是族，生活在优裕的环境中，受过良好的文化教育。他们虽有高尚的理想，却远离人民；虽不满现实，却缺少行动，他们是“思想上的巨人，行动上的矮子”，只能在愤世疾俗中白白地又不能和人民站在一他们既不愿站在政府的一边，与上流社会同流合污，浪费自己的才华。起，反对专制制度和农奴制度。他们很是心仪西方的自由思想，他们也很不满俄国的现状，不可能与底层人民相又无能为力改变这种现状，然而他们又是大贵族和权势者的代表人物，世纪俄国文学中描绘的贵族知识分子典型。特点是多余人：19结合以改变俄国的现状。 虽不满现实，却远离人民；受过良好教育。出身贵族，生活环境优越，他们虽有
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.C aptain John Smith became the first American writer. 2.T he puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people. collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin. 4.T homas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.
5.T homas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston. has been called the “Father of American Poetry”. 7.I n Washington Irving’s appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.
8.C ooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok. “father of American detective stories and American gothic stories”.
美国文学期末考试重点
名词解释： Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell. Beat generation: The term was coined by Jack Kerouac in 1948 to refer to a group of disillusioned writers following World War Two. Later, this literary and cultural movement continued into the 1960s. The Beat Generation must not be confused with the Lost Generation of writers. Spokesmen and representatives of the Beat Generation were Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg and others. They revolted against an America that was materialistic, belligerent and frustrating. Social, intellectual and sexual freedom was advocated. Traditional culture and normal social behavior were attacked and violated. Many of them were drug addicts wearing long hair and dirty clothes. They were fond of slangs and jazz. Masterpieces created by writers of this g roup include Kerouac’s On the Road and Ginsberg’s Howl and Other Poems, which were regarded as pocket Bibles of that generation. Other prominent Beats include William S. Burroughs, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, Gregory Corso, Michael McClure, and Neal Cassady. The Beat Generation, had greatly influenced the countercultural movements of the 1960s and the adolescents and adults in other countries. In England, the “angry young men” made an echo and imitated the American “beatnik.” 二、1. Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature: it is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism. The American Scholar:it has been regarded as “America’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence”. 2. Henry David Thoreau: Walden 3. Nathaniel Hawthorne: The Scarlet Letter: 主题：Hawthorne focuses his attention on the moral, emotional, and psychological effects or consequences of the sin on the people in general and those main characters in particular, so as to show us the tension between society and individuals. To Hawthorne, everybody is potentially a sinner, and great moral courage is therefore indispensable for the improvement of human nature. 4. Herman Melville: Moby Dick A. 作品分析： （1）Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once godless and purposeless. The loss of faith and the sense of futility and meaningless which characterize modern life of the West were expresse d in Melville’s work so well that the twentieth century has found it both fascinating and great. (2) One of the major themes of this novel is alienation, which exists in the life of Melville on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Melville also criticizes New England Transcendentalism of its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. Another theme of this novel is “rejection and quest.” (3) The novel is highly symbolic. The voyage itself is a metaphor for “search and discovery, the search for the ultimate truth of experience.” Moby Dick is the most conspicuous symbol in the book and it is capable of many interpretations. It is a symbol of evil to some, one of goodness to others, and both to still others. Its whiteness is a paradoxical color, signifying as it does death and corruption as well as purity, innocence, and youth. It represents the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing. (4) Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple views of his narratives. He tends to write periodic sentences. His rich rhythmical prose and his poetic power have been profusely commented upon and praised. B. what does the white whale in Moby Dick symbolize? Why do you think so? For Captain Ahab, the white whale represents evil. After the loss of his leg in his encounter with the white whale, Ahab begins to hate Moby Dick and tries his best to kill the whale. It seems that he embodies all of the evil he once consigned to the white whale. For other members on the whaling ship, the white whale symbolizes the unknown, mysterious natural force of the universe. For the readers, the white whale is capable of many interpretations, for it is “paradoxically benign an d malevolent, nourishing and destructive,” “massive, brutal, monolithic, but at the same time protean, erotically beautiful, infinitely variable.” C. Major themes: obsession, religion, and idealism versus pragmatism, revenge, racism, sanity, hierarchical relationships, and politics. D. the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becomes a search for truth. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a search, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the universe, a spiritual exploration into man’s deep reality and psychology. 5. Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass.It has been praised as “Democ ratic Bible”, and as American Epic. 主题：(1)he shows concern for the whole hard-working people and the burgeoning life of cities. (2) realization of the individual value. (3) pursuit of love and happiness. (4) Before and during the Civil War, Whitman expressed much mourning for the sufferings of the young lives in the battlefield and showed a determination to carry on the fighting dauntlessly until the final victory. 写作风格：(1) Whitman wrote “free verse”, that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. (2) There is a strong sense of the poems being rhythmical. Parallelism and phonetic recurrence at the beginning of the lines contribute to the musicality of his poems. (3) Most of the pictures he painted with words are honest, undistorted images of different aspects of America of the day. (4) Whitman’s language is relatively simple and even rather crude. Another characteristic in Whitman’s language is his strong tendency to use oral English. Whitman’s vocabulary is amazing. He would use powerful, colorful, as well as rarely-used words. Leaves of Grass的分析： (1). Grass, the most common thing with the greatest vitality, is an image of the poet himself, a symbol of the then rising American nation and an embodiment of his ideals about democracy and freedom. (2). In this giant work, openness, freedom, and above all, individualism are all that concerned him. (3). In this book he also praises nature, democracy, labor and creation, and sings of man’s dignity and equality, and of th e brightest future of mankind. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-masse” and self as well. 6. Emily Dickinson: 诗歌的主要内容：love, nature, death and immortality. 7. Edgar Allen Poe: 短篇小说家和诗人。 Poe is the father of psychoanalytic criticism and the father of detective story. 主题：death of one’s beloved lover of great intelligence and beauty. He also writes about horror (Gothic) stories, murder, and insanity. 8. Henry James: The turn of the screw The founder of psychological realism. He was the first American writer to conceive his artistic work in international themes. 9. Mark Twain:The adventures of Huckleberry Finn Hemingway described it as the book from which “all modern American literature comes”. The style of this book is quite simple. The book is written in the colloquial style. Though a local book, it touches upon the human situation in a general, indeed universal way: humanitarianism ultimately triumphs. It tells a story about the United States before the Civil War, around 1850, when the great Mississippi Valley was still being settled. Here lies an America, wit its great national faults, full of violence and even cruelty, yet still retaining the virtues of “some simplicity, some innocence, some peace.” 10. Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, Theodore Dreiser: 自然主义的代表人物。 11. F. Scott Fitzgerald:The Great Gatsby 迷惘一代的代表人物 12. Ernest Hemingway: A Farewell to Arms; For Whom the Bell Tolls; The Old Man and the Sea The title of For Whom the Bell Tolls comes from John Donne’s Meditation. 13. William Faulkner: stream of consciousness的写作手法 14. Ezra Pound: 意象派代表人物。 意象派基本主张： (1) Direct treatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective. (2) To use absolutely no word that does not contribute to the presentation (3) As regarding rhythm, to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase, not in the sequence of a metronome. 15. Robert Frost: natural poet. 16. Eugene Glastone O’Neill: Desire Under the Elms Long Days Journey into Night: Mark Twain H. L. Mencken considered "the true father of our national literatu re” Adventures of Huckleberry Finn(1884) and Life on the Mississippi(1883) Twain shaped the world's view of American and made a more extensive combination of American folk humor and serious literature than previous writers had ever done. Mark Twain’s sty le 1) Twain is also known as a local colorist, who preferred to present social life through portraits of the local characters of his regions 2) Another fact that made Twain unique is his magic power with language, his use of vernacular. His words are colloquial, concrete and direct in effect, and his sentence structures are simple, even ungrammatical, which is typical of the spoken language 3) Mark Twain's humor is remarkable, too. Most of his works tend to be funny, containing some practical jokes, comic details, witty remarks. 4) Paid more attention to the "life" of the Americans, Concerned with the life of a small, well-defined region and the lower-class people 5) Nostalgic in a vanishing way of life and recorders of a present that faded before their eyes Adventures of Huckleberry Fin The character analysis and social meaning of Huck Finn Huck is a typical American boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience”. He appears to be vulgar in language and in manner, but he is honest and decent in es sence. His remarkable raft’s journey down on the Mississippi river can be regarded as his process of education and his way to grow up. Huck is the son of nature and a symbol for freedom and earthly pragmatism. Through the eye of Huck, the innocent and reluctant rebel, we see the pre-Civil War American society fully exposed. Twain contrasts the life on the river and the life on the banks, the innocence and the experience, the nature and the culture, the wilderness and the civilization. Ernest Hemingway A Nobel Prize winner for literature His style, the particular type of hero in his novels, and his life attitudes have been widely recognized, not only in English-speaking countries but all over the world Hemingway shot himself with a hunting gun In Our Time (1925)is the first book to present a Hemingway hero--Nick Adams The Sun Also Rises(1926) is Hemingway's first true novel. A vivid portrait of "The Lost Generation," -- a group of young Americans who left their native land and fought in the war and later engaged themselves in writing in a new way about their own experiences. Hemingway's second big success is A Farewell to Arms, telling us a story about the tragic love affair of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse -- emphasizes his belief that man is trapped both physically and mentally, but goes to some lengths to refute the idea of nature, man is doomed to be entrapped For Whom the Bell Tolls clearly represents a new beginning in Hemingway's career as a writer, which concerns a volunteer American guerrilla Robert Jordan fighting in the Spanish Civil War, this work Caps his career and leads to his receipt of the Nobel Prize The Old Man and the Sea, Men Without Women(1927), Death in the Afternoon(1932), The Snows of Kilimanjaro, To Have and Have Not (1937) Hemingway develops the style of colloquialism initiated by Mark Twain Hemingway was highly praised by the Nobel Prize Committee for "his powerful style-forming mastery of the art" of creating modern fiction. Indian Camp The title indicates that the material is contemporary and to some extent, representative of the early twentieth-century experience A reference to the well-know phrase from the Book of Common Prayer:" Give us peace in our time, O Lord," the title is very ironic because there is no peace at all in the stories In a chronological order, introduces Nick Adams to readers from his childhood to adolescence and manhood Nick watches his father deliver an Indian woman of a baby by Caesarian section, with a Jack-knife and without anesthesia. This incident brings the boy into contact with something that is perplexing and unpleasant, and is actually Nick's initiation into the pain and violence of birth and death. Most of Hemingway's later works are merely variations of the Nick Adams stories in In Our Time The Hemingway code heroes and grace under pressure They have seen the cold world, and for one cause, they boldly and courageously face the reality. They have an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life. Whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. No matter how tragic the ending is, they will never be defeated. Finally, they will be prevailing because of their indestructible spirit and courage. The iceberg technique Hemingway believes that a good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action. The one-eighth is presented will suggest all other meaningful dimensions of the story. Thus, Hemingway’s language is symbolic and suggestive.