专业外语翻译复习资料(6581)

建筑学专业英语English in Architecture E li h i A hi

英译汉知识第一部分

内容目录

翻译概论

1、翻译概论

2、词义选择(1)

词义选择

3、词义选择(2)

4、词义引申

5、增词

英译汉知识（一）

英译汉知识（）翻译概论

1准1 准确

译者必须在深入细致理解原文词汇、语法现象、上下文逻辑关系和专业内容的基础上准确表达原文的意(1)This course (or courses)may conclude with direct applications to a

的基础上，准确表达出原文的意思

(1) This course (or courses) may conclude with direct applications to a specific architectural problem, beginning the translation to more complex design problems

这门课（或者几门课）可以以某一具体建筑问题为结束，并开始翻译更加复杂的设计问题（x ）

这门课（或者几门课）可以（导致）直接用于解决某个特定的建筑问题，进而开始过渡到解决更加复杂的设计问题（√）

（2）Today the most final structural calculations are done by specialists. A

mastery is not essential for the architects, but an understanding is.

现在最后的结构计算大多由专门人员承担精通对建筑师来说不是主现在，最后的结构计算大多由专门人员承担。建筑师不必精通

现在，最后的结构计算大多由专门人员承担，精通对建筑师来说不是主要的，但他必须了解。（不好）

（3）You can not be too careful

现在，最后的结构计算大多由专门人员承担建筑师不必精通结构计算（增词），但有必要对其有所了解。（√）

你要特别小心（√）

你不能太小心（x ）

（4）He measured his length on the floor as soon as he entered the

room.

他一进屋就在地板上测量了他的长度（x ）

他一进屋就跌倒在地板上（√）

2 通顺

译者般需要在忠实于原文内容的前提下，进行再创作。不能机械地按原文译者一般需要在忠实于原文内容的前提下，进行再创作。不能机械地按原文语法形式逐词硬译或死译，要在融会贯通理解原文内容的情况下，采用尽可能通顺的译文表现形式。

（1）A parking lot can be built at lower cost

一个露天停车场能以较低的费用被修建起来（不好）

用较低的费用就可以修建起一个露天停车场（较好）（2）The channel must have a flat bottom

这个沟渠必须有平整的底部（不好）

这个沟渠底部必须平整（较好）

（1）In fact, most reinforced concrete beams are cracked when they are

carrying the load for which they were designed 练习(翻译概论)

carrying the load for which they were designed

事实上，大多数钢筋混凝土梁在传递他们被设计的荷载时，就断裂了（x ）事实上，大多数钢筋混凝土梁在支承其设计荷载时，也会开裂（√）

事实大多数钢筋凝梁在支承其设计荷载时会开裂（2）All the structural elements here are not beams

x 这儿的所有构件都不是梁（x ）

这儿的结构并不都是梁（√）

Indi id al premises (m st satisf the req irements

（3）Individual premises (经营场所）must satisfy the requirements stipulated by the hotel operating company

x 个别经营场所必须满足旅馆运营公司所提出的要求（x ）

每个经营场所必须满足旅馆运营公司所提出的要求（√）

英译汉知识（二）

词义选择（1）

一词多意时，应首先弄清它在句中所属的词类和所起的作用，再确定词义

1 The loads to which a building is subjected may be divided into

dead loads and live loads. （动词形式）

建筑物所承受的荷载可分为静荷载和动荷载

2 This region is subject to earthquakes. （形容词）

这个地区常常发生地震

这个地区容易遭受地震灾害

根据固定词组确定词义

take account of考虑到，注意到

take advantage of利用，运用，趁

take after仿效，学……的样

take charge of担任，负责

take…for granted认为……是理所当然的

练习(词义选择)

1 Almost every reason for the growth of cities, concurrently with the growth

civilization has been profoundly modified.

发展（动词）城市的种种理由几乎都随着文化的发达（名词）而产生了深刻的变化。

2 One allegation often made is that noise produces mental illness.

2O ll ti ft d i th t i d t l ill 人们经常提出这样一种见解，即噪声会引起精神病。

3 It is important for a novice designer to understand the fact that beautiful

and practical design solutions don’t appear out of thin air like magic.

非常重要的是，一个新设计师要懂得这样一个事实：美观、实用的设计常的个懂得样个事实美实的方案并非像魔术那样无中生有地出现。

4 The elements of a structure should be designed in such a way that loads

on it can pass through them evenly.

结构物的各种构件应该这样设计，使其所受荷载能均匀通过各构件。

结构物的各种构件应该这样设计使其所受荷载能均匀各构件

英译汉知识（三）

（）

词义选择（2）

根据词的使用场合选择词义

1 This is a piece of ivory work.

这是一件象牙工艺品。

2 The fundamental function of any machine is to do work.

任何一台机器的主要功能都是做功。

3 The reconstruction work of this plant is now being carried out.

这个厂的改建工程目前正在进行。

根据专业选择词义

active power 有效功率binding power main power 总功率binding power 结合力nuclear power 核动力，核大国political power state power 政权state power

the combining power of an element

国家权力元素的化合价

根据单、复数选择词义

content含量，容量contents目录，内容

含量容量t t目录内容

main主要的mains总管道，输电干线

管输电干线mean项，平均值means手段，方法

good好处，益处goods货物，商品

water水waters矿泉水，大片的水域

根据搭配习惯选择词义

Heavy aggregate重骨料Heavy concrete重质混凝土

Heavy duty frame重型构架

y粗线

Heavy wire

Heavy currency强电流Heavy traffic拥挤的交通

繁忙的运输Heavy rain大雨, 暴雨

Heavy earthwork大量的土方工程Heavy storm暴风雨Heavy grade陡坡，大坡

根据搭配习惯选择词义

Build a house盖房

Build a ship造船

Build a bridge架桥

Build a dam筑坝

Build a fire生火

Build a car造车

a car

Build a road修路

练习(词义选择)

1. Friction causes a loss of power in every machine.

1Friction causes a loss of power in every machine

摩擦会引起每台机器功率的损耗。

2. The amount of work is equal to the product of the force by the distance. 2Th t f k i l t th d t f th f b th di t 功的大小等于力和距离的乘积。

3. The following illustrations simply describe the common components of

the study of architecture at most schools.

下述这些实例仅仅用以说明大多数学校中建筑学这门学科较为常

见的教学内容。

4Wh t d t t th t fit i ith t

4. What we need are structures that fit in with nature.

我们所需要的是适应自然环境的建筑物。

英译汉知识（四）

词义引申

英译汉时，有时会遇到某些词组无法直接搬用词典中的现成释义，如果硬般或勉强按照词典所给的词义译出，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。

在此种情况下，就应根据上下文的逻辑关系，从该词的基本含义在此种情况下就应根据上下文的逻辑关系从该词的基本含义出发，按照汉语的表达习惯，对词义加以引申，由原义产生一个新义，以确切表达原文的意思。

在英译汉中，需要引申的既可能是个单词或词组，也可能是整个句子。

在英译汉中需要引申的既可能是一个单词或词组也可能是整个句子

常用的引申方法如下：1However colors can give more force to the form of the product

1. 引申译出词语的实际含义：

1 However, colors can give more force to the form of the product.然而，色彩能给产品外形以更多的力量（不够好）

然而色彩能给产品外形增添然而，色彩能给产品外形增添

美感/感染力（引申译法）（√）2In a sense, an introductory course in architecture is a preview of future courses.

从某种意义上讲，建筑概论课是未来各门课程的预习（不够好）从某种意义上讲，建筑概论课是未来各门课程的序言（引申译法）（√）

3 A network of highways was built from coast to coast.

由此岸到彼岸修筑了一个公路网（x ）

横跨大陆修筑了一个公路网（引申译法）（√）

2. 引申译出形象词语所代表的特征、属性或概念：

1 She gave a party in her baby-house of a dwelling.

她在一栋住宅的婴儿室里举行了一个晚会（x ）

她在栋住宅的里举行了个晚会

她在她那栋小屋子里举行了一个晚会（引申译法）（√）2 He lives in a palace of house.

他住在一栋房子的宫殿里（x ）

他住在一栋宫殿般的房子里（引申译法）（√）

3 Every life has its roses and thorns.

每个人的生活都有它的玫瑰和刺（x ）

每个人的生活都有甜有苦（引申译法）（√）

3. 根据词语的使用场合和汉语表达习惯引申词义：

1 Heat is produced when work is done against friction.

摩擦做功时热就产生了（当反对摩擦做功时，热就产生了（不好）

当克服摩擦做功时就产生热（较好）

2 A simply supported beam has supports near its ends, which

restrain it only against vertical movement.

剪支梁在靠近两端处有支座这两个支座仅使梁剪支梁在靠近两端处有支座，这两个支座仅使梁抵抗竖向移动（不好）剪支梁两端有支座，这两个支座仅使梁不产生竖向移动（较好）注意引申要恰如其分符合原文含义防止弄巧成拙或歪曲原意1 Without tools man is nothing, with tools he is all.

没有工具人们就微不足道有了工具人们就很了不起申注意：引申要恰如其分，符合原文含义，防止弄巧成拙或歪曲原意。没有工具人们就微不足道，有了工具人们就很了不起（引申不当）人没有工具就一事无成，有了工具就无所不能（引申恰如其分）

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