研究生英语阅读教程(基础级2版)课文05与其翻译

Science and Technology (->technique)

By Judith Raughman (Editor)

[1] (optimistic->)Optimism and empowerment. As the century drew to a close (end), the potential for human invention and understanding appeared (seemed) boundless (limitless). Scientific understanding expanded daily, from the fundamental (basic) building blocks of matter to the source code of all life to the origins, and perhaps the eventual (finally) demise (end), of the universe. The technological advances (progresses) of the 1990s ushered in (led to) what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival (match / compete with) the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier (information revolution), creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips. The new "Digital Age", represented by the "Information Superhighway" was not all-inclusive, threatened to leave many (people) behind, including older citizens and those (people) who could not afford (pay for) the new technology. Still (Furthermore), by 1999 more than three-quarters of the U. S. population was "plugged in" to the new digital society (age), and most Americans felt that technological advances were improving their quality of life. Optimism was the reigning tone [key-note speaker/ speech] of the decade. New advances in science and technology seemed to promise eventual (final) solutions to problems ranging from eliminating toxic (poisonous) waste to grocery shopping —genetic engineers developed microbes that would eat industrial sludge and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Media Lab worked to devise (design) a refrigerator that could sense (feel) when it was out of milk and use the Internet to order more. The 1990s allayed (relieved/ reduced) the fear that a technologically advanced society was necessarily heavily

centralized, with Big Brother watching every move (=movement). Instead (On the contrary), with the creation of the Internet and the World Wide Web, and their emphasis on decentralization, equality, and the open sharing of resources, many individuals found that greater access (right) to information increased their sense (feeling) of personal freedom and power.

[2] Ethics and the Natural. With the explosion of knowledge came public concern (worry) over where all of these new discoveries and technologies might be taking society. The cloning of an animal in 1997 suggested (show) that human cloning had become viable (feasible) as well (too), raising concerns —no longer quite theoretical — that humanity might be moving toward a "brave (adventurous) new world" of genetically engineered people. The Human Genome Project, launched in 1990 with a mission (missionary/ task) to decode the entire human genetic makeup, held (raise) promises (hope) for an end (terminate) to genetic disorders, but threatened to open the way for "designer babies", who could be genetically altered to suit their parents' wishes. While many (people) argued that plant and animal breeders had been fooling around with genetics for centuries in order to better (improve) the lot of humankind, others pointed out that new advances (progresses) in genetics allowed researchers to cross boundaries set by nature, implanting human genes in animals in order to turn them into medicine factories, creating plants that produced plastics and glowed in the dark, even attempting (trying) to create “terminator" seeds that stifled (suppress) their own reproductive capacity (ability) in order to maintain (keep) the seed manufacturer's cash flow. The question of what was "natural" came under serious consideration (discussion), as no aspect of the environment and the organisms in it seemed safe from genetic tinkering. Yet, while experiments with human cloning or customizing a child's genetic makeup seemed abhorrent

(horrible/ terrible) to most Americans, there was general support for genetic research that could help to identify (recognize) and cure genetic diseases or make food sources healthier and more plentiful for a growing global population.

[3] (private->)Privacy. Privacy was an overarching (most important) concern (worry) with many of the technological and scientific advances of the 1990s. The Internet was an amazing (surprising) new tool for sharing information, yet it was also a powerful means (tools) for finding information that was intended to be private, including government and military secrets, the source codes to proprietary (private) software, and even a neighbor's social security number. Companies and individuals alike (ad. similarly) worried that their private information would be compromised when (since) sophisticated computer technologists could "hack" into protected computer systems and erase or steal important data. Computer viruses, self-replicating codes (program) written by malicious individuals, could steal into personal computer systems through e-mail or the Web and wreak havoc with (make a mess of) the data stored there. Protecting privacy over the Internet was not easy, and many people worried that government attempts (try) to intervene would only cripple (disable/ paralyze) the development of the Internet. Similar fears were sparked (vt. sparkled) when concerned (relevant) groups lobbied (persuade) the government to outlaw pornography and other disturbing materials on the Web in the name of "protecting the children". While most Americans agreed that children should not be exposed to (touch/ watch) such material, attempts (efforts) to regulate (control) the content of individual Web pages and newsgroups conflicted with the idea of the Internet as an open, decentralized mass medium, where even the most absurd or repellant (disgusting) ideas could receive a hearing (have some audience). Digital surveillance in the workplace also became an

issue (problem), as (when) some companies spied on (watch) their workers' use of the Internet and e-mail. [sur-: above; from above]

[4] Genetics and Privacy. Advances (progresses) in genetics also threatened personal privacy. With the Human Genome Project scheduled (planned) to be finished early in the twenty-first century, and private companies competing to win patents on genetic discoveries, many individuals worried about what scientists might do with a complete understanding of the human genetic code. While genetic diseases could be discovered and perhaps cured, this information might also be used to discriminate against people predisposed (inclined to) to certain genetic malfunctions, or to group (vt./ classify) individuals based on their genetic data. The idea that scientists would own patents on the human genetic code was disturbing, as well, as (for/ since) it meant that human life could become a proprietary (private) resource (property).

[5] Big Science And Little Science. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) continued to wow (surprise) the world, sending the giant Hubble Telescope into orbit to gather and transmit never-before-seen images (picture) of deep space that offered (gave) increasingly tantalizing (attractive) clues to the origins of the universe. The search for extraterrestrial life continued during the decade, as NASA scientists found possible evidence of bacterial life in a meteor from Mars, and distant planets were discovered that might contain water. NASA sent space probes (n./vt.) to land on the surface of Mars, sent national hero John Herschel Glenn Jr. back into space to study aging, and made plans to build an International Space Station with research teams from other countries. Still (Furthermore), some critics wondered if all of the money spent on space research might not be better used to fund new discoveries here on Earth, almost as if the (divide->)diversion of space was no longer as

necessary when (since) there were so many new and interesting projects going on right here. One of the most fascinating (attractive) new realms (world/ field) of study was

nanotechnology, a field of research that attempted

matter at the molecular level, building new devices (equipment) atom by atom that could be used in miniaturized manufacturing, drug-delivery system, and tiny (small) minicomputers. With the discovery of a new family of carbon molecules known as fullerenes, nanotechnology researchers had a new raw material to work with (process). The science was still very experimental at the turn (beginning) of the century, but researchers and government officials saw great potential for this science of the tiny (small). (1, 151 words)

deliver milk/ a baby

ABOUT THE TEXT

This text is excerpted from the book American Decades 1990-1999, edited by Judith Baughman (Editor), Victor Bondi (Editor), Vincent Tompkins (Editor) and Gale Group, which is the last volume of the American Decades 1900-2000 Series. The series is the latest installment of the Gale series documenting the history and social trends of the United States of America during the 20th century. The current text is the overview (summary) of the book's one chapter on Science and Technology.

EXERCISES

I. Reading Comprehension

Answer the following questions or complete the following statements.

1. This article is mainly about _____.

A. how to tackle the problems in the new "Digital Age"

B. the direction of scientific and technological development

C. both the positive and negative effects of the technological advances

D. the great impact on our ethics and privacy brought by the technological advances

2. The "new society" mentioned in the first paragraph refers to a society which _____.

A. represents the digital age

B. emphasizes on humanity

C. is highly civilized

D. benefits everyone except older citizens

3. The phrase "plugged in" in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.

A. interested in

B. accustomed to

C. fascinated by

D. connected to

4. Which of the following is NOT responsible for the increased sense of personal freedom and power?

A. A technologically advanced society is centralized.

B. There is much greater access to information than before.

C. People can have the open sharing of resources online.

D. The notion of equality is emphasized on the Internet.

5. Concerned about the potential effect of the Human Genome Project, most Americans would _____.

A. welcome human cloning to improve their standard of living

B. support the genetic research which could help to cure genetic diseases

C. welcome creating plants that produced plastics and glowed in the dark

D. support making genetically altered babies to suit their parents' wishes

6. How could the "terminator" seeds maintain the seed manufacturer's cash flow?

A. They are so reproductive that they will outsell other kinds of seeds.

B. The patents on the "terminator" seeds would guarantee the

manufacturer big profit.

C. The farmers have to buy seeds again as the "terminator" seeds grow into plants unable to produce seeds themselves.

D. Because the plants, into which the "terminator" seeds grow, could produce plastic and glow in the dark, the seeds sell extremely well.

7. Many people who think government should not outlaw pornography on the Web believe that _____.

A. there were still a large number of people who have need for pornography

B. everyone could voice his ideas, no matter how weird or offensive they are

C. the government had no right to interfere with the development of the Internet

D. the government might be encouraged to spy on each suspicious computer

8. The development of genetic science might threaten personal privacy in that _____.

A. the data of the people with genetic diseases will be published

B. people may be treated differently based on their genetic data

C. patents on the human genetic code will bring scientists enormous profits

D. scientists will use information about human life for personal gains

9. "Little science" in this text refers to _____.

A. the study of life in outer space

B. the study of the origin of life

C. the study of molecules

D. the study of nanotechnology

10. What is the critics' attitude towards the large scale of space research as mentioned in the last paragraph?

A. They believe that such a research would be a waste of resources.

B. They doubt its necessity because there are new and interesting projects on Earth.

C. They are concerned that space research would prove to be fruitless.

D. They believe that space research is not so important as nanotechnology.

II. Vocabulary

A. Read the following sentences and decide which of the me choices below each sentence is closest in meaning to the underlined word.

1. The demise (death) of the industry has caused untold misery to thousands of hard-working (diligent) tradesmen.

A. size

B. expansion

C. development

D. termination

2. There were difficulties for her about making the whole surgery financially viable (feasible) and eventually (finally) she left.

A. practicable

B. sufficient

C. deficient

D. impractical

3. Learning some basic information about preparing and delivering (~ a speech) formal presentations can help allay (relieve/ reduce) some of the fear involved in public speaking. [oral presentation]

A. ease [(1)n. feel at ~; (2)to relieve pain]

B. express

C. prevent

D. dispose (get rid of)

4. Whatever the cause (may be), the incident could easily cripple (damage/ paralyze) the peace talks.

A. influence C. end D. complicate

(a./ vt.)

5. Government can and must provide opportunity, not smother it; foster (develop/ cultivate) productivity, not stifle it.

A. retain

B. repress (suppress)

C. crash

D. abandon (abundant: a. enough)

6. He listened keenly to his guests, treated what he heard with complete discretion and never said a malicious word. [malice: n.->malicious: a.] [be keen on sth.]

A.disheartening (discouraging<->encourage)

B. sympathetic

[sym-: same; pathy: feeling

C. harsh (severe)

D. polite [be sympathetic with sb./ sympathize with sb.]

7. After the summit (peak) meeting, peace reigned throughout the region once more (again).

A. emerged (appeared)

B. continued

C. dominated

D. resumed (restore)

8. There are many people who still find the act of abortion abhorrent (disgusting/ horrible/ terrible).

A. shocking (=surprising)

B.

(tolerate->)tolerable

C. uncontrollable [high ~<->low ~]

D. distasteful (disgusting)

9. The police have got the evidence to sue him, which is shot with a miniature (hidden) camera.

A. small

B. digital

C. concealed (hidden)

D. sophisticated [shoot, shot shot/ gun shot]

10. The chief [chef=cook] has assembled (collected) 300 tantalizing (attractive) recipes for all occasions and lifestyles, plus down to earth (=practical) advice on matching food with wine.

A. disturbing

B. tempting

C. promising

D. offending (=offensive/ ~ talk)

B. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper

changes where necessary.

predisposed to decode wreak havoc compromise malfunction

at one's fingertips usher in discriminate toxic customize

1. You have to admit how wonderful the service center is —it just puts anything you may possibly need at your fingertips!

2. He belonged to a generation that took it for granted that after the war a brave new world was to be ushered in (be led to somewhere).

3. We must understand the double language used today and carefully decode its meaning.

4. The civil war has wrought havoc on the economy.

5. The government's future may be plunged (dive) into jeopardy (danger) unless the coalition () partners manage to (try to)

malfunction or fail altogether.

7. Evidence showed the herbs were not toxic (poisonous) and did not contain poisons or common drugs.

8. It was alleged (claimed) that the restaurant discriminated against black customers. [Negro]

9. Some people are genetically predisposed (inclined to do sth.) to cancers.

10. You are in charge of your own schedule (plan/ timetable) and can customize that schedule to fit your own training needs. [(1)charge sb with sth.=accuse sb. of sth.; (2)~a battery; (3) be in charge of sth.(4)~ sb. some money]

III. Cloze

There are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer from the four choices given for each blank.

A U.S. company says [sez] they have developed pigs with organs

1 for use in human transplant operations. They are the first pigs

2 engineered to keep their organs from being

3 by humans.

The researchers believe their work is the best hope for people 4 an organ transplant operation. More than seventy-thousand people in the United States alone need 5 an operation to replace organs that 6 work. Scientists consider (think) pigs to be the best animals to provide organs for people. This is because the organs are 7 .

The company has developed pigs of different 8 . The first four genetically engineered pigs were born in September and October last year. The pigs are smaller than normal. The five other pigs are 9 normal size. They were born in December. The company says it wants to use the pigs as part of its program (project) to 10 a cure for patients with heart disease.

1. A. detailed B. denoted (imply) C. desired D. designed (=devised)

2. A. genetically B. generally C. especially

D. essentially

3. A. eliminated B. discarded C. rejected (repel)

D. abandoned

4. A. serving on B. contributing to C. waiting for D. associating with

5. A. thus B. this C. so D. such

6. A. not B. no longer C. not more D. no other

7. A. similar B. familiar C. identical (=same)

D. unique

8. A. shapes B. types C. sizes D. sorts (=kind/ category)

9. A. off B. of C. for D. from

10. A. see B. seem C. size D. seek

IV. Translation

Put the following parts into Chinese.

1. The technological advances of the 1990s ushered in what appeared to be a social and economic revolution that would rival the Industrial Revolution two centuries earlier, creating a new society of technologically connected citizens with a world of digitized information, commerce, and communication at its fingertips.

20 世纪90 年代的技术进步似乎带来了一场其意义堪与200 媲美的社会与经济方面的革命，它创造了一个崭新的社会年以前的工业革命相在这个社会里人们由技术相互连接，数字化的信息、商业以及通讯都在弹指一挥间。

2. New advances in science and technology seemed to promise eventual solutions to problems ranging from eliminating toxic waste to grocery shopping—genetic engineers developed microbes that would eat industrial sludge and researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's (MIT) Media Lab worked to devise a refrigerator that could sense when it was out of milk and use the Internet to order more.

科技的新发展似乎向人们承诺提供从消除有毒废料到食品采买一系列问题的最终解决方案―遗传科技人员培养出了能够吞食工业残渣的微生物，麻省理工学院媒体实验室的研究人员设计出了能够觉察箱内牛奶告罄并可上网定购的电冰箱。

3. The cloning of an animal in 1997 suggested that human cloning had become viable as well, raising concerns—no longer quite theoretical—that humanity might be moving toward a "brave new world" of genetically engineered people.

1997 年克隆动物的成功表明了克隆人也已不成问题，人们担心人

类可能会朝着一个由基因制造的人组成的“美丽新世界”方向发展（这己不再是单纯的理论问题了）。

4. While most Americans agreed that children should not be exposed to such material, attempts to regulate the content of individual Web pages and newsgroups conflicted with the idea of the Internet as an open, decentralized mass medium, where even the most absurd or repellant ideas could receive a hearing.

尽管大多数美国人赞成小孩不应接触这些内容，但试图规范个人网页和新闻组内容的努力还是同互联网应是公开、非集权的大众媒体的理念发生了冲突，在这种媒体中，即使最荒唐、最令人讨厌的东西也可以发表。

5. Still, some critics wondered if all of the money spent on space research might not be better used to fund new discoveries here on Earth, almost as if the diversion of space was no longer as necessary when there were so many new and interesting projects going on right here.

但是一些批评人士提出质疑说，把花在太空上的钱用来资助地球上的新发现是不是更好呢？似乎地球上正进行着这么多有趣的新项目，太空研究不再那么必要了。

V. Oral Practice and Discussion

1. Why was the new "Digital Age' not all-inclusive?

2. List the threats confronting Americans' privacy.

3. What positive effects is the Human Genome Project likely to bring to the American life?

4. Describe the efforts made by NASA scientists during the 1990s in exploring the space.

5. What effect has the "Digital Age" brought to your life? Give examples.

6. Has your private computer been hacked into? Or have you ever got your pin for your e-mail box or messenger stolen? Describe the situation, and what you did to solve the problem.

7. What is your view on the possibility of genetically

engineered people?

VOCABULARY ITEMS

1. empowerment: (strength) investing with power, especially legal power or official authority; abuse of power/ drug; superpower [en-: enable: ~sb to do sth. ; possible->impossible]

2. demise: n. the end of existence or activity; termination/ death

3. usher: v. to precede and introduce; inaugurate

4. digitize: v. to put (data, for example) into digital form;

a three-digit number] to be as clever as Chinese programmers

n. a minute life form; a microorganism, especially

(bacteria) that causes disease; micro-: <->macro-: four ~ skills

6. sludge: a. thick mud

7. allay: v. to cause sth. to be felt less strongly; to relieve sb/ sb.s pain/ go to sb.s relief/ to rescue sb.

8. ethics: n. the study of question about what is morally right, and wrong

9. viable: adj. capable of success or continuing effectiveness; practical/ feasible

10. genome: n. (in biology and genetics) the particular number and combination of certain chromosomes necessary to form the single nucleus of a living cell

11. (encode<->)decode: v. to convert from code into plain text/ plain water/ plain-clothed policemen

12. implant: v. to put or insert (a tissue) within the body

13. stifle: v. to stop sth. from happening or developing

14. tinker: v. to make small changes to sth. in order to repair it or make it work better

15. customize: v. to make or alter to individual or personal specifications；customer: n.

16.abhorrent: adj. disgusting and hateful, completely

unacceptable (because sth. seems morally wrong) ; horror/ terror->horrible/ terrible; terrorist; aboriginal; normal->abnormal

17. overarching: adj. including or influencing every part of sth.; arc/ arch-: above; bishop->archbishop

18. proprietary: adj. exclusively owned; private

19. replicate: a to duplicate, copy->copier, reproduce, or repeat;

20. malicious: adj. having the nature of or resulting from malice; deliberately harmful; spiteful ; mal-: bad/ wrong; treat->maltreat/ ill-treat

21. outlaw: v. to declare (sth.) illegal

22. pornography: n. magazines, films, etc. that show sexual acts and images in a way that is intended to make people feel sexually excited; photography (n.); dirty / blue/ naughty film/ magazine; yellow: ~ page; green page

23. repellant: adj. distasteful or very unpleasant; disgusting

24. surveillance: n. close observation of a person or group, especially one under (suspect->)suspicion; sur- above/ from above, e.g. surpass

25. malfunction: n. / vt. a fault in the way a machine or computer operates

26. aeronautics: a. the science of designing and flying planes; aero- =air-

27. tantalizing: adj. making one feel a strong desire to have sth. that one cannot have; attractive

28. extraterrestrial: adj. originating, located, or occurring outside Earth or its atmosphere; extra pay for extra work

29. meteor: a piece of rock or metal that floats in space, and makes a bright lighting in the night sky when it falls through the Earths (atom->)atmosphere

30. Mars: (Marsian: a.) n. the planet in the solar system that is fourth in order from the sun, is nearest to the Earth, and is a red color; Mars Square

31. nanotechnology: n. the science of making or working with things that are so small that they can only be seen using a powerful microscope

32. fullerene: n. any of a class of carbon molecules in which the carbon atoms are arranged into 12 pentagonal faces and 2 or more hexagonal faces to form a hollow sphere, cylinder, or similar figure

33. usher in: to be the start of sth. new; lead

34. at one’s fingertips: at hand, ready to use conveniently; be thoroughly familiar

35. plug in to: connect a piece of electrical equipment to the main supply of electricity, or to another piece of electrical equipment; plug<-> socket

36. fool round with: to behave in a careless and irresponsible way; fool: vt.

37. hock into: to secretly find a way to get into the information on sb. else's computer system in order to use or change it; hack

38. wreak havoc: to bring about; cause a situation in which there is a lot of confusion or damage; make a mess of sth.

39. receive a hearing: to get the chance to voice one's idea or defense; get public attention or assessment (=evaluation)

40. spy on: to act as a spy on; watch secretly

41. turn of the century: beginning of a century

NOTES

1. Source code: A computer program that can be read by sb. who knows the language it is written in. Here it refers to heredity code. resource-> a resourceful person

2. Big brother: Any person, organization, or system that seems

to want to control people's lives and restrict their freedom.

3. Brave (adventurous) New World: A novel written by Aldous Huxley. In the story, control of reproduction, genetic engineering, conditioning (stimuli and response/ training), and a perfect pleasure drug called "Soma" are the cornerstones of the new society. Reproduction has been removed from the womb and placed on the conveyor belt, where reproductive workers tinker with the embryos to produce various grades of human beings, ranging from the super-intelligent Alpha Pluses down to the dwarfed semi-moron Epsilons.

4. Human Genome Project: (also known as Human Genome Initiative) Controversial international effort launched in 1990 by the National Institute of Health to map and sequence all the genes on the 46 chromosomes of humans; knowledge expected to help geneticists identify (recognize) the causes of all inherited disorders and to help them eliminate as many as possible; headed (led) by molecular geneticist Francis Collins.

5. NASA: A U.S. government organization that controls space travel and the scientific study of space.

6. Hubble Telescope: Also called Hubble Space Telescope (HST),

the first large orbital observatory and the most sophisticated optical observatory ever placed into orbit around the Earth. Built from 1978 to 1990 at a cost of $ 1.5 billion, the HST (named for astronomer E. P. Hubble) was expected to provide the clearest view yet obtained of the universe.

7. John Herschel Glenn Jr.: The first U. S. astronaut to orbit the Earth (1962)

READING SELECTION B

Should We Improve Our Genome?

by Nicolas Wade

[1] Now that we have decoded the human genome, why don't we

improve it?

[2] The question is at present theoretical but could well emerge as the hardest of all bioethical issues. Biologists routinely alter the genes of mice, with methods that are not yet acceptable for making inheritable changes in people, but one day genetic engineers may figure out how to apply safe patches to the human biological software.

[3] Everyone would like to have children who are healthy, beautiful and gifted. But people vary widely in all these qualities, depending on their parents' genes, and the pure luck of the draw at conception when each child gets allotted a random selection of half the parental gene pool.

[4] Most human genes exist in several different versions in the population: some of them are great to have, some so-so and some downright deleterious.

[5] This month the Icelandic company Decode Genetics found three quite common versions of a gene called BMP-2, each of which considerably increases its owner's risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture.

[6] Suppose it were possible to delete any bad version of BMP-2, and of all other human genes, in a human embryo, and to replace them with good versions, without any risk to health. Would that be the right thing to do?

[7] Parents who made such a choice would know they had given their child the best possible start in life. However expensive the procedure, it would be cheap in the long run if it saved a lifetime of medical bills, and therefore could be made available to all. Life's most serious unfairness, the difference in genetic endowment would be erased from birth.

[8] "One day, people may view sex as essentially recreational, and conception as something best done in the laboratory," Dr. Gregory Stock wrote recently in Redesigning Humans. Parents may start to believe it is "reckless and primitive to conceive a

child without prior genetic testing".

[9] Yet there are weighty arguments for not making inheritable changes to the human genome.

[10] On the practical side, many genes have more than one effect and swapping out the bad version of a gene can have unpredictable complications. The new gene, for example, may interact badly with the person's other genes.

[11] But if the elimination of disease-causing variants of genes should prove successful, there might be no holding the line against parents who wanted to enhance strength or intelligence as well.

[12] Upgrading the imperfect human material is all very well, but handling the transition between the super people and the ordinary variety promises to be awkward. Social stresses may emerge, especially if the technology does not trickle down quickly and smoothly.

[13] Soup up those genes for IQ? Altering the genes that shape human behavior is not to be undertaken lightly. Human nature is a subtle blend of contrary qualities, the only survivor of evolution's many disastrous experiments. What could justify the risk of messing with such a delicate brew? Can we be happy as we are, just as nature has shaped us?

[14] "The human body and mind, highly complex and delicately balanced as a result of eons of gradual and exacting evolution, are almost certainly at risk from any ill-considered attempt at improvement'," the President's Council of Bioethics wrote in a report last month on the dangers of enhancing the body's natural abilities.

[15] As the products of evolution, people may seem churlish if they challenge evolution's wisdom. But of course, evolution has none. It is a blind process that depends on constant error to create occasional lucky accidents.

[16] By culling the unfortunate owners of bad genes, evolution

keeps animals healthy and vigorous until the age of reproduction, and a bit beyond for species that provide parental

[17] But evolution's rigor at favoring good genes that act early in life is mirrored by a weakness in screening out bad genes that act after the age of reproduction. Because of this weakness, evolution has failed to eliminate the bone-fracturing variants of BMP-2, and the bad, late-acting versions of many other genes in the human genome. This is the very reason that we age and die.

[18] If evolution cannot help us after a certain age, why should we not help ourselves? Should not everyone have a right to the best versions of the genes in our collective genetic heritage, or at least to be born free of the worse ones?

[19] And yet, if we reduce genetic differences, we risk turning the human population into one giant clone, tedious to meet with and bereft of the variation needed to respond to changing environments. The pursuit of perfection, if carried to extremes, is a sure recipe for extinction. (769 words)

Reading Comprehension

1. The question of why we don't improve the human genome is at present theoretical because___.

A. whether to improve the human genome is the hardest of all bioethical issues

B. biologists are not ready with the methods to improve human genome

C. the genetic engineers haven't found out how to alter human genes

D. at present the methods to change genes are not allowed to be used on humans

2. According to the passage, people get half of their parents' genes ____.

A. intentionally

B. selectively

C. luckily

D.

考研英语阅读真题及答案

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必修二 Unit1 IN SEARCH OF THE AMBER ROOM寻找琥珀厅Frederick William I, the King of Prussia, could never have imagined that his greatest gift to the Russian people would have such an amazing history. This gift was the Amber Room, which was given this name because several tons of amber were used to make it. The amber which was selected had a beautiful yellow-brown colour like honey. The design of the room was in the fancy style popular in those days. It was also a treasure decorated with gold and jewels, which took the country's best artists about ten years to make. 弗雷德里克?威廉?我,普鲁士国王,从未想像过这恩赐与俄罗斯人会令人惊喜的历史。这个礼物,琥珀屋的,赐给这个名字,因为好几吨的琥珀被用来制造它。琥珀被选有一个美丽的黄棕色的颜色就像蜂蜜。房间的设计是别致的流行的日子。这也是一种珍惜用金子来装饰和珠宝,将国家的最好的艺术家们大约10年了。 In fact, the room was not made to be a gift. It was designed for the palace of Frederick I. However, the next King of Prussia, Frederick William I, to whom the amber room belonged, decided not to keep it. In 1716 he gave it to Peter the Great. In return, the Czar sent him a troop of his best soldiers. So the Amber Room became part of the Czar's winter palace in St Petersburg. About four metres long, the room served as a small reception hall for important visitors. 事实上,这个房间没有是作为礼物送人的。它是设计出用于弗雷德里克的宫殿。然而,普鲁士的下一任国王弗雷德里克威廉?我、就是琥珀属于,决定不去保持它。在1716他给了彼得最重要的东西。作为回报,沙皇送给他一群他最好的士兵。所以琥珀房成了沙皇的一部分在圣彼得堡冬宫。大约四米长,房间作为一个小接待大厅为重要的游客。 Later, Catherine II had the Amber Room moved to a palace outside St Petersburg where she spent her summers. She told her artists to add more details to it. In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. Almost six hundred candles lit the room, and its mirrors and pictures shone like gold. Sadly, although the Amber Room was considered one of the wonders of the world, it is now missing. 后来,凯瑟琳二世琥珀屋的搬到一座宫殿外面圣彼得堡她在她的夏天。她告

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核电与核辐射 1986 年4 月26 日，切尔诺贝利核电站的一个反应堆发生爆炸，将相当于400 颗广岛原子弹的放射性尘降物散布到整个北半球。在此之前，科学家对辐射对植物和野生动物的影响 几乎一无所知。这场灾难创造了一个活生生的实验室，尤其是在这个被称为禁区的1100 平方英里的区域。 1994 年，德州理工大学生物学教授罗纳德·切瑟和罗伯特·贝克是首批获准完全进入该区域的美国科学家之一。“我们抓了一群田鼠，它们看起来和野草一样健康。我们对此非 常着迷。”贝克回忆说。当Baker 和Chesser 对田鼠的DNA 进行测序时，他们没有发现 异常的突变率。他们还注意到狼、猞猁和其他曾经稀有的物种在这片区域游荡，仿佛这里 是原子野生动物保护区。2003 年由一组联合国机构建立的切尔诺贝利论坛发表了声明一份关于灾难20 周年的报告证实了这一观点，称“环境条件对该地区的生物群落产生了积极 影响”，将其转变为“一个独特的生物多样性保护区”。 五年前，贝克和切塞尔在这片区域搜寻田鼠。Mousseau 到切尔诺贝利去数鸟，发现了与之相矛盾的证据。穆萨乌是南卡罗莱纳大学的生物学教授，他的合作者安德斯·佩普·穆 勒现在是巴黎南方大学生态、系统学和进化实验室的研究主任。他们发现该地区家燕的数 量要少得多，而那些存活下来的家燕则遭受着寿命缩短、(雄性)生育能力下降、大脑变小、肿瘤、部分白化病(一种基因突变)以及白内障发病率更高的痛苦。在过去13 年发表的60 多篇论文中，Mousseau 和Moller 指出，暴露在低水平辐射下对该区域的整个生物圈产生 了负面影响，从微生物到哺乳动物，从昆虫到鸟类。 包括贝克在内的批评人士对穆萨和穆勒持批评态度。贝克在2006 年与切塞尔合著的《美国科学家》(American Scientist)文章中指出，该区域“实际上已成为一个保护区”，穆萨和穆勒的“令人难以置信的结论只得到了间接证据的支持”。 我们所知道的关于电离辐射对健康影响的几乎所有信息都来自于一项正在进行的对原子弹幸存者的研究，该研究被称为寿命研究，简称LSS。辐射暴露的安全标准基于LSS。然而，LSS 留下了关于低剂量辐射影响的大问题没有得到解答。大多数科学家都同意，没有所谓 的“安全”辐射剂量，无论剂量有多小。小剂量是我们最不了解的。LSS 并没有告诉我们多 少低于100 毫西弗(mSv)的剂量。例如，引起基因突变需要多少辐射，这些突变是可遗传 的吗?辐射诱发的疾病(如癌症)的机制和遗传生物标记物是什么? 三重危机2011年 3月福岛第一核电站创建另一个生活摩梭实验室和穆勒可以研究低 剂量的辐射,复制他们的切尔诺贝利核事故研究和允许他们“更高的信心,影响我们看到有关辐射,而不是其他因素,“摩梭说。福岛310平方英里的隔离区比切尔诺贝利小，但在其他方面 是一样的。这两个区域都包括被遗弃的农田、森林和城市地区，在这些地区，辐射水平在 短距离内变化数量级。而且几乎可以肯定，他们进入福岛的速度比科学家进入苏联控制的 切尔诺贝利的速度还要快。简而言之，福岛事件提供了一个解决争议的机会。 福岛核事故发生后的几个月里，穆萨乌和莫勒就开始在这座正在冒烟的核电站以西受污染的山林里清点鸟类数量，但他们无法进入这个区域，亲眼看看家燕的情况。最后，在2013 年6 月，穆萨乌是首批获准完全进入福岛禁区的科学家之一。 对辐射的敏感度在生物和同一物种的个体之间有很大的差异，这是重要的原因之一，不要从蝴蝶推断到家燕或从田鼠推断到人类。蝴蝶对辐射特别敏感，Mousseau 说。2012年8 月，在线期刊《科学报告》(Scientific Report)发表了一篇论文，研究福岛核泄漏对淡草蓝 蝶的影响。冲绳县琉球大学的生物学教授大木若二(Joji Otaki)透露，在这种不雅行为发生两个月后，在福岛附近采集的蝴蝶出现了翅膀、腿和眼睛畸形的情况。Mousseau 和Moller 对切尔诺贝利和福岛昆虫的调查显示，蝴蝶作为一个群体数量急剧下降。但御宅族

研究生英语阅读答案

Unit 1 Genetically Modified Foods—Feed the World? (2)Finding it difficult to adapt to the climate there (3)to have no access to the health service (4)an important role in prospering and developing (5)a depression in yield and a reduction in quality (6)could have made a good salary (7)We cannot estimate the value of modern science and technology too much. (8)The insurance company will recoup the farmers for the loss caused by the flood. (9)During the SARS outbreak, the lack of hygiene in poor countries had devastating consequences to all people of the world. (10)T his University Library is one of the largest Libraries in China, with a stack of over 2.3 million volumes. It supports the University’s research and teaching across a full range of subjects, and provides information about the Library’s collections and services in each subject area. (11)T he recession has hit middle-income and poor families hardest, widening the economic gap between the richest and poorest Americans as job layoffs ravaged household budgets. (12)C hina's government declared two strains of genetically modified rice safe to produce and consume, taking a major step toward endorsing the use of biotechnology in the staple food crop of billions of people in Asia. China is the world's top producer and consumer of rice, so its use of modified varieties has the potential to alter the grain's global supply patterns. China's officials have been less constrained by public pressure over the sometimes-controversial use of biotechnology in food than officials in other countries. The government has long supported research into agricultural biotechnology as part of a drive to ensure the nation remains self-sufficient in staple crops. IV. Cloze 1. species 2. predictable 3. unrelated 4. different 5. into 6. produce 7. seeing 8. also 9. obvious 10. inserted 11. nobody 12. approved 13. apparently 14. humans 15. risks Unit 2 The Biology of Skin Color: Black and White (2)He was not severely punished for his crime (3)advance our knowledge of the HIV virus. (4)when taken according to the instruction (5)to have no access to the health service (6)He has some vague ideas about what to do