大学英语语法虚拟语气

个性化教学辅导教案

学员姓名：任课教师：李老师所授科目：__英语___

学员年级：上课时间：年月号时分至时分共2 课时教学标题虚拟语气

教学目标掌握虚拟语气

教学重难点虚拟语气的谓语动词

上次作业检查

授课内容：

Part One ——Speaking 口语

Free talk.

Part Two ——Grammar 语法

一、语气的定义和种类

l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。

2、语气的种类：

(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!

(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。

(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！

二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法

条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。

如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)

在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:

从句主句

与现在事实相反

动词的过去式（be的过去式一

般用were）

would/ should/ could/ might + 动

词原形

与过去事实相反had + 过去分词

would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词

与将来事实相反

动词过去式，should + 动词原

形，were to + 动词原形

would/ should/ could/ might + 动

词原形

注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。

l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿，一切都没问题了。

2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。

3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就(可能)去看望我奶奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。

4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)

5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:

(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。

(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。

假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)

6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。

(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)

(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)

三、虚拟语气的其他用法

l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用“should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。

2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：

(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通

常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。

(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。

3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法

(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。

(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌

生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。

注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。

(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用“could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。

4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。

5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法

(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。

(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。

(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：

May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。

练习、虚拟语气

1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.

A. knew, would

B. had known, would have sent

C. know, would send

D. knew, would have sent

2. If they ____ earlier than expected, they ____ here now.

A. had started, would be

B. started, might be

C. had started, would have been

D. will start, might have been

3. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then.

A. Had I known, would ring him up

B. Should I know, would have rung him up

C. If I knew; would ring him up

D. Had I known; would have rung him up

4. Mary is ill today. If she _____ , she ____ absent from school.

A. were not ill; wouldn' t be

B. had been ill; wouldn't have been

C. had been ill; should have been

D. hadn't been ill; could be

5. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.

A. will do

B. would do

C. would have done

D. were to do

6. I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then.

A. could tell; if it had been

B. must have told; were it

C. should have told; had it been

D. should have told; should it be

7. Without your help, we________ so much.

A. won ' t achieve

B. didn ' t achieve

C. don't achieve

D. wouldn't have achieved

8. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.

A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made

B. If you had taken; would make

C. Were you lo take; shouldn t have made

D. Have you taken; won t have made

9. We wish we ____ what you did when we were at high school.

A. did

B. could have done

C. have done

D. should do

10. She wishes she ____ to the theatre last night.

A. went

B. would go

C. had gone

D. were going

11. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ________ be tall when he grows up.

A. could

B. should

C. would

D. were able to

12. My sister advised me that I ________ accept the invitation.

A. could

B. must

C. should

D. might

13. He asks that he ________ an opportunity to explain why he’s refused to go there.

A. is given

B. must give

C. should give

D. be given

14. Do you think of Wang Fang's suggestion that he ________ Mr. Li to the party?

A. will invite

B. have invited

C. is invited

D. invite

15. I insisted that he ________ at once.

A. be gone

B. go

C. would go

D. might go

16. Li Ming insisted that he ________ anything at all.

A. hadn ' t stolen

B. shouldn ' t steal

C. doesn ' t steal

D. steal

17. It is quite natural that my coming late again ________ them very angry.

A. had made

B. would make

C. makes

D. make

18. He acted as if he ________ everything in the world.

A. knew

B. knows

C. has known

D. won't know

19. Read it aloud so that I ________ you clearly.

A. may hear

B. will hear

C. hear

D. have heard

20. They got up early in order that they ________ they first train.

A. caught

B. will catch

C. might catch

D. shall catch

21. I am sorry that he ________ in such poor health.

A. are

B. shall be

C. were

D. should be

22. That is a good book. You ________ it yesterday.

A. could buy

B. should buy

C. should have bought

D. bought

23. It is high time we ________ home.

A. will go

B. would go

C. have gone

D. went

24. I ' d rather that you ________ home.

A. went

B. have gone

C. will go

D. had gone

25. If only I _________ to the lecture!

A. listen

B. will listen

C. am listening

D. had listened

26. ---- If he_____ , he ______ that food. ---- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.

A. was warned; would not take

B. had been warned; would not have taken

C. would be warned; had not taken

D. would have been warned; had not taken

27.I didn' t see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my brother.

A. has come

B. did come

C. came

D. had come

28. Without electricity, human life ________ quite different today.

A. is

B. will be

C. would have been

D. would be

29. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.

A. might have given

B. might give

C. may have given

D. may give

30. If city noises _______ from increasing, people _______ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20

years from now.

A. are not kept; will have to

B. are not kept; have to

C. do not keep; will have to

D. do not keep; have to

31. Mike's father, as well as his mother, insisted that he ________ home.

A. stayed

B. could stay

C. has stayed

D. stay

32. Mr. Smith insisted that he ________ the work all.

A. had done

B. have done

C. did

D. so

33. Jane would never have gone to the party ________ that Mary would come to see her.

A. has she known

B. had she known C'. if she know D. if she has known

34. If you had enough money, what ________ ?

A. will you buy

B. would you buy

C. would you have bought

D. will you have bought

35. If you ________ that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.

A. didn't see

B. haven't seen

C. wouldn’t have seen

D. hadn’t seen

36. Our monitor requested that ________.

A. all the class studied more carefully the problem

B. the problem was more carefully studied

C. with great care the problem could be studied

D. all the class study the problem more carefully

37. ---- Would you have called her up had it been possible?

---- Yes, but I ________. busy doing my homework..

A. was

B. were

C. had been

D. would be

38. His tired face suggested that he ________ really tired after the long walk.

A. had been

B. was

C. be

D. should be

39. It is important that we ________.

A. shall close the window before we leave

B. will close the window before we leave

C. must close the window before we leave

D. close the window before we leave

40. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I ______ him.

A. had telephoned

B. would telephone

C. would have telephoned

D. Telephone

（多出部分见背面或另附纸张）

学员课堂表现：（听课及知识掌握的情况反馈）作业：

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八年级下册英语语法知识点归纳总结 He said I was hard-working. 重点语法：宾语从句 结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语) 例句：----Im good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句) ----He says Im good at English. 注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。 例句：He says Im good at English now. He says I was good at mathematics when I was young. ②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。 例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday. He said I was good at English now yesterday. ③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。 例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day. Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday. ④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。 例句：She said helping others changed her life. 重点短语：direct speech 直接引语

reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语 first of all = at first 首先 pass on 传递 be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事 be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好 in good health 身体健康 get over 克服 open up 打开 care for = take care of = look after 照料;照顾 not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再 have a cold 感冒 end-of-year exam 年终考试 get nervous 变得紧张 forget to do sth. 忘记做某事(该事未做) forget doing sth. 忘记做某事(该事已做) its + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说](加形容词) context 上下文 Reading Strategy(阅读方法) First read for meaning， not for detail. (首先理解文段的大致意思，不在于文段的细节部分。) You can understand the meaning of a word you dont know from

(完整版)大学英语语法专项练习题

大学英语语法专项练习题 一、时态 1. By the end of April Peter here for three months. A. will have stayed B. will stay C. stays D. has stayed 2. I'm awfully sorry, but I had no alternative. I simply _____ what I did. A. ought to have done B. have to do C. had to do D. must do 3. We ________our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D. had just had 4. Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they________ better health. A. could have enjoyed B. had enjoyed C. have been enjoying D. are enjoying 5. I bought a new house last year, but I ______my old house yet, so at the moment I have two houses. A. did not sell B. have not sold C. had not sold D. do not sell 6. I decided to go to the library as soon as I ________. A. finish what I did B. finished what I did C. would finish what I was doing D. finished what I was doing 7. He _________when the bus came to a sudden stop. A. was almost hurt B. was hurt himself C. was to hurt himself D. was hurting himself 8. I suppose that when I come back in ten years' time all those old houses _______down. A. will have been pulled B. will have pulled C. will be pulling D. will be pulled 9. Bob's leg got hurt ________the Purple Mountains. A. while he is climbing up B. while we were climbing up C. while we climbed up D. while he climbed up 10. Pick me up at 8 o'clock. I _______ my bath by then. A. may have B. will be having C. can have had D. will have had 11. If you smoke in a non-smoking section people________. A. will object B. objected C. must object D. have objected 12. By the end of this month, we surely _______ a satisfactory solution to the problem A. have found B. will be finding C. are finding D. will have found 13. We __________to start our own business, but we never had enough money. A. have hope B. hope C. had hoped D. should hope 14. The gray building is where the workers live, and the white one is where the spare parts______ A. are producing B. are produced C. produced D. being produced 15. While people may refer to television for up-to-the-minute news, it is unlikely that television __________the newspaper completely. A. will replace B. have replaced C. replace D. replaced 16. It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory ________by about 10%. A. will have risen B. has risen C. will be rising D. has been rising 17. Until then, his family___________ from him for six months. A. didn't hear B. hasn’t been hearing C. hasn't heard D. hadn't heard